Capacitive inzwa: apharathasi begodu Umgomo we operation. Izinzwa Capacitive: isicelo

umkhakha Modern, futhi imisebenzi yansuku zonke wabantu, futhi, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucabanga ngaphandle zonke izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe. Basenza ngazo zonke izindlela, futhi ezinye yokukhiqiza imisebenzi ukwenza asisho aphumelele ngaphandle kwabo. Ukuze labo "abasizi" kufanele futhi ufake inzwa capacitive.

Ngakho ngokuthi converters eyenziwe uhlobo parametric. Ukumeda ivolumu amadivaysi ezinjalo wenziwa ngokusebenzisa ukwahlukahlukana capacitance lapho beshintsha kwezinye nemingcele ezibalulekile. Uma sikubeka kalula, ushintsho elilinganisiwe capacitance bedle ezinye izici zangaphandle.

Isimiso ezisebenza we inzwa capacitive

Yilokho izinzwa capacitive. Umgomo we operation abawona kunzima kangaka, kodwa ukuqonda ke udinga ukwazi okuthile. Ukuze uqale nge sikhumbula isimiso yokunquma capacitance we capacitor. Lesi senzo esashiwo ifomula elandelayo:

C = εεₒS / δ.

Le nkulumo ibizwa abaningi kusukela physics esikoleni Yiqiniso eyaziwa, kodwa kwakungeke ubuhlungu ukuze uvuselele inkumbulo yakho futhi khumbula, okusho ngamunye eziguquguqukayo:

• S - endaweni amapuleti capacitor.
• E - permittivity eyisihlobo impahla Kwe-dielectric Heating elisetshenziswa capacitor design.
• εₒ - njengoba physics selisho permittivity yesikhala samahhala.
• δ - ngakho-ke kungenziwa oqokiwe noma ukushuba we ipuleti Kwe-dielectric Heating, noma ibanga phakathi laphakathi amaningi ezinto.

Ngakho, kusukela ifomula ngenhla ukuthi capacitance ukushintsha kalula. Engingakusho nje ngandlela-thile isinyathelo endaweni ungcwecwe impahla Kwe-dielectric Heating, ibanga phakathi amapuleti noma ngokuqondile permeability asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni material. Ngakho, ukukhethwa yinzuzo kuncike kuphela uhlu imisebenzi abaklami kudivayisi owabeke.

Ngakho, singenza ngisho inzwa capacitive ngezandla zakho, njengoba iphuzu ezakhayo umbono kuba - evamile capacitor flat noma cylindrical, ipuleti enye yazo njalo ibhekene ukunyakaza elawulwa emkhathini, okuholela ushintsho capacitance. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ifomula ngenhla isebenza kuphela uma Ongasinaki ngokuphelele emaphethelweni imiphumela. Sizobe ukukhuluma okuningi mayelana nalokhu esigabeni sokugcina kulesi sihloko.

Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi onjalo esebenzisa ugesi asetshenziswa kabanzi sokulinganisa displacements emincane futhi komugqa izinto, ukubala usayizi, umsebenzi isicelo, umswakama, lokuhlushwa izidakamizwa esebenzayo kanye nezinye izici. Ngokuphathelene izici isakhi okukhulunywa ngakho, wathi amabhele zenziwa indiza ayefana, e cylindrical housings ne pin electrode, nge ulwelwesi elinama Kwe-dielectric Heating, ngisho ngaphandle kwalo.

Nakhu ukuthi usebenze capacitive izinzwa. Umgomo we operation abanye babo odinga ukukwazi ngokuningiliziwe lokho okwenzeka. Kulesi sihloko sinikeza amanye amafomula ukuthi kungaba wusizo kuwe.

Formula ukuchaza Umgomo we operation kohlobo oluthile izinzwa

Level inzwa ukushintshashintsha kungenzeka kwesikwele amapuleti Kwe-dielectric Heating kungaba sasivumela kalula lochazwe usebenzisa kwesibalo ezilandelayo:

C = εεₒaH / δ.

Ngu "X" Kulokhu libhekisela ubude ukugqagqana ka electrode esetshenziswa. Ngakho, "a" lisho ububanzi amapuleti we capacitor. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zinsizakuphila isetshenzisiwe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene umkhakha, lapho esetshenziselwa silinganiso esinembile yamanani emincane. nomthamo transducer Kulezo zimo kutholakala inkulumo ethi elandelayo:

C = εεₒ (r₂- r₁) / 2δ * (φₒ-φ).

Ukuze ukukala ngokunembile ukuzwela, kufanele usebenzise ifomula ukuhluka:

K = εεₒ (r₁ r₂-) / 2δ.

Ake sibone ukuthi yini ukuthi asho ukuthini eziguquguqukayo ayingxenye lezi zibalo:

• r₁ - engaba kwangaphakathi amapuleti epholisayo;
• r₂ - engaba elingaphandle ipuleti efanayo;
• φ - kulinganiswa okwamanje (langempela) Inani ye-engeli ukugqagqana;
• φₒ - ukubaluleka kokuqala ye-engeli ukugqagqana.

Ekugcineni, sichaza isibalo sezibalo echaza isimiso yokusebenza lesikali capacitive nge adjustable emoyeni igebe:

C = εεₒS / (δₒ-X).

Predictably, a imvume eyinhloko δₒ waqonda, uhlamvu X esilinganayo displacement we ipuleti. Nakani! Njengoba izici aqinile engabulawa yomugqa, ngokuvamile ezingeni inzwa yohlobo esetshenziswa ukukala displacements encane kakhulu, okuzokwenza singadluli 0,1δₒ ubuningi. Njengoba kulindelekile, laba amadivayisi kakhulu yafuna e ngokunemba ubunjiniyela, lapho ngisho -Kunemaphutsa ekusebentiseni kungabangela izinkinga kuyindaba eqakathekileko.

Bangalithengaphi ingasetshenziswa?

Izindawo kwesicelo kungenzeka zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ngakho, cishe kuzo zonke izimboni ungahlangana ukusebenza, okuyinto kulawulwa lezi amadivaysi. Zisetshenziswa ukulawula ukugcwaliswa amathangi ezihlukahlukene, kanye nokuqukethwe zabo ungaba uketshezi, gaseous noma particulate (igesi inzwa).

Ukwanda umsebenzi ezimbonini kanye abajwayelekile izimboni ephakeme, kunokwethenjelwa futhi kulula ukuklama mishini. Kusukela inhlanganisela lezi zimpawu, bona umuhle kakhulu ukuthi ingasetshenziswa ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo nolaka kakhulu kunesithembiso uwoyela emathangini avuzayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithombo yezokuzijabulisa ingadlulisela inzwa capacitive lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi inkinobho nomkhawulo elihambayo umugqa noma umshini yokukhiqiza esitolo. Kuyadingeka futhi ukuma inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke izindlela ezehlukene zokwenza lokhu.

izinzwa ukusondela

Kodwa manje okukhulu funa ukusondela izinzwa, okuyinto zenziwa isimiso esifanayo. Ububanzi ukusebenzisa kwabo ngisho abaningi. Lokhu kungenxa amadivaysi penny izindleko ukuthi ungasebenza cishe zonke izinhlobo umkhakha. Nokho, kukhona umkhakha ejwayelekile lapho lolu hlobo imishini kukhona ethandwa kakhulu:

• Ukulawula iziqukathi eligcwele uketshezi esobala eyenziwe ngepulasitiki noma ingilazi.
• A umsebenzi ofanayo wenziwa kubo enkulu ekwakhekeni imikhiqizo ukudla (kuhlanganise nezingane), lapho umkhiqizo osuphelile is zahlanganiswa izigubhu esakhiwe ngezinto okusobala. On isimiso esifanayo based futhi umsebenzi we bale njengoba capacitive fuel inzwa.
• Ukuze ukuqapha nezindawo ezingase zibe yingozi, uma kungenzeka ephukile wire emazombezombe.
• Lawula izindawo ezifanayo lapho yenethiwekhi ibhande lingase lilimele.
• Ngamunye ukulawula uhlobo imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa (ukuguqulwa amathini, amabhodlela, emaphaketheni).

Akumangalisi ukuthi lezi zobuchwepheshe kuyizinto ezivamile e ngokunemba ubunjiniyela, gezi kanye nezinye izimboni eziningi ezihlukahlukene izinzwa.

inclinometers

Amadivayisi babe luvame kuphela eminyakeni esanda kuqalwa ezincane obujwayelekile inclinometer capacitive ukuhlinzeka yokudlulisela kagesi isignali okukhipha kabani ezidlula ngokuqondile wakhona inzwa engela esetshenziswa.

Okuvame kakhulu ensimini enkulu ukusetshenziswa kwalezi amadivayisi: platform uhlelo ukuqondanisa, ukuzimisela kuka kanye deformation izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba bokusebenza imishayo, kanye control eqondile komgwaqo, wesitimela ithrekhi ukuphambuka at the stage of isakhiwo sabo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, besebenzisa Amadivayisi ezifana ukunquma umqulu amaloli esindayo kanye nezinye izimoto, zommbila futhi ukumbiwa zezimboni nithole degree of ukufuduka emincane yemishini kutekulima nasetimbonini ikakhulukazi ezinkulu.

Kubaluleke kakhulu capacitive izinzwa fuel level embonini kawoyela. Zisetshenziswa ngisho ku supertankers abahlebayo kwelinye uhambo amashumi futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane amathani imikhiqizo uwoyela acwengekile. Lezi amadivayisi ephumelela kakhulu ngisho ahleleka luningi kakhulu condensate futhi ngezinga eliphezulu ukukhiqizwa uthuli endaweni (igesi inzwa efanayo).

Bathola ukusetshenziswa kwabo amagugu yokukala ngokuphelele futhi isihlobo amazinga ingcindezi kanye ukushuba we impahla Kwe-dielectric Heating, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izimboni lapho zisetshenziselwa capacitors enamandla ngempela.

Izinzuzo esemqoka izinzwa capacitive

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inzwa capacitive kunezinzuzo eziningi uma iqhathaniswa kumadivayisi afanayo akhiwa izimiso kuyiwa. Asibhale izinzuzo main yalezi Kip:

• Emkhakheni wezezimboni, zingabantu ngokwedlulele elula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezilula kakhulu futhi ezishibhile ingasetshenziswa umkhiqizo wabo. Ngisho capacitive fuel ezingeni izinzwa asetshenziswe petroleum umkhakha izinto ezibalulekile ube usayizi nesizotha kakhulu babe sesigabeni lesincane ukusetshenziswa amandla kagesi. Njengoba sinazo zonke lezi zici, bayehluka level omuhle kakhulu ukuzwela, okuyinto evame ongenakuwufinyelela amadivaysi ezibizayo.
• Ngomqondo onabile, kungaba inzwa capacitive ngezandla zakho, usebenzisa njengoba isisekelo sayo iyiphi ucishe okunokwethenjelwa izinga okusezingeni eliphezulu capacitor ezimbonini.
• Oxhumana nabo banayo (kakhulu kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa ngalendoda lamanje), okuyinto ezuzisa kakhulu emsebenzini nemibandela uthuli eliphezulu kanye nomswakama.
• ukuphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, iyunithi uphatha ngokuphindelela "baphinde" izindleko zabo ongaphakeme. Ngenxa yalokho, inzwa capacitive (intengo elisezweni ububanzi ruble 1200-1700) kuyinto yokufuna inzuzo kakhulu.
• Ukuze ezihambayo ingxenye ezithathekayo zedivayisi iyadingeka ukushaya umzamo alisho lutho olutheni.
• Idivayisi Kulula kakhulu ukuhlanganisa cishe yonke imikhakha imishini esetshenziswa kuphela ukuwasebenzisa ezimbonini.

izici ezingezinhle

Ngeshwa, inzwa ngamunye capacitive has nemiphumela ethile engathandeki ezithile, okuyinto ngezinga elithile izinkinga ukusetshenziswa kabanzi lolu hlobo imishini. Sibala ngokuningiliziwe:

• ukuguqulwa isici (ngamanye amazwi, ukudluliswa) kuqhathaniswa ongaphakeme.
• Usayizi ezincane nokuba lula design neqhaza iqiniso lokuthi okhethwe izimfuno ngempela phezulu izinga amadivayisi ukuhlolwa.
• Okuhle capacitive ezingeni inzwa (nezinye sokulinganisa zomculo efanayo) kungaba isebenze kahle kuphela imvamisa kunalelo ukubaluleka esezingeni 50 Hz.

Izaziso ezibalulekile

Noma kunjalo, konke kubi kangaka cha. abakhiqizi abaningi bafuna kakhulu ukuzivikela izici izinzwa ngokwenza ushintsho oluncane ku isakhiwo sabo. Ngokuqondene nokuvama ukusetshenziswa, practice abalubonisayo imiphumela emihle okwandile ukubaluleka yezimboni 400 Hz.

Sesixoxile mayelana nobuqotho bukaJesu kwaze kwaba ifomula eyisisekelo kuphela uma indiva umphumela onqenqemeni. Kodwa kuyasiza ukwazi ukuthi kungaba ngempela ibe nomphumela ongemuhle kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi ibanga phakathi amapuleti Kwe-dielectric Heating ifaniswe ubukhulu yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphumela ongemuhle kungenziwa kakhulu iwukudambisa nje usebenzisa iringi unogada. Kulokhu, umthelela nemiphumela umngcele Awukwazi ukudlulisela kahle ngale amapuleti esetshenziswa.

Nakulokhu futhi, siphawula ukuthi okufanayo ingcindezi nezinzwa elinesimo lula emangalisayo, okuyinto ikuvumela ukudala isakhiwo esitebeleni ngokumangalisayo, okuhlala kanye zamanani aphansi. Uma ukhetha ilungelo Ubukhulu weJiyomethri esetshenziswa Kwe-dielectric Heating isetshenziswa ukukhiqizwa izinto ezinjalo capacitor bengayi ikakhulukazi ukukhathazeka.

Ngakho, ngendlela efanele ngiphakamisa isitembu metal womshini inzwa izindlu, kuba cishe azinakwa ngisho namandla lokushisa ekushintshashintsheni okungase kuholele ekungasebenzini ushintsho capacitance zedivayisi futhi ukufundwa yayo ingafaneleki. Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho obviate isidingo ukwenza obuphelele ingcindezi angawodwa izinzwa kanye nezinye izinkomba ezinjalo izici nolaka kwemvelo. Naphezu bemsulwa, umswakama high namazinga angcono emisebeni kungaba nomphumela ongemuhle ukuthembeka kudivayisi.

Ukwahlukaniswa izinzwa

Asetshenziswa izinqubo zezimboni ekukhiqizeni kwabo akuvumela ukwaba zonke izinhlobo izinzwa ekhiqizwa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu: odnoemkostnye futhi dvuhemkostnye. Imibuzo eyenza umuntu acabange sehlukaniswe umehluko kanye poludifferentsialnye. Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe.

kudivayisi Odnoemkostny. Kulesi simo capacitive inzwa wesifunda kakhulu elula, njengoba ingxenye yabo eyinhloko capacitor ezivamile nge capacitance onhlobonhlobo. Ngeshwa, ngisho umswakama kancane anda futhi izinga lokushisa kufanele ku ukunemba izinkomba umthelela eziphathekayo kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona izinzwa ezihlukahlukene ukungasebenzi ngokuvamile. Ukuze iwukudambisa ubukhulu amaphutha ezinjalo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isakhiwo umahluko.

inzwa Dvuhemkostny. Empeleni, kungcono nje isakhiwo umahluko onjalo. Kuyinto ngokuvamile kungenzeka ukuhlangabezana capacitive ezingeni inzwa oluqanjwe scheme elinjalo. Lezi amadivayisi akhululwe nemiphumela ethile engathandeki eyinhloko imodeli wangaphambilini, kodwa babe nobuthakathaka yabo. Ububi eziphawuleka kakhulu isidingo ukusebenzisa izintambo ezimbili noma ezintathu kwakuvikela phakathi kudivayisi uqobo kanye ebusweni, ngoba kuphela ngale ndlela ungakwazi ukuvimbela okuthiwa capacitance yisinanakazana.

Nokho, isikimu kwetfulwe ngemalengiso lasetulu capacitive izinzwa kulokhu kulula ukuziba, ngoba ukubuya uthola idivayisi olunembile kakhulu futhi ebucayi.

ngokwakha izinzwa ngokucacile

Ezimweni eziningi (kusukela iphuzu design umbono) ukudalwa zinsizakuphila kuyinkinga. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma ufuna ukudala inzwa ngamazinga elibanzi umthamo. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho okubonisa ukuthi izinkinga eziningi isixazululekile cishe ngokuphelele Samandla olunembile futhi izinto nokusebenza okusezingeni kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni. Ngokuvamile lezi zinkinga ezibhekene abakhiqizi dvuhemkostnyh izinzwa.

Ngokuvamile, ngqo walolu hlobo amadivayisi yokulinganisa ngukutsi kungenziwa umelwe isilinganiso dimensionless tintfo lucobo ezimbili (izitsha) ezithinta inkulumo eqondile kanye nencazelo. Ngakho ukuthi kungenziwa ngokuthi ngokuphepha "Uyaphenya ubuhlobo." Inzuzo yalezi amadivaysi (kubo plus omkhulu!) Ingabe ukuthi ngokuvamile asikwazi ukuba kuhleliswa ezinye izinyathelo indinganiso kuphole ithuthukisa nokwethenjelwa ngokomthetho ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu ngempela nemibandela.

Kwebalingisi kuzishumeki komugqa

Zonke amanani non-kagesi, okuyinto evame edingekayo ukulawula endaweni yezimboni, kuba ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi enezici. Ingxenye enkulu izinyathelo ukuthi angaphansi Izilawuli eziqinile, ukwenza ukunyakaza emincane futhi komugqa ngisho tinhlobo letehlukene evele emkhathini. Uma usebenzisa capacitor ukuthi ine ngokuphelele iyunifomu ensimini kagesi esikhaleni, akunzima ngakho ukwenza izinzwa ngogesi ezimbili lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Kukuyiphi indawo electrode kuyinto onhlobonhlobo.
• Labo abanombono igebe variable phakathi electrode.

Kulula ukuqonda ukuthi uhlobo lokuqala afanelekile kakhulu ukulungisa ukunyakaza enkulu ngempela, ngenkathi usebenzisa ezihlukahlukene yesibili kungenziwa waphawula ngisho ezinye ukunyakaza komzimba emkhathini, ukubaluleka okuyinto ilingana microns ambalwa nje!

Izinzwa sokunquma ukufuduka emincane

Ngokuvamile, by design nenjongo, they cishe ngokuphelele ncamashí esandulele contact hlobo. Ukufana kubonakala yokuthi izinzwa kukhona electrode sendawo variable kufanele asetshenziselwe Ubukhulu emikhulu futhi ibanga variable phakathi electrode ngokwabo - amancane. Ngokuvamile, amadivayisi njenge zenziwa multi-Sectional, benethuba ekushintsheni endaweni amapuleti capacitor.

Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, a electrode lokuqala eqondiswa kushaft esihambisekayo Ukujikeleza ngalo lishintsha isikhundla yayo ehlobene yesibili ushintsho endaweni enikezela kokuncishiswa amapuleti Kwe-dielectric Heating ku capacitor. Ngokwemvelo, lapho eqoshiwe ushintsho capacitance.

okutholakele

Ngakho sasixoxa izici eziyisisekelo ezingeni insimbi, wezwa ezindaweni zabo kwesicelo, mayelana nesakhiwo, isimiso isinyathelo futhi kungenzeka izixazululo lobuchwepheshe. Njengoba ungase uqonde kusukela sihloko, nokudlanga izinzwa capacitive nokuduma zabo eziphakeme ngokwedlulele kusekelwe intengo ekhangayo amadivayisi ezifana nokuphila isikhathi eside ngisho ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kwemvelo.

Konke lokhu kungenxa Sibonga kungenzeka yokuthi, ngokombono ezakhayo umbono, zonke lezi amamitha kukhona capacitors ejwayelekile, izimpawu ngendlela engavamile kancane kwesicelo sabo kuphela. Nokho, ungakwazi futhi uzitholele ngokwakho, waphinda ebuka zezibalo ukuthi ngobubanzi zibonisa izimiso Kip umsebenzi.