I izakhiwo eziyisisekelo iqiniso ifilosofi

Lo magazini kungumongo uhlelo lolwazi zefilosofi. Amakhulu ososayensi baye bazikhandla ukuze abone izici eziyinhloko iqiniso. Abalingiswa namafilosofi zihlukile: ezinye zazo zibangelwa umzimba ngaphambili, abanye ngokuphelele kuyaphikisana.

Inchazelo classical weqiniso yolwazi

Umqondo iqiniso ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kungaba encompass nezincazelo ezahlukene, kodwa isayensi njengoba kuyaqondakala, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhambisana ukwahlulelwa ngokoqobo umgomo. Ekhuluma izakhiwo ezithile lezinto futhi izenzakalo of ngokoqobo, khona-ke kumelwe ucacise kubo, ukuze uxhumanise isitatimende izinto zezwe ezibonakalayo.

Lo mbono ngokwethembeka iqiniso emuva izimfundiso zika-Aristotle. Kodwa njengoba kungenziwa kwehlisa uhlobo izinto ezibonakalayo ukuthi zikhona ngesikhathi nendawo, kanye nemvelo enhle yokucabanga enengqondo? Uma sicabangela lokhu okubonakala ifilosofi, nombono omusha umqondo iqiniso.

Alternative ngomhla property iqiniso

Omunye ndlela okulandelayo: kuyinto methodologically lesifanele ukuze bathethelele isitatimende kuphela nezinye izinkulumo. Ifilosofi, kukhona okuthiwa umqondo anokuhambisana, owawuthi umbandela weqiniso ongakhonza kuphela imisho afanayo ngaphakathi ukwahlulela. Nokho, le ndlela ingabuyeli sefilosofi emuva kulomhlaba.

U-Immanuel Kant wayekholelwa ukuthi izici eyinhloko iqiniso - lena jikelele nesidzingo, ukungaguquguquki yokucabanga ne kakhulu efanayo ngokwami. Imithombo yolwazi esivuna sefilosofi akuyona iqiniso inhloso, kodwa ulwazi priori in the ifa lomuntu.

Usosayensi French Rene Dekart oluphakanyisiwe njengephoyinti umbandela lweqiniso yolwazi lwakhe ubufakazi. Abanye ososayensi, ezifana Max kanye Averanius, banamathela isimiso of insingo Occam sika , wanikela njengoba izici eyinhloko emnothweni yokucabanga kweqiniso.

Ngokusho imfundiso kaZiqu-pragmatism, umelana uqobo mbono anokuhambisana, isitatimende angabhekwa true uma kuba inzuzo engokoqobo. Amalungu aso avumelana zefilosofi American Charlz Pirs futhi Uilyam Dzhems. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lo mbono isimo seqiniso kukhona ukubukwa usosayensi yamaGreki asendulo lukaPtolemy. Bethula umfuziselo zomhlaba, elihambisana indlela kubonakala, hhayi ukuthi yini ngempela. Kodwa naphezu kwaleli, siye saletha eside inzuzo engokoqobo. Ngosizo amabalazwe lukaPtolemy kahle ibikezela izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene yezinkanyezi.

Bekuyiqiniso ke ubukeka isazi lasendulo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo sinikezwa ithiyori ngokuthi relativism. izahlulelo Independent engqubuzanayo kungaba yiqiniso - ngakho uthi lo mqondo.

Enye imfundiso - izinto ezibonakalayo - ubachazela ngokoqobo inhloso njengoba ekhona ngokuzimela yomuntu, futhi ngenxa yalokho izici zako ezisemqoka imiqondo weqiniso - the Ukwanela kwezinto nokulandela reflection lezinto futhi izenzakalo of emhlabeni wangempela.

Kanjani ukucabangela le mibuzo manje? Khona-ke, kukhona impahla iqiniso Inhloso manje?

ukungaguquguquki okunengqondo

Lokhu umbandela weqiniso has kwaqala umqondo ngalokulingene. Lesi simo kuyadingeka, nokho, ukuqashelwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela ilungile ke kuzomele sifake ezinye izindawo iqiniso. Ulwazi kungaba njalo, kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuthi akusiyo zamanga.

Pragmatism, noma umkhuba

izinto ezibonakalayo Dialectical ubeka phambili umbandela elandelayo iqiniso yolwazi: nokusebenza yayo umkhuba. Eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ningathwali ukuzethemba, basuke akhiwa umuntu, hhayi ukuze ukugcwalisa umtapo. Ulwazi kuyadingeka ukuze singasetshenziswa ngokoqobo. Ekusebenteni, sithole ubunye nokuzwana into.

ngokucacile

Okulandelayo iqiniso impahla. Kusho ukuthi isiphakamiso ezithile kuyiqiniso ngaphakathi umongo ethile, kucatshangelwa izimo ezithile. Noma yimuphi into kulomhlaba has inombolo ethile izakhiwo ezithile futhi likhona nezinye izikhungo. Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuba enze ukwahlulela kwesokudla ngaphandle mibandela.

verifiability

Omunye umbandela weqiniso ithuba usihlole empirically. Ngo isayensi, kukhona imiqondo iqinisekiswa futhi falsification. Eyokuqala yikambiso lapho ulwazi lweqiniso Kumiswa esebenzisa isipiliyoni, okungukuthi, ukuhlolwa enokwehla. Falsification - inqubo ukucabanga okunengqondo esingasondela ngazo sithole falsity we mqondo noma theory.

Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke kanye isihlobo

Philosophy ihlukanisa ezimbili izinhlobo iqiniso: ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo. Esokuqala ulwazi oluphelele mayelana nodaba, esingenakubalwa ukulahlwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile mayelana iqiniso elimsulwa kukhona constants ngokomzimba, izinsuku zomlando. Nokho, lolu hlobo akuhloselwe ulwazi.

Uhlobo lwesibili - iqiniso isihlobo - ingaqukatha yezingxenye ngokuphelele, kodwa kufanele iqinisekiswe. Ngokwesibonelo, eyakho lolu hlobo umzimba womuntu yolwazi mayelana nohlobo ndaba.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ulwazi nakho kungaba amanga. Nokho, kufanele sibe esihlukile amaphutha okungamanga noma amaphutha nolwazi lokwahlulela. iqiniso Isihlobo ingaqukatha lolu hlobo ukuhlanekezela. Izakhiwo kanye nenqubo weqiniso ukugwema amaphutha ezifana: idinga ukuzilandisela lwati lolutfolakele.

ulwazi kososayensi, eqinisweni, esivusa i iqiniso eliphelele isihlobo, futhi le nqubo ayisoze iphele kuze kube sekupheleni.

umnqopho

Ekugcineni, omunye izakhiwo ebaluleke kakhulu iqiniso kuyinto umnqopho walo noma ngokuzijamela lokucuketfwe kwaleso sifundvo engazi. Kodwa iqiniso kuhlanganisa kokubili inhloso kanye subjective, ngoba ingabe yena sodvwa kusukela komuntu. It has a ifomu subjective, kodwa okuqukethwe kuba umgomo. Isibonelo efanekisa iqiniso ngemibandela umgomo singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela esitatimendeni, "I umhlaba uyisiyingi." Lolwati okunikezwa into bese ingumfanekiso oqondile lwezici zalo.

Ngakho, imfanelo okuhluke kakhulu yiwona izakhiwo oluyisisekelo lweqiniso. -social science, ifilosofi, isayensi yokwenza - lawa ezindaweni lapho ethola ukusetshenziswa kule ndawo epistemology.