Battle of Marathon. "Umlando" ka uHerodotus

Uma kuziwa Battle of Marathon, abaningi ezifika engqondweni legend of Isithunywa, nawo kucashelwe Athens ezijabulisayo ngokunqoba kwamaGreki phezu namaPheresiya, wagijima 42,195 km, kwatisa takhamiti izindaba, wawela khona efile. Kule ndaba, endulo kwakukhona isiyalo ezemidlalo - Sprint at 42 km, okubizwa ngokuthi webanga esekhona ngenxa iMidlalo Yama-Olympic. Nokho, kakhulu impi ye Marathon Kuyaziwa ukuthi kule mpi, ibutho lase-Athene amqoba izinombolo abo amakhulu yebutho namaPheresiya, amaGreki, ama-ukulahlekelwa zaba abantu 192 ngokumelene 6400 labafa kusukela isitha.

imithombo

Battle of Marathon ehlanganiswa Book VI "Umlando" ka uHerodotus. Lokhu lesimcoka, okuyinto ukhuluma ngezenzakalo selifikile kuze kube sesikhathini sethu. Ulwazi oluqukethwe isazimlando esingumGreki lasendulo, ngokuvamile begxekwa ngenxa wawusondela ukulotshwa imisebenzi yakhe ingabe isimiso ukudlulisa konke utshela abantu, ukuthi kholwa lonke lo noma cha - kungenye umbuzo ngokuphelele.

Eziningi zalezi izindaba uHerodotus cishe akunakubangelwa ezinganekwaneni kanye amanoveli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakhonza njengephayona umthombo amarekhodi olusemthethweni ahlukahlukene nokulandisa kofakazi bokuzibonela. Noma kunjalo, namuhla idatha mlando waqinisekisa zonke izinhlobo izifundo. Ngokusho uHerodotus, usuku Battle of Marathon - Septhemba 12 490 BC. e.

prehistory

Ngo VI ekhulwini BC kukhona ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo ye uMbuso WasePheresiya, njalo ukuthi zilawule edlulela emasimini amasha. Ekugcineni, entshonalanga umbuso Achaemenid wayebhekene impucuko ngesiGreki athuthukile whose ntu kakhulu inkululeko abathanda. Nakuba laba bahlaseli Persian ephethwe ukuze nginqobe emadolobheni amaningi Hellenic ogwini olusentshonalanga ye-Asia Minor, amaGreki baqhubeka simelane nakho, futhi ngo-500 BC. e. ku kula mazwe Kwagqashuka ukuvukela evulekile, ezaqala ngo-eSamo naseMilethu. The Battle of Marathon kwaba isiqephu esiphawulekayo kule mpi.

Nokho, eminyakeni yokuqala kwavukelwa akuzange kulethe amaGreki abahlala e-Asia Minor, impumelelo enkulu ekulweni abahlaseli. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Eretria futhi Athens basekela lempi izakhamuzi eMilethu, amaGreki zehlulekile yokuhlanganisa wonke amabutho futhi unikeze wenqaba esifanelekayo namaPheresiya. Ngakho-ke, ngo-496 BC. e. Achaemenid umbuso ayodambisa ukuvukela, nakuba ngimemezela impi kuwo wonke Hellas.

Ukuqala impi entsha

Ngo-492 BC. e. umkhankaso wokuqala lahlelwa ngokumelene amaGreki, Nokho imikhumbi, ferrying amabutho ngaphesheya kolwandle, lachithwa cishe ngokuphelele ngenxa yesiphepho ayaluzayo. Ukusebenza lempi ngesikhathi eyedwa, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo, inkosi yasePheresiya uDariyu nganquma ukwenza ngendlela ehlukile - wathuma izithunywa Greece, okuyinto egameni layo Ngabamba ukwesula amaGreki. Amanye amadolobha uncamela uyavumelana izimfuno kaDariyu, kodwa hhayi wonke. Izakhamuzi zase-Athene futhi Sparta zimane asebenzelana ngayo amanxusa WasePheresiya.

Ngo-490 BC. e. NamaPheresiya enze umkhankaso omusha ukuba Hellas, futhi kulesi sikhathi uqala ngaphezulu ngempumelelo. imikhumbi yabo awele ngokuphepha i-Aegean Sea, lebutho siwela enyakatho-mpumalanga Attica - eduze nje edolobheni elincane Marathon. Kulezi zindawo, futhi kwakungekho Battle of Marathon, okuyinto eyaduma emhlabeni wonke.

Amalungiselelo impi

Ibutho Persian Yayinesikhwanyana ngokulinganayo onyawo abacibisheli nabamahhashi, lonke inani - abayizinkulungwane ezingamatshumi amabili. Marathon ethafeni ngokuphawulekayo ezifaneleke zabo amacebo zempi. Ibutho lase-Athene kwaba cishe kabili kancane, kodwa lizidlula kude namaPheresiya ukuhlomisa kancane. Lalinama hoplites, bayafihleka, hip, nezigqoko, namabhantshi yethusi ayehlome izihlangu ezinkulu kanye javelins eside. Kodwa le mpi ka Marathon ukuthi iwine amaGreki hhayi kuphela ngenxa imishini yabo emihle. Indima ebalulekile nayo eyadlalwa isu.

Miltiades, owayengomunye izinduna eziyishumi ngokwesiko wahola ibutho ngesiGreki, wayejwayelene amacebo yamaPheresiya ukulwa. Wasikisela uhlelo ngempumelelo, kodwa isu, umbono lahlukaniswa. Ezinye zazo waphikelela ngokuthi amabutho waphindela e-Athene futhi avikele umuzi, kanti abanye bafuna ukuhlangabezana isitha lapha esigodini. Ekugcineni, Miltiades wakwazi ukuthonya abantu iningi ohlangothini lwabo. Wathi uma impi ye Marathon is won, kuyoba ugcine lapho kubhujiswa nezinye amadolobha aseGrisi.

Umphumela impi

NamaPheresiya babenethemba lokuthi abantu abalwa ngeminsalo ngabe nasekhulwini isichotho isitha imicibisholo nabamahhashi bakwazi ukugwema amaGreki ezinhlangothini futhi alethe ukudideka ku ezinhlwini zabo. Kodwa Miltiades Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka kanjena namaPheresiya waphindisela. Kodwa indlela "mashi okusheshayo", wasebenzisa ibutho lase-Athens, waba abanqobi ukumangala. Esondela namaPheresiya buqamama, ngokudubula abacibisheli, amaGreki bagqekeza run, kwehlisa umonakalo kusuka yabacibishelayo. Hellenic hoplites ayehlome eyizingovolo kakhulu ngempumelelo ongamelana kokubili abacibisheli, amahhashi namaPheresiya. Umphumela waba Battle of ukubaleka ngokungahlelekile wabahlaseli, futhi empini lalahleka ingxenye enkulu yebutho WasePheresiya.

Empeleni, kulolu wahlulwa empini yasePheresiya ayinazo nemiphumela ebulalayo, ngoba Amandla Achaemenids kwaba ngaleso isiqongo samandla has imithombo emikhulu. Unyaka ka-Battle of Marathon kwakuyisiqalo isikhathi eside emzabalazweni lesiGreki elisho inkululeko.