Cooper, James Fenimore: Biography emfushane, izincwadi

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor - eyaziwa umbhali waseMelika, nombhali 33 amanoveli. Indlela yakhe kuhlanganiswe tincenye romanticism nokukhanyiselwa. Ukuze uthole umsebenzi eside isikhathi Cooper, ke uwukwenziwa samuntu American adventure izincwadi. Yiqiniso, ngaphambi kokuba wabhala imisebenzi enjalo. Kodwa Fenimore owayiloba sokuqala, izibukeli akukhuthazwa European. amanoveli bakhe baye baba ingxenye kwesiyingi izithakazelo amaningi izingane. Lesi sihloko Biography emfushane yomlobi, futhi uchaza umkhiqizo ayo ayinhloko.

ebuntwaneni

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper wazalwa ngo 1789 e Burlington (New Jersey). Ubaba walo mfana kwaba umninindawo ezinkulu. Ebuntwaneni yomlobi esizayo owawuse edolobhaneni Cooperstown Itholakala eseNew York, by the lake. Wayelethwa ogama lakhe behlonipha uyise kaJames. Yiqiniso, umsuka washiya isigxivizo kwi ukwakheka ukubukwa zezombusazwe, iqhawe kwalesi sihloko. Fenimore ayethanda indlela yokuphila "umnumzana yasemakhaya" futhi wahlala lweli emafeni amakhulu. Izwe kwekuhlela kabusha yeningi exhumene kuphela demagoguery zandile futhi acquisitiveness wobunxiwankulu.

Izifundo kanye yohambo

Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor, kuqala wafundiswa esikoleni sendawo, bese ukuwo Yale College. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu le nsizwa wayengenaso isifiso ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe. ngonyaka Seventeen James ubudala waba itilosi ku umthengisi, futhi kamuva Navy. Umlobi esizayo ewela i-Atlantic Ocean, uhambo okuningi. Fenimore futhi kwase kukhona owayeseke wafundelwa Great Lakes, maduze nje zisashisa umphumela wawo imisebenzi. Ngaleyo minyaka, uye zanqwabelana ukuhlanganisa indaba eningi kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala ezihlukahlukene empilweni.

umsebenzi Early

Ngo 1810, ngemva Emngcwabeni kayise, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor washada yalungisa nomkhaya wakhe edolobheni elincane Skarsdeyle. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, wabhala inoveli yakhe yokuqala ebizwa ngokuthi "zokuqapha". Kamuva, kukhumbula uJames, wadala umsebenzi "kwi ukubheja." Fenimore unkosikazi asithandayo noveli ngesiNgisi. Ngakho-ke, hero lesi sihloko Entela-poluserozno waqala ukubhalela incwadi enjalo.

"Spy"

Olusheshayo - lokho isihloko, okuyinto unesithakazelo kakhulu ngesikhathi Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Spy", ebhalwe nguye 1821, kwaba ngokuphelele enikelwe le nkinga. inoveli Patriotic, umlobi ulilethele nenkazimulo enkulu. Singasho ukuthi lo msebenzi Cooper ekubalekeleni izincwadi kazwelonke, futhi yabonisa iziqondiso zalo ze-saleso senzakalo esizayo. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke Fenimore nganquma azinikele umsebenzi wokubhala. Eminyakeni eyisithupha eyalandela, utlole amanoveli eziningana, kuhlanganise imisebenzi emithathu kufakwe ikusasa Pentalog le Stocking Isikhumba. Kodwa sizoxoxa ngazo ngokwehlukana.

Europe

Ngo 1826, Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, ogama izincwadi ukuba kwakuwumsebenzi ngempela ethandwa baya eYurophu. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi isikhathi eside e-Italy naseFrance. Futhi nesazi uye wahambela amanye amazwe. nakho okusha kwamphoqa ukuba baphendukele umlando kokubili Elidala Yezwe Elisha. EYurophu, iqhawe kwalesi sihloko utlole inoveli ezimbili nautical ( "Sea uyathakatha", "Red corsair") futhi trilogy KweNkathi Ephakathi ( "I ukuzokhipha isahlulelo", "Geydenmauer", "Bravo").

Buyela Melika

Ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa, Kuper Dzheyms Fenimor wafika ekhaya. Ngenkathi akhe ngabikho Melika isishintshe kakhulu. Isikhathi nobuqhawe inguquko buyadlula nezimiso Declaration of Independence ayekade ukhohliwe. E-United States-ke waqala inkathi yezinguquko kwezezimboni, lapho yabhubhisa khona izinsalela ngebulili ebuhlotsheni babantu nasekuphileni. "I ukusitheka kwelanga okukhulu zokuziphatha" - ngakho awakholelwa Cooper isifo, ukungena umphakathi American. PRIORITY isithakazelo ephakeme futhi abantu babe nemali.

Ikhanga senimbuso munye

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, ogama amabhuku babaziwa kude lé nemingcele of America, banquma ukuzama "ukukhuluma ngomqondo othile" takhamiti. Usalokhu bakholwa izinzuzo uhlelo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe ezweni lakubo, ucabangela imiphumela emibi okwakuyogcina kwenzekile eligcizelela ukubukeka kwangaphandle, ukuhlanekezela sangaphandle isisekelo ekuqaleni enempilo futhi kunengqondo. Futhi Fenimore olukhishwe "Encwadi isizwe." Kuzo, wabiza up ukulwa uzobe "uhlanekezelwe".

Kodwa impumelelo akusona isiphelo. Kunalokho, James hit eziningi ukunyundela imfihlo futhi inzondo evulekile. Onxiwankulu Melika ushiye ikholi akhe engaqashiwe. Yena osolwa Fenimore ukuzikhukhumeza, quarrelsomeness, ukungabi ubuzwe yokuntuleka ithalente etemibhalo. Ngemva kwalokho, umbhali asebethathe umhlalaphansi ukuba Cooperstown. Elapho, waqhubeka ukudala imisebenzi lesibonwa kanye amanoveli.

Enkathini yokugcina lokusungula

Phakathi nale nkathi yesikhathi Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, imisebenzi ephelele manje cishe kuwo wonke umtapo, eseqedile ezimbili zokugcina amanoveli Pentalog le Isikhumba Stocking ( "Deerslayer", "Pathfinder"). Ngo-1835 wakhipha umqulu satirical inoveli "Monokines" mayelana sisakubona nqunu uhlelo setepolitiki USA naseNgilandi. Encwadini, basuke etholakala ngaphansi amagama Nizkoprygiya futhi Vysokoprygiya. Futhi esiphawulekayo ngoba trilogy yakhe mayelana phansi iqashwe ( "Umdabuli", "umunwe kaDeveli", "Redskins"), eyanyatheliswa kuyi forties. Amagama ngemibono kanye nobuciko zokugcina usebenza Cooper kuyinto engalingani kakhulu. Ngaphezu ukugxekwa esakhiweni somphakathi wonxiwankulu, ziqukethe izingxenye utopia ngoludala, enika abafundi kubukeka kwamanga "we Izicukuthwane ifike." Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, umbhali njalo banamathela ezibucayi isikhundla anti-wobunxiwankulu.

Pentalog Leatherstocking Stocking

Lolu chungechunge lwezincwadi impumelelo eliphakeme lokusungula Cooper. Lalihlanganisa amanoveli ezinhlanu: "Lo Amaphayona", "Prairie," "The Last of the Mohicans," "Deerslayer" futhi "Pathfinder". bonke munye ngendlela protagonist okuthiwa Nataniel Bampo. He is umzingeli onesifo izidlaliso eziningi: Long carbine, Isikhumba Stocking, Hawkeye, Pathfinder ngaphambi kwalokho, wort iSt John sika. I Pentalog ethulwa Bumpo lonke ekuphileni - kusukela ebusheni bakhe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Kodwa Nathaniel ukuphila izigaba musa uqondane oda ngokubhala amanoveli. James Fenimore Cooper Works ezithinta bonke abalandeli yomsebenzi wakhe, waqala ukuchaza Bumpo ukuphila nokuguga. Epic uqhubeke indaba yokuba umuntu omdala Natty ke kwakukhona indoda nokuguga. Kwaba ngemva hiatus ngonyaka nantathu Cooper waphinda wasiphakamisa Stockings indaba Isikhumba futhi kuchazwe ebusheni bakhe. Ngezansi thina uhlu umkhiqizo Pentalog siyafaneleka yokukhula iqhawe.

"Deerslayer"

Kube Natty Bumppo ngokulambisa amabili. Izitha abafana amaNdiya Owesizwe Huron. Ukulwa kwabo, Natty ihlangabezana endleleni yayo Chingachgook. Nale Mohicans Bumpo ukwenza nabangane futhi ziyoba ubuhlobo ukuphila. Isimo umsebenzi nzima iqiniso lokuthi umbimbi ezimhlophe Natty ngokungenabulungisa ngonya abantu bezizwe. Bephambana ukuchitheka kwegazi kanye nodlame. Adventure amadlingozi - ekuthunjweni, ukuphunyuka, izimpi, ngihlaselwa - ezibalweni ngokumelene isizinda nature enhle kakhulu - ezingwini ezinamahlathi ka anombala ocwazimulayo echibini futhi yayo ebusweni esibukweni-like.

"The Last of the Mohicans"

Mhlawumbe le noveli yodumo kakhulu uJames Fenimore. Nangu upholavuthondaba Bumpo umholi ekhohlisayo futhi ngonya Magua. Abathunjwa Alice futhi Cora - amadodakazi uColonel Munro. Bumpo wahola isikwati encane waya ukukhulula izithunjwa. Natty nayo ephelezelwa Chingachgook nendodana yakhe Uncas. Kugcine elithandana enye yamantombazane umthunjwa (Cora), nakuba ayengazi ikakhulukazi Cooper wakha kulo mugqa. Chingachgook indodana abulawe empini, uzama ukulondoloza othandekayo wakhe. Le noveli iphela yesehlakalo umngcwabo uCora Uncas (owokugcina Mohicans). Ngemva Chingachgook futhi Natty ithunyelwa uhambo entsha.

"Pathfinder"

Uzungu lokhu inoveli empini Anglo-French zeminyaka 1750-1760. Amalungu ayo ozama ukukhwabanisa noma ukufumbathisa ukuheha amaNdiya ohlangothini lwabo. Chingachgook futhi Natty ukulwa Lake Ontario, ekusizeni abafowabo. Nokho, Cooper umlomo Bumpo ukulahla ngokunamandla sempi bamakoloni umkhankaso. Ugcizelela meaninglessness sokufa kule mpi njengoba amaNdiya nabamhlophe. umsebenzi esijana inikezwe imigqa lyric. Isikhumba Stocking uthando nge Thuli Dunham. Uyalijabulela ukuphana nesibindi isithunywa, kodwa namanje uya Jasper, osondelene uhlamvu wakhe kanye nobudala. Edumele, Natty eshiya entshonalanga.

"Amaphayona"

Lena inoveli eziyinkinga kakhulu, okuyinto eyabhalwa Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Amaphayona" abakuchaza Isikhumba amasokisi amade in engu ayisikhombisa. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, Bump elahlekile siqaphile, futhi esandleni sakhe kwakukhona namanje kanzima. Chingachgook zonke eduze, nje umholi anamandla futhi bahlakaniphe kangakanani, waphenduka ibe bagongobaliswe odakiwe ubudala. Bobabili Izinhlamvu edolobhaneni bamakoloni, lapho imithetho "ophucukile" umphakathi. Ingxabano emaphakathi noveli itholakala ngxabano eyakhiwe oda kwezenhlalo kanye nemithetho yemvelo. Ekupheleni noveli Chingachgook afe. Bumpo kude emjondolo ecasha emahlathini.

"Prairie"

Yokugcina ingxenye Pentalog, eyabhalwa Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper. "Prairie" acoca indzaba zokuphila Nathaniel sika kakhulu eminyakeni yokuguga. Bumpo baye wenza abangane abasha. Kodwa manje-ke kuyabasiza yini shot kahle okuhloswe, nokuningi nakho ekuphileni, ikhono ukuqhuba ingxoxo nge ezinzima komholi wamaHindu nendawo yokuhlala kule nhlekelele. Natty nabangani kuqhathaniswa Bush umndeni izifiki namaNdiya Sioux. Kodwa indaba entsha iphela kahle - umshado double. Umkhiqizo wokugcina ochazwa yesehlakalo ngokusuka enhliziyweni futhi onesizotha izikhathi zokugcina zokuphila nokufa Bumpo.

isiphetho

Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper, ogama biography seyenziwe ngenhla, ushiye ifa elikhulu etemibhalo. Wabhala 33 amanoveli, futhi imiqulu eminingi yokuloba travel, journalism, ucwaningo zomlando kanye amapheshana. Cooper iye yaba nendima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni le noveli American, beveza abanye Izinhlobo ezingaphansi yayo: nakancane, eqanjiwe satirical, nomphakathi kanye ezifuywayo, ulwandle, umlando. Emisebenzini komlobi abangu libhekene ukubonakaliswa yeqhawe zomhlaba. Yilokho okwasiza ubunye eziningi amanoveli akhe emjikelezweni: trilogy dilogy, Pentalog.

Encwadini yakhe ethi Dzheyms Fenimor Kuper embozwe izihloko ezintathu ezisemqoka: ukuphila emngceleni, ulwandle nakho impi wokuzibusa. Lokhu Ukukhetha lembula nsuku romantic indlela yakhe. umphakathi American, shi ekukhulekeleni ukuhaha, umelana nenkululeko izakhi ulwandle futhi amasosha ubuqhawe. Lokhu-gap kanti futhi yokuthi enhle yothando oluyisisekelo imibono kwezobuciko design yimuphi umkhiqizo Cooper.