Frenk Nayt: "Ubungozi, Ukungaqiniseki nokuba Inzuzo"

Nayt Frenk kubhekwa yakudala yokuphatha umnotho yesimanje. Futhi akumangalisi - indoda systematized izindodla idatha, ngesisekelo okuyinto manje usebenza zonke amabhizinisi achumayo (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayazi noma cha). It kukhona ifa kahle esikhulu yesayensi, phakathi okuyinto endaweni ekhethekile kuhlala incwadi eyodwa. Frenk Nayt, "Ubungozi, Ukungaqiniseki nokuba Inzuzo" is wadala njengoba umsebenzi lapho izisekelo kohwebo kanye Imiphumela plus. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Ngubani Frenk Nayt

Lo muntu wazalwa ngo-1885 emndenini komlimi Irish owayehlala endaweni esifundazweni US of Illinois. WayeyiZwi ingane yokuqala izingane nanye. Ngokusho kwemibiko, Frenk Nayt zihlukaniswa inkululeko enkulu yokucabanga kanye nokufunda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndoda yabonisa ngenkuthalo umsebenzi onzima futhi intelligence eside, ukuze wayethola amamaki aphakeme. Ekuqaleni wabhalisa eCornell University ngo-1913 futhi waqala ukutadisha nefilosofi. Ngemva konyaka, lapho beshintsha bekhuluma ezomnotho. Kakade ngo-1916 wabhala mqondo. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Umbono yamanani ebhizinisi kanye nokusatshalaliswa", esangenza ngisho ke ukwahlulela ukuphakama nokujula ngolwazi lwakhe. Ngakho ngaqala ukwakha Frenk Nayt, oyisazi sezomnotho. Sokuphrinta 'kwezinto zakhe Theory ka ... "nokuchitshiyelwa ezithile ethulwa futhi lwanyatheliswa ngo-1921 incwadi ethi" Ubungozi, Ukungaqiniseki nokuba Inzuzo ".

Ngokucacile theory kwezomnotho

Frenk Nayt uye ishintsha Imininingwane ku Abstraction okumsulwa. Ngenxa yokuthi wabona ukuthi kwakungekho ayengakwenza isamba esikhulu ulwazi social sciences, Ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo, wenza eziningi imibono ezithakazelisayo ezihambelana izinkinga okuphakade theory kwezomnotho. Kufanele kuqashelwe a webumbacambili ezithile. Ngakho, ngakolunye uhlangothi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezomnotho ngoba ethathwa njengeSabatha isayensi okumsulwa. Kukholakala ukuthi sikhulumela iziphetho sebehoxisiwe ekubeni amalungiselelo athile amasistimu ezingenziwanga ibekwe nokungokoqobo akunakungatshazwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, liye kubhekwe ngokuya amasiko, izikhungo kanye umthetho. Lezi zindlela ezimbili akuzona primeronnymi futhi organically sigcwalisa uqobo. Lapho sihlaziya imisebenzi kanzima ukuqaphela ukuthi iphuzu lokuqala umbono owandile.

Ngenxa wakhe, futhi ekuqaleni elalaziwa Frenk Nayt. Inzuzo, ngokombono wakhe, has a isimo esingavamile. Ngakho, inzuzo etholakale ayikwazi ukufunda ngokuhlanganyela yerenti, isithakazelo nenkokhelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inzuzo njalo i-elementi yokungaqiniseki. Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa izici ezithile. Okokuqala, kufanele uqaphele umehluko phakathi ukungaqiniseki ingozi. Ngakho, owokuqala ayikwazi angavezwa nganoma iluphi izibalo, ngoba isisekelo yokungaqiniseki kukhona imicimbi ze-non-eyinsakavukela. Ubungozi ungaboniswa izibalo oVikelwe (ie, cishe iqedwe). Izinto eziyinhloko ezikhathazayo ukungaqiniseki, okokuqala kunakho konke, nezimo zezimakethe , futhi isakhiwo esiyisisekelo lonke isimiso sezomnotho. Lapha kukhona umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ezithakazelisayo.

Imininingwane inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ukungaqiniseki inzuzo

Uma konke iye icaciswe ke kwakungeke kudingeke uphathe nokulawula ngomqondo wesimanje kulamagama. Izinto zokusetshenziswa, izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo othile babemane baye abathengi. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izinzuzo emakethe. Ngenxa ngesisekelo nezinqumo izibikezelo mayelana nezidingo abathengi. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana nomkhiqizi angenela nezidingo umthengi. NeKwakha ukuphathwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inikezwa iqembu elincane - osomabhizinisi. Ngenxa yokungaqiniseki imibuzo kubo ngalokho futhi kanjani ukukhiqiza. abantu Eqiniseka ukuthatha ingozi futhi unikele doubters nabameleli unamahloni lwesintu izinga elithile engenayo esenana yalokho ethize.

Imininingwane yalolu ncwadi "Ubungozi, ukungaqiniseki inzuzo"

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuyona imiqondo icaciswe kungangeniswa kube yincenye wabeka isibonelo esiphelele ngaphandle amaphutha. Ngakho-ke, ababhali ukuphakamisa kule ngxenye yencwadi imfundiso yokuziphendukela mncintiswano ephelele yesibili. Le ngxenye ezijulile, kucacile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo short. Lapha-ke sizocutshungulwa ne umncintiswano abangaphelele, ingozi nokungaqiniseki. Konke lokhu kuthatha indawo ukusebenzisa izindlela ukuba unqobe lo izici eziyinkinga komnotho. Ngokukhethekile ikhokhelwa hhayi / izingozi insurable. Kubhekwe umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama yayo kanye nezici eziqondile.

Ubani ongafaka ngincoma incwadi, eyabhalwa Nayt Frenk

Moscow, Rostov, Petersburg - mhlawumbe zonke lezi namadolobha babenombono ehloniphekile (ngokuya ezihlukahlukene zempilo, MAFov, nokunye okunjalo), uma izikhulu ujwayelene nomsebenzi "ingozi, ukungaqiniseki inzuzo." Phela, leli bhuku ngokuvamile ewusizo hhayi kuphela abaphathi, kodwa futhi nabanye abaningi abase kudingeka wenze izinqumo (ezifana izikhulu zikahulumeni). Phela, basuke babe ukubhekana izingozi, isihloko okuyinto kahle ngazo kule umsebenzi. izophinda kube nentshisekelo abacwaningi, undergraduate abafundi iziqu ofundelwa e university of ukuma kwezomnotho. Ukukhuluma ngezindaba ezinhle, kufanele kuphawulwe ubufakazi olubanzi imfundiso yokuthi kubuye kusekelwe agumenti futhi amaqiniso. Ngalesi incwadi ukuqonda izinto can lowo nakancane komnotho. Le ncwadi izahluko nambili, kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, umthamo yayo incane, ngakho ke uma ufuna ungakwazi ukubuka kalula okuqukethwe, kokuchitha usuku (noma ngaphezulu, uma ufundisisa). Manje zicabange isifinyezo.

Yini yokuqala yani

zabasebenzi ngokwayo yizinqamu ezintathu. Sizobe ukukhuluma ingxenye yokuqala, okuyinto siqukethe izahluko ezimbili. I sokuqala sixoxa onjani ndawo inzuzo futhi ukungaqiniseki imfundiso kwezomnotho. Lapha kukhona kuvisisa eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma nemibono enziwa phakathi ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi, lapho kuye kwakhiwa ngesikhathi ukuphila kombhali. Eyesibili isahluko sikhuluma ngendaba cwaningo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela inzuzo, isungule ukuxhumana phakathi kwayo engozini.

Lokho okushiwo engxenyeni yesibili

Thina siqale isahluko sesithathu. Sidingida ukukhethwa kanye exchange theory. Isahluko sesine Sizokwenza co-production nosonhlamvukazi. Kukhona azinake umbuzo wokuthi kungani abantu ezahlukene bayazikhethela esivuna yohlobo oluthile lwesifo ukusatshalaliswa izinzuzo. Isahluko sesihlanu kuthintwa izinguquko kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho benza lokho kungaba intuthuko ngokungabi bikho ukungaqiniseki. Esahlukweni lesithupha thina alalelwa izimfanelo ezincane ukuncintisana ephelele.

Yini inxenye yesithathu

Kuqala ngendlela esikhulisa isahluko lwesikhombisa. Lapha luwumgogodla ukungaqiniseki ingozi. Kufanele ufunde ukuze baqonde isahluko lesishiyagalombili. Kuyo ukunakwa ikhokhelwa izinqubo nezindlela ukuba banqobe ukungaqiniseki. Esahlukweni lesishiyagalolunye uhlola inkampani futhi inzuzo. Lona mhlawumbe omunye izihloko athandwayo kakhulu odokotela abaningi kanye nalabo abafuna ukuba babe. Isahluko yeshumi iwukuqhutshwa eyesishiyagalolunye, kodwa lapha ukunakekela okukhethekile ikhokhelwa abaphathi abahlala kwabasebenzi. Kukhona umbhali igxile ezintweni luyakhohlisa e ukuphathwa kwamabhizinisi. Esahlukweni nanye we abayinakanga ukungaqiniseki intuthuko emphakathini. Phela, ushintsho kokubili umthombo wezinkinga, futhi lungaba kokutholakala reserves amabhizinisi. Esahlukweni yeshumi nambili ka abayinakanga izici zenhlalo okungenakho ukungaqiniseki inzuzo.