Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu omdlavuza zibangelwa "amaphutha" okungahleliwe e-DNA

Umdlavuza senziwa amaphutha DNA, futhi ucwaningo olusha ithole ukuthi ezimweni eziningi okuvela umdlavuza, lezi amaphutha baqiniseka okungahleliwe. Basuke ayibangelwa yofuzo noma yizici zemvelo, futhi umphumela ukwehluleka okungahleliwe.

Lolu cwaningo sithi amaphutha noma ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni izimila oncological, ngoba ngisho nezinto ezincanyana iphutha DNA kungaholela yokuthi amaseli ngizakwandisa ezimathonsi.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ucasukile ikakhulu ngezinto ezimbili: kuphakathi kokuthi kuguquka linesisekelo zofuzo, noma-ke kubangelwa yizici zangaphandle, okungase kulimaze-DNA, ezifana yogwayi noma emisebeni ultraviolet.

Kodwa isizathu sesithathu itholakala iphutha okungahleliwe. Umbiko omusha yesayensi esanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Science, uveza ukuthi lokhu yikona empeleni kuyinto ezimbili kwezintathu kulaba ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Lapho ingqamuzana ihlukana, it amakhophi DNA yayo. Ngakho ukuthi wonke amangqamuzana amasha kuyodingeka version ayo izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo. Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kukhona ikhophi, kuba nokwenzeka ngenxa yesiphambeko okwalandela. Kwezinye izimo, la maphutha kungaholela kumdlavuza.

ososayensi ucwaningo

"Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi umdlavuza ozokhula emzimbeni, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela imvelo", - uthe umcwaningi Dr. Bert Vogelstein, a sezifo Centre ukwelashwa eziyinkimbinkimbi Sidney Kimmel Cancer at Dzhona Hopkinsa University.

New yesayensi ososayensi ucwaningo aim ukubala amaphesenti omdlavuza kwabangelwa yokuba izici zofuzo eziyingozi, imvelo kanye namaphutha okungahleliwe. Ososayensi baye basungula imodeli zezibalo ukuthi kuhlanganisa idatha kusuka okubhalwe kuwo iziguli ezinomdlavuza emhlabeni wonke, kanye izinkomba of DNA kulandzelanisa.

iphutha okungahleliwe

Lolu cwaningo luveza ukuthi cishe u-66% zomdlavuza zazibangelwa amaphutha okungahleliwe 29% zomdlavuza abangu senziwa yizici zemvelo noma ngendlela engafanele zokuphila. Futhi% 5 kuphela amacala zomdlavuza babe inhlamvu ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo heritable.

Abacwaningi uqaphele ukuthi le ukuhlolwa siyahlukahluka kancane kulezo zamanye ososayensi ababefunda umdlavuza. Ngokwesibonelo, nabasebenzi bocwaningo UK bathi 42% umdlavuza kungavinjelwa ngokushintsha yokuphila iziguli.

Esikhathini iphepha yesayensi uveza ezinye ukuthi izinhlobo zomdlavuza, isibonelo, njenge izimila ebuchosheni futhi wendlala cishe ngokuphelele alichaza amaphutha okungahleliwe. Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi amaphutha okungahleliwe zabangela okungaphezu 95% amacala okuye kubhekwe ocwaningweni.

Graphic cwaningo isithombe

Ngesinye ihluzo abacwaningi esetshenziswa umbala obomvu ukuze ukhombise iphesenti izilonda anomdlavuza kwabesifazane. Izifo isibaluli ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ngofuzo atholiwe ohlangothini lwesobunxele. Labo ababengabendlu amaphutha okungahleliwe - maphakathi, futhi yizici zemvelo - ohlangothini lwesokudla.

Ukuze umbala ngalinye lalimelela isitho iphesenti ezilandisa into ethile, kusukela emhlophe (0%) ibe bomvu (100%).

Umdlavuza kuhlonzwe njengezinto:

• B - ubuchopho.
• Bl - esinyeni.
• Br - esifubeni.
• C - wesibeletho.
• CR - colorectal.
• E - emphinjeni.
• HN - ikhanda nentamo.
• K - ihlumela.
• Lee - kwesibindi.
• Lk - wegazi.
• Lou - ukukhanya.
• M - melanoma.
• NHL - lymphoma-non-Hodgkin sika.
• O - wesibeletho.
• P - amanyikwe.
• S - isisu.
• Th - indlala yegilo.
• U - kwesibeletho.

Ithonya izici zangaphandle

Ngokusho imiphumela umsebenzi ososayensi, kwabanye umdlavuza yizici zemvelo idlala indima enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umthelela ongemuhle imvelo, ngokuyinhloko ukubhema okubangelwa 65% kuzo zonke izimo umdlavuza wamaphaphu. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi 35% kuphela amacala umdlavuza wamaphaphu zibangelwa amaphutha okungahleliwe.

"I kuguquka kuphela kuseli akunakwenzeka ukuba umdlavuza," - wathi Vogelstein, ukukhuluma nge umbiko yesayensi okulungiselelwe John Hopkins. "Kunalokho, kuba ilapho zithola okwengeziwe kuguquka, aba maningi amathuba okuba ukuthi ingqamuzana iyoba abulalayo," - wathi uchwepheshe.

Inhlanganisela amaphutha DNA futhi iziphi izici zangaphandle

"Ngakho, izakhi kusuka amaphutha okungahleliwe esanele umdlavuza, okuyinto eba ngokwayo kwezinye izimo", - uthi Vogelstein. Kodwa, ngokusho kwe-usosayensi, kwezinye izimo, inhlanganisela amaphutha okungahleliwe kanye amaphutha okubangelwa yizici zemvelo, ekugcineni okuholela cell umdlavuza. Ngokwesibonelo, amangqamuzana esikhumba somuntu abe kuguquka kwegciwane ngenxa yamaphutha okungahleliwe nokuchayeka ultraviolet. "Izici ezinjalo ungakwazi ukwengeza ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo nakakhulu ukuthi ibangele umdlavuza," - uthi Vogelstein.

Three izizathu ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo emangqamuzaneni

Christian Tomasetti, woprofesa Biostatistics e-Johns Hopkins, okukhulunywe ezintathu izimbangela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ngesibonelo okuvela misprints, ihlangabezane lapho usebenzisa ikhibhodi. Ezinye zalezi errata kungenzeka kube umphumela ukukhathala noma ukuphazamiseka typists. Abakwazi kubhekwe njengento yizici zemvelo. "Futhi uma ikhibhodi olusebenzisa oloba, akukho ukhiye, lokhu yikona lezinceku" - Tomasitti uthi embikweni wakhe.

"Kodwa ngisho endaweni ekahle, lapho oloba kahle badamane futhi uye wasebenzisa ikhibhodi usebenza emihle, okubhala usazoba" - uthi. Futhi iphutha okungahleliwe.

Yini ucwaningo nokuvimbela

Kukhona amasu athile ekuvimbeleni umdlavuza kubangelwa yizici zemvelo noma ufuzo. Ukuze banciphise ingozi umdlavuza wamaphaphu, obhemayo kungaba ukuyeka, futhi owesifazane kutholakala ukuthi unomdlavuza webele, zingase zikhalele mastectomy prophylactic.

Ngokwe-abacwaningi, ngala masu zokuvimbela eyinhloko ezibhekwa indlela engcono kakhulu ukuze kuncishiswe ukufa kwabantu kusukela umdlavuza. Laba balobi baphawula ukuthi lesi akunakwenzeka ngesikhathi zokuvimbela eyinhloko izifo umdlavuza kubangelwa nezilwane ngokuguqula izakhi zofuzo, kodwa namanje zokuvimbela yesibili esingayenza engasiza ekusindiseni ukuphila kwesiguli.

Ngokocwaningo, zokuvimbela yesibili libhekisela kusenesikhathi umdlavuza. "Sidinga ukugxila kusenesikhathi, ngoba inqubo akuyona kuguquka ukuthi kungagwenywa," - uthi embikweni Tomasitti.