Ehlane e-Antarctic futhi Arctic: izici inhlabathi kanye nezici inhlabathi

ehlane Arctic - insimu enkulu, embozwe izinguzunga zeqhwa neqhwa, okuyinto lukhula izimila kwaphela kakhulu. Le ndawo yesithakazelo esikhulu imigomo lehlukene ekucabanga kwengcondvo netintfo ngokwesayensi. Esihlokweni umfundi bajwayelane izinhlobo nezakhiwo nenhlabathi ehlane arctic.

Izimpawu endaweni yemvelo

ehlane Arctic luvame Greenland kanye Canadian Arctic Archipelago, okuyinto oluthatha kakhulu kubo. Cold ehlane endaweni ukusatshalaliswa akugcini nalokho. Bona linqobe-Arctic Ocean, iziqhingi elula nasogwini Eurasia futhi Antarctica. ehlane Arctic matasa enyakatho kakhulu Asia naseMelika emaphethelweni, zivamile eziqhingini umcengezi Arctic.

Isimo sezulu ebusika obubandayo eside futhi kanzima. Summers zimfushane futhi abandayo. division kwesizini kunemibandela - ixhunyaniswe polar nobusuku obungamashumi amane ebusika kanye nasehlobo - izinsuku. arctic ehlane zone - umbuso ka ice okuphakade neqhwa. Ngesikhathi ehlobo ukuqeda iqhwa ezindaweni ezincane komhlaba. Uma ucela, "Hlobo luni inhlabathi ezingwadule arctic", impendulo ilula - bobabili ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele futhi exhaphozini namatshe. Khulisa kubo can wona ulele nje. Izitshalo izimbali ezingajwayelekile kakhulu.

Inhlabathi izinhlobo ehlane arctic

izindawo zemvelo kusukela pole nenkabazwe esikhundleni nomunye, ngokulandelana, izinhlobo inhlabathi kuhluke kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sixoxa-Arctic ehlane inhlabathi okuyinto kwakhiwa ezindaweni nokhahlo nge okushisa aphansi kakhulu ebusika.

It akanawo izimo ezikahle zezulu yasehlane Arctic. Inhlabathi izinhlobo, ngokulandelana, akazange ihluke ukwehluka. The main Inhlabathi endaweni - lena Arctic. Basuke ihlukaniswe subtypes: ehlane-arctic futhi arctic ejwayelekile. Linamandla kangakanani ngeke iphrofayli umhlabathi, kuncike of incibilikiswa ukujula ngenkathi kunikezwa. On umhlabathi khathizwe zihlukaniswe wavuma. Uma izimo for kumiswa inhlabathi ingahluphi ngaphezulu, emkhathizwe isitshalo Peat lubonakaliswa kahle, nakuba humus - zimbi kakhulu.

Ugwadule futhi arctic nenhlabathi

Akulesi engxenyeni esenyakatho endaweni arctic, izingxenye kuqondaniswe akhiwa loam kanye imali gravelly. ehlane lase-Arctic, lapho inhlabathi ocebile izakhi, has izimila kwaphela. On lezi nenhlabathi sikhule moss, ulele nezitshalo eziqhakazayo oqabukelayo. Izingxenye ezinkulu embozwe izindunduma zenhlabathi itshe. Ingaphezulu ehlane sehlukaniswe ngemapholigoni imifantu ezinkulu, amamitha amabili ububanzi. Inhlabathi ongaphakeme iphrofayela amandla (40 amasentimitha), has khathizwe ezilandelayo

• I humus ungqimba. It has umbala aphuzi ansundu. humus okuqukethwe eyodwa noma amaphesenti amabili, loamy, isakhiwo salo luyimbudumbudu engazinzile.
• Inguquko ungqimba. Iyini ivolumu? Umthamo amabili kuya amane ngamasentimitha. Lokunameka umkhathizwe ensundu, ophuzi onsundu ngokuphaphathekile noma abe blotchy. Loamy, esilula, lumpy encane. Yena uhamba phezu incibilikiswa umngcele.
• Kugcine umkhathizwe - eyiqhwa obumba inhlabathi loam sandy, gravelly, ungqimba obukhulu ngokuvamile brown ukukhanya ngombala.

Yonke ndawo zone ephansi kakhulu, ezindaweni ivele igcwale amanzi. Lokhu kungenxa ukugeleza meltwater kwezinguzunga zeqhwa futhi snowfields. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi moss zingatholakala bog nenhlabathi. Lapha khathizwe kakhulu ukuhluka. Ayikho gleying.

nenhlabathi ejwayelekile ye-Arctic

Akukhona nje kwehlisa izingxenye, kodwa futhi ithafa ophakeme wayemelela ehlane Arctic. Inhlabathi izinhlobo akuzona ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Ugwadule nenhlabathi zone Arctic ziphila ndawonye nezinkawu nezingwenya ejwayelekile. Indawo kumiswa zabo kukhona Ithafa eliphakeme ongumlando masimu amagquma zasolwandle. Kutholwe nenhlabathi ejwayelekile ngokuyinhloko eningizimu zone ngaphansi ikhava izimila moss. Kube yavama imifantu kwakheke isithwathwa ukuncipha imifantu. Nenhlabathi unephrofayela mncane: 40-50 amasentimitha, futhi ube khathizwe elandelayo

• Moss futhi ulele ungqimba ukushuba ngamasentimitha amathathu.
• I nsundu onsundu humus ungqimba, loamy. Seziyawohloka, luyimbudumbudu futhi lumpy. Libhekene porosity uqhekeke, engalingani shintsho olubonakalayo ungqimba olandelayo.
• emkhathizwe zesikhashana obukhulu aqhephukile, loamy, isakhiwo heterogeneous, nge izigaxa usayizi obuhlukahlukene, ngokuvamile umbala onsundu.
• I last ungqimba - lomzali, Iqhwa, ukukhanya esinsundu. rock izingcezwana Avame ukutholakala.

Ukwakheka inhlabathi ejwayelekile

Inani humus e emkhathizwe engenhla kwenhlabathi okuningi, cishe bungamakhilomitha amaphesenti. Kodwa senani incipha ne ukujula. Ngokufunda izakhiwo nenhlabathi ehlane arctic, singasho ukuthi ingxenye evelele humus kukhona acid fulvic. Ngo bebaningi fulvates samanje, i-calcium humate. Clay izinhlayiya eziqukethwe esincane. Ukwakheka inhlabathi ejwayelekile engena yensimbi ngezinhlamvu ezihlelwa ngesandla.

Zinjani inhlabathi ehlane Arctic?

Kuye rocks ezakha inhlabathi, medium ukusabela kancane acid kancane ane-alikhali. Ngezinye izikhathi, inhlabathi iqukethe nosawoti carbonate, amanzi encibilikayo. Harsh, isimo sezulu esiwugwadule iyihlane Arctic. inhlabathi libhekene ukungabi gleying ahlobene yokungabi imvula, izinqubo cryogenic: aphuke, iqhwa mpikiswano. Ngenxa imiphumela evelele weathering, kwakheka weathering kuqweqwe okuyinto cishe clastic isakhiwo wavuma leached. Konke lokhu kunomthelela kumiswa imifantu futhi ngemapholigoni amagquma itshe.

Ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi kwenzeka kuphela ngaphansi izimila bukhule ngokukhetha. It kuncike izimo sezwe, ogelezayo nokumanzisa uhlamvu oluthile lwento ephilayo. endaweni yemvelo elaziwayo elincane iyona ehlane Arctic. Umhlabathi wakhona abantu abaningi ababebonisa isithakazelo enkulu ososayensi. Phela, kuwo kukhona izimila, okuyinto zidla izilwane. Lezi nenhlabathi zinezikhathi uhlobo zikanhlangothiningi bona imifantu thwi ihlukaniswe ezakhiwe yesithwathwa ezinzima.

Arctic ezingwadule Russia

Le ndawo zemvelo itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho insimu yezwe lethu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-latitude eliphakeme Arctic. Kusukela Eningizimu elisemngceleni ne Wrangel Island, enyakatho - ne Frantsa Iosifa Land. It yakhiwa iziqhingi, peninsulas kanye nezilwandle Arctic.

Le ndawo elinesimo sezulu onokhahlo, umphumela obonisa-latitude okusezingeni eliphezulu, okushisa aphansi futhi kubonakala kusuka iqhwa ukushisa. Ehlobo kubanda futhi short. Winter lide, ne imimoya enamandla, snowstorms nenkungu. Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-embozwe amaphesenti insimu ezingaphezu kuka ayisishiyagalombili nanhlanu.

Arctic ehlane inhlabathi eRussia ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele. A ingxenye enkulu ebusweni kuhlala scatterings zamatshe kanye nokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa okuphakade. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu kwenhlabathi arctic emathafeni nenhlabathi. Iphrofayela inhlabathi libhekene obunamandla, kuncike incibilikiswa kwekholomu inhlabathi. Umkhathizwe engenhla siqukethe Peat.

Arctic nase-Antarctic

Lezi zindawo luthathe indawo enkulu. Arctic - esenyakatho yesifunda polar, futhi i-Antarctica (ezwekazini Antarctica) - eNingizimu. Sinenkosi kuningi abafana: ukubanda okwedlulele, izinguzunga zeqhwa okuphakade, kushintshana izinsuku polar nobusuku obungamashumi amane. Kodwa kunomehluko. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi maphakathi Arctic phansi olwandle Antarctica - ezwekazini. Sinenkosi isici esasenza: zamaqhwa okuphakade neqhwa elele cishe unyaka wonke - kungcono Arctic nethafa Antarctic.

Lezi zigaba kukhona inhlabathi mncane, humus ungqimba kuyinto ompofu humus. Nenhlabathi-Antarctica, nakuba okuncane kakhulu, kodwa namanje uthola udaba eziphilayo. Baletha izinyoni nezimpawu zidla eziphilayo zasolwandle. izimila engaqinile siqukethe ulele, wona, ulwelwe nezitshalo eziqhakazayo ezingavamile.

Arctic ehlane kwenhlabathi ungachazwa ukuthi kukhona ukunqwabelana nosawoti. Uma uyikha phezulu le, ngokuvamile isinyathelo efflorescence. Ehlobo kukhona ukuthuthelwa nosawoti, ngakho kumiswa emachibini amancane brackish lapha akuyona into engavamile.