Amazinga nokwenganye International

Uma kunenkinga imisebenzi nokwenza kahle, futhi indaba yokungathathi-ukuhambisana livela lodwa. Leli bhizinisi oqondile idinga, ngenkuthalo ukusebenzisa amasu nokwenganye. Umphathi project okungenani abanye abanesifiso ukuqinisekisa umuzwa wakho professional nozakwethu kanye nabaqashi. Ufuna ukufakazela lwati nemakhono abo njengoba PM uchwepheshe futhi ukhokhelwe ngabo imali. Ngokuqondene nalokhu amazinga nokwenganye kubaluleke kakhulu. Phela, okusekelwe kuwo, ungakwazi ukufeza umsebenzi wabo futhi afakazele bomsebenzi wabo siqu.

amazinga

Amazinga ubhekwa kuyinsakavukela futhi amasampuli izinto efana ne nezinye izenzakalo ezinjalo. Ungase futhi ushayele idokhumenti ajwayelekile, ikhomba esungulwe iziqondiso, amazinga kanye nokudingekile ukuze bakwazi ukuhlola ukuhambisana emsebenzini. Kuphela phakathi kwencazelo lokuqala nelesibili kuyinto umehluko obalulekile. I oluhambisana ngowokuqala ekahle, kanti eyesibili iqukethe kuphela izincomo indlela okungakhulunywa ngayo kuwo.

Izwe alinalutho abangaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, aphethwe ezihlukahlukene design umkhuba. Ngakho-ke, izigidi izinqubo walolu hlobo ziye kwenziwe, kuhlanganise nalezo asebenzisa ikhambi eliyingqayizivele yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene. Kule ndaba, futhi kukhona isidingo nokumisa le nqubo, nje okungaqondile yayo kanye ubunye. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi laba igatsha ahlukene zokuphatha, lapho kwakukhona ezihlukahlukene iphrojekthi ukuphathwa indlela namazinga.

Okokuqala, kwadingeka ichaze amagama ezivamile futhi imiqondo ukuze bakwazi ukuthola kamuva futhi afingqe izimfuneko umsebenzi futhi izinga layo. Olwenziwe ukuthuthukiswa ahlukahlukene nokwenganye ubuchwepheshe. Kulesi sisekelo, kunengqondo ukuthi kunesidingo ukuze sinqume ukuthi izimfanelo namakhono umuntu kumele babandakanywe ku ukuphathwa project, futhi iziphi izinyathelo okufanele uzithathe ukuze ube umholi yimpumelelo.

izinhlobo namazinga

Ngakho, kwakunesidingo esikhulu sokuthethelelwa ukusungula izikhungo zokufunda ukulawula kule ndawo. Ekuqaleni, konke kwenziwa ezingeni likazwelonke, bese kwenzeka ngawo ohlelweni lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho, lezi zikhungo ziqoqwa, anqwabelene olwakhiwe nakho ukuqonda indlela yokuphatha iphrojekthi, ukuze wanikeza yi ukhonkolo. Ukuze sithole amazinga ukuphathwa project, abangu sikuhlaziye kwemiqondo imikhuba engcono. Ukuze sikwazi ukufeza lokhu, ukuphathwa isebenzisa tincenye letimbili: into futhi subjective. Lokho kubhekwa amaphrojekthi ngamanye futhi lonke inkampani, kanye nezidingo ziqu we zamaphrojekthi. Ngakho, kwakukhona izixazululo methodological ukuze:

1. Kuchazwa nokuqonda amagama, into umsebenzi kule ndawo futhi indima wonke abayingxenye yephrojekthi.
2. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa nokuphathwa ochwepheshe abenza design uhlobo umsebenzi kanye nokwenyuka ukusebenza kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo le misebenzi.
3. Phakathi isitifiketi ngokuyinhloko ukuhlolwa kanye isiqinisekiso of ochwepheshe abafanelekayo, futhi okwesibili ngokuzihlolisela imikhuba esikalini ezisetshenziswa kula abasebenzi.

amazinga nokwenganye zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezine: emhlabeni jikelele, kuzwelonke, umkhakha kanye ibhizinisi.

PMI Institute of Standards futhi

Kutfutfukiswa nokwenganye ubuchwepheshe waqala baseMelika sixties. It yaphazanyiswa ezicini eziningana, eyisikhulu phakathi okuyinto eyaba inkathi okuhlaselayo zenuzi, lo mncintiswano neSoviet Union for ukunqoba Isikhala ukudalwa amasu amasha ukuzivikela. Kwake kwaba nesikhathi nezinguquko ezinkulu, kanye nesidingo ukusungula ukuphatha umklamo ukwenza umfuziselo jikelele lokhu kwaba nje elingenakuphikwa. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1969 e-United States wadala ngowokuqala inhlangano engenzi inzuzo Project Management Institute, okuyinto waziphatha ukuthuthukiswa kwamazinga. Project Management ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni PMI eyaqhutshwa emhlabeni wonke bese iqasha ochwepheshe abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu kulo mkhakha kahulumeni.

Ngakho sidalwe le ndinganiso eyisisekelo, esekelwe izindlela zokuphatha okuyinkambiso isipiliyoni generalized amaphrojekthi yimpumelelo, okuyinto njalo uhlolwa abasebenzi Institute. Lo mhlahlandlela , futhi sekuyinto ejwayelekile kazwelonke emkhakheni nokwenganye emazweni aseMelika. Umkhiqizo kanye impumelelo le ndinganiso yamlanda kazwelonke ezingeni international. Ngakho, ngaleso sikhathi esekelwe PMI PMBOK ejwayelekile nokwenganye esetshenziswa yizinkampani emhlabeni wonke. Futhi njalo ukuthuthukisa izinguqulo ezintsha standard, esekelwe sokuhlanganiswa njalo kwendlela yokusebenza kangcono kanye nolwazi theory.

imodeli Ukuxhumana of ukuphathwa izinqubo iphrojekthi

nokwenganye theory kwakheka isisekelo PMBOK Guide. It is eyakhelwe nezici eziyinhloko imodeli inqubo futhi uyakucabangela zonke izigaba umjikelezo wokuphila phrojekthi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthatha ikhumbule zonke izindawo ukusebenza ulwazi ezihlobene ezindaweni ukuphathwa kanye nokusebenzisana yabo ezisezikhungweni ucwaningo. Indawo ebalulekile esezingeni ithatha uhlelo ukuphathwa. Ngaphambi kwakukhona uhlelo lokuqala, Institute engamashumi amabili lokuqoqa idatha ezidingekayo kanye nokwaziswa. Futhi kakade ngo-1986, PMI ikhiphe isiqondiso kuqala ngesisekelo ucwaningo lwabo, okuyinto wenziwa njalo ngcono ngokuhambisana okwenzeka namuhla. Okwamanje, asakazwa ezinhlanu ezahlukene ukuthi ngempumelelo ukusiza ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi kanye bamele American amazinga nokwenganye kazwelonke.

ISO ejwayelekile

Yiqiniso, emhlabeni kukhona amazinga kweminingi eye yafika ezingeni emhlabeni. Futhi ngamunye wabo kuyinto ekuncintisaneni okushubile ukuthola indawo umholi nokwenganye ubuchwepheshe. Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa njalo emakethe izitifiketi kanye Consulting amasevisi. It ukhuluma mayelana amathemba kulesi siqondiso. Futhi ingxenye enkulu emakethe kungathatha ukuthi corporation ukuthi ukwamukela igunya kuwo wonke amazinga - kusukela professional emhlabeni. Lokho-ke uzobhekana nezindaba uqeqesho kanye nokukhipha izitifiketi ochwepheshe, ukuthuthukisa ngenxa akhawunti yabo.

ISO (ISO) iyona endala futhi enamandla kunazo inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe elalinikezelwe izilinganiso cishe zonke izindawo zebhizinisi kanye nobuchwepheshe. Njengoba yena umholi Standardization ezingeni komhlaba wonke, unelungelo ukwethula ngezindinganiso entsha ohlelweni, lokho okungukuthi, eqinisweni, yilokho umehluko zako ezisemqoka ezivela kwezinye izinkampani. It uyakwazi ukunikeza yena iziteshi engenaphutha ukukhushulwa, njengoba kunomthelela ohlangothini bureaucratic cishe yonke uthi. Iqiniso liwukuthi bonke ithuba lobuholi ukhiphe inkampani ISO ukuphathwa 21500 iphrojekthi ejwayelekile: 2012. Lena umhlahlandlela eziyisisekelo kuphrojekthi ukuphathwa iningi lamazwe emhlabeni.

Ngokungafani ISO 21500: 2012 kusukela PMBOK

Izinga lokuqala emkhakheni ukuphathwa inkampani isungule ISO ngo-2003. Yayiqukethe imihlahlandlela eziyisisekelo ezingasisiza ukuqinisekisa ukubulawa qualitative yephrojekthi. Naphezu izinhlelo yenkampani ukuze ukusatshalaliswa kwenqwaba yemilayezo idokhumenti, babengakholwa nyama. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2012, i-ISO isungule idokhumenti entsha, ngokubambisana neNhlangano PMI. manje Project Management isibe efanayo ejwayelekile esincintisana yayo ezicini eziningi. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kubonakala ekulondolozweni ukungaguquguquki kanye ukuphelela umkhiqizo.

Izimpawu ezisemqoka ejwayelekile imi kanje:

• Ukukhetha izindlela elilungile ukusebenzisa iphrojekthi, kungakhathaliseki sebhithi yayo;
• isithombe mazombe seragelo Lokho kuyaqondakala kubo bonke abahlanganyeli yephrojekthi, okubonisa izimiso ukuphathwa ngempumelelo kanye nezindlela;
• isisekelo yokuthuthukisa umkhuba design;
• ivela nsuku ehlanganisa namazinga wonke amazinga e emkhakheni wokuphathwa phrojekthi.

It kuvela ukuthi lezi zilinganiso ezimbili ezithi azifane kakhulu okuqukethwe. Uhlaziyo kunazo olunzulu umehluko phakathi amaphrojekthi kwaba usosayensi Polish Stanislav Gashik egqamisa wonke umehluko kwenziwe izilinganiso nokwenganye.

Standardization isiqondiso ICB IPMA

IPMA International Project Management Association yasungulwa eSwitzerland ngo 1965. Injongo eyinhloko indalo yayo kwaba ukushintshashintsha nakho phakathi zamaphrojekthi we ezifundeni ezehlukene. Futhi ngo-1998, we sungula nomqondo uhlelo lokuqinisekisa abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe emkhakheni amaphrojekthi. Okungukuthi, lesi simiso bekumele uthole ejwayelekile ngesisekelo elaliyoba lokungibikela kwekhono ochwepheshe. Yileyo ndlela bahlakulele ICB ejwayelekile, osekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho esikhathini esidlule futhi kucatshangelwa izidingo kazwelonke kwekhono emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imodeli-level ezine isitifiketi sivunyiwe.

Ngokungafani kakade kuchazwe amazinga nokwenganye ngamazwe kanye zenkampani, ICB IPMA wathatha isisekelo ukwakhiwa isipiliyoni yayo, ulwazi kanye nekhono of the abaholi emkhakheni wokuphathwa phrojekthi. Inhloso Its main iwukuba setha wamukela omhlaba izimfuneko kwekhono PM ochwepheshe. Okwamanje kukhona uhlelo lwesithathu lapho izakhi 46 ababebuthene amaqembu amathathu: lobuchwepheshe, zamakhono zokuziphatha bevumelene. Lesi sakamuva sivezwe kula ikhono amabombo ukwakha amasu ngempumelelo ezihilela bonke abathintekayo.

Kwakukhona Godu bathuthukisa uphawu kwendikimba namehlo amise. Libala zonke amaqembu. Umhlahlandlela kungekho incazelo eqondile amasu, izinqubo noma amathuluzi zokuphatha. Kodwa le indlela, indlela efanele yokusondela ulwazi, amakhono kanye nezokuxhumana. Kodwa kungakusiza ukuba kutholakale ukuthi ingabe umfakisicelo ngoba indima yokuba inhloko the Republic of Moldova ukulungele ukuthatha ehhovisi futhi kulokho izindawo usadinga ukukhula.

Kule kubonakala ukuthi amazinga akuhambisani ezahlukene, ngokuqondene okuyinto izindlela ezahlukene zokuthola isitifikedi. isitifiketi PMI ikuvumela ukuba uthole isihloko PMP, namazinga nokwenganye ngamazwe ziyafana kuleli cala. Thola eqinisekisiwe ezweni lethu kungaba e-dolobha Petersburg. Udinga zidlule ngezigaba ezintathu, okuyilezi: i interview, aphumelele ekuhlolweni bese udlulisa zangaphambi ziqu.

Uma sithatha njengesisekelo ukusebenza ebucayi kohlelo, esimweni indlela American orientation iwukuba isethi eyodwa yolwazi kanye imiqondo. Kodwa IPMA ihlola ibhizinisi nobuntu umfakisicelo.

INKOSANA 2 ejwayelekile

Enye kazwelonke nokwenganye INKOSANA 2 ejwayelekile yasungulwa ngo-UK siyasetshenziswa njengamanje emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa ukuze bancintisane ubuholi American, akakwazi ukuba, ngoba indlela yangasese sezinhlobo ezithile amaprojekthi. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo walala imiyalelo ecacile ukuthi kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka eyiyo iphrojekthi. Naphezu ububanzi elilinganiselwe ejwayelekile, ithuthukiswe ENgilandi, isasetshenziswa ngokwanele kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa Its in the IT-design, ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukwethulwa emakethe kwemikhiqizo emisha, emkhakheni izindlu, kwezobunjiniyela engxenyeni kahulumeni.

Le ndlela yokwenza kuhlanganisa base imikhakha, izinhlelo, inhlangano, izinga kanye izingozi, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Ngo isicelo kwale phrojekthi amazinga abaphathi kwekhwalithi amasethi ezithile kudingeka sihlale njalo siqaphele eduze bese ulandela ubuchwepheshe, okuyinto enemininingwane kakhulu futhi ngokujulile ezichazwe indlela. Kukhona ukulungiswa njalo imvelo iphrojekthi, isizukulwane imikhiqizo ukuphathwa futhi sizisekele imibhalo. Ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ku eziyisikhombisa izimiso, izindikimba kanye netinchubo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba sifinyelele nezindinganiso ezithile ukusebenza kwamaphrojekthi izinga. Kodwa kukhona ethile - akukho cwaningo mayelana nokuphathwa supply lokuxhumana, onentshisekelo kukhona isibalo ezinye izinqubo, echazwe ngaphansi kwe-American ngamazwe nokwenganye ejwayelekile.

Ukukhetha Ziqeqeshe ukusetshenziswa elihlangene amazinga

Kukhona futhi amazinga Russian kazwelonke ezithinta ukuphathwa project. Iqiniso ukuthi izinkampani eziningi zithanda ukusebenzisa amazinga amazwe kutfolwa kwetitifiketi kanye nokuphathwa kwezinhlelo zayo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo amazinga isimo ahlukahlukene zenzelwe izinkampani ngamunye kanye namazinga omhlaba.

Ngokuphathelene ukuqondanisa izindinganiso, ukuthi ngaphandle kwakhe ezimweni eziningi umane ngeke akwenze ngaphandle. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkampani usebenzisa amazinga British, zidinga indlela ezengeziwe elifana PMBOK. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kuphela ejwayelekile American kuholela ukushoda izindlela zendawo. Kodwa-ISO noma okulingana - iphrojekthi ukuphathwa ejwayelekile GOST R ISO 21500-2014 - bakwazi ukusungula izidingo emfushane, ngaphandle kokuba ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo eziqondile yenkampani. Ngokuvamile, ukusetshenziswa kwanoma iyiphi indlela kumele ukuzivumelanisa isiko ukuphathwa kwenhlangano, lapho kusetshenziswe.

isiphetho

Ngimhlolile cishe wonke amazinga ezinkulu nokwenganye ngamazwe, singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi izindinganiso yasekhaya musa zisebenza ku umkhuba, ngaphandle anezele angaphandle. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, imithetho yomhlaba okudinga nokwenza futhi kushintshwe sengqondo nokuphathwa uhlelo ezweni lethu. Ngakho, into kuphela kwesokunxele ukubala, kungcono yokuthi maduzane sizoba Ushintshe amazinga yasekhaya ukwanelisa izidingo zebhizinisi kanye nokuphathwa project sithombe. Kodwa kuze lokho kwenzeka, kubalulekile ukuba sihlanganise amazinga ehlukene emkhakheni ukuphathwa iphrojekthi yi ngempumelelo umsebenzi ochwepheshe PM.