Amandla yokubopha i-nucleus yama-athomu: Formula, futhi ukubaluleka kwencazelo

Uhlobo ngalunye kwezingu-nuclei-athomu ngokuphelele iyiphi ikhemikhali siqukethe iqoqo ezithile proton kanye neutrons. Ziqhutshwa ndawonye ngenxa yokuthi izinhlayiya ukwethula ngaphakathi amandla yokubopha i-nucleus yama-athomu.

Isici nobuntu amabutho enuzi Luhambo ngamandla azo eliphezulu kakhulu ibanga elincane (mayelana 10 ^-13 cm). Njengoba kwanda ibanga phakathi izinhlayiya ibutho Luhambo kuthiwa buthaka ngaphakathi athomu.

Inkulumo on the amandla ngibopha nucleus

Uma sicabange ukuthi kukhona indlela ukuhlukanisa ngamunye ngamunye kusukela nucleus proton kanye neutrons-athomu, futhi uyibeke buqamama yokuthi amandla yokubopha i-nucleus yama-athomu saphela usebenze, kumele kube umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Ukuze kukhishwe ikhenela kumalungu ayo athomu, kumelwe sizame ukubona sinqobe amandla naphakathi-athomu. Lezi nhlelo zizokwazi ukuthi ukuphuma ukuhlukanisa athomu nucleons ezikuyo. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuba yahlulele ukuthi amandla we-nucleus yama-athomu ingaphansi amandla we izinhlayiya zazo liqukethe.

Kuyinto ulingana nenqwaba subatomic kuyizinhlayiyana mass ye-athomu?

Ngo-1919, abacwaningi bafunda ukukala nenqwaba nucleus yama-athomu. Ivame ukutholakala 'basindwe "esebenzisa amadivayisi ezikhethekile lobuchwepheshe, ababiziweyo spectrometer mass. Umgomo we operation amadivayisi esinjalo ukuthi wafanisa izici ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya izixuku ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlayiya babe icala elifanayo kagesi. Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi labo izinhlayiya ezithinta amazinga ahlukene mass ukuhamba kanye trajectories ezahlukene.

ososayensi Modern bathole ngokunemba okukhulu ubungako zonke nuclei nama-proton zabo abamelwe futhi neutrons. Uma siqhathanisa isisindo uhlamvu oluthile isamba ubungako izinhlayiya okumunyethwe kuwo, kuvela ukuthi esimweni ngasinye isisindo oyinhloko kunangendlela nenqwaba proton ngabanye kanye neutrons. Lo mehluko wenza cishe 1% zamakhemikhali ngamunye. Ngakho-ke kungenziwa baphetha ngokuthi amandla yokubopha i-nucleus yama-athomu - 1% wamandla ukuthula.

I izakhiwo amabutho yenuzi

I neutrons ukuthi kukhona ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus, dudula nomunye by Coulomb amabutho. Kodwa ngaleso athomu efanayo angawi ngaphandle. Lokhu lula khona amabutho ezikhangayo phakathi izinhlayiya nakuyi-athomu. La mandla, okuyinto ziwuhlobo ukuthi lihlukile amandla, ngokuthi zenuzi. Futhi nokuxhumana neutron nama-proton ngokuthi ukuxhumana namandla.

Kafushane nje, izakhiwo zamabutho zenuzi zimi kanje:

• Lokhu ukuzimela icala;
• ukusebenza kuphela amafushane;
• saturation, okuyinto waqonda nokugcinwa eduze nomunye kuphela inombolo ethile nucleons.

Ngokomthetho ukulondolozwa amandla, ngesikhathi lapho izinhlayiya yenuzi axhunyiwe, kukhona ukukhululwa kwe amandla ngesimo kwemisebe.

Amandla yokubopha nuclei-athomu: ifomula

Ukuze izibalo ezishiwo usebenzisa ifomula ezivamile:

E _{b = (Z · m p + (} AZ) · m n -M _i) · c²

Lapha E ngaphansi _{esibophezelayo} libhekisela amandla yokubopha i-nucleus; c - Isivinini yokukhanya; Z inombolo proton; (AZ) - isibalo neutrons; m _p isho nesisindo se-proton; m _n - mass-neutron. M _i yiyona isisindo nucleus yama-athomu.

Amandla sangaphakathi nuclei izinto ezihlukahlukene

Ukuze sithole amandla esibophezelayo zenuzi, wasebenzisa indlela efanayo. Ebalwe ifomula ngibopha amandla njengoba kuboniswe ngaphambili, akusiyo ezingaphezu kuka-1% amandla Imininingwane ye-athomu, noma amandla ukuphumula. Nokho, uma ukubukisisa eduze kwalo kuvela ukuthi kule nombolo ngempela kuyahlukahluka e aphuma into okumele imfuyo. Uma uzama ukunquma amanani yayo ngokuthé ngqo, bayoba ezahlukene ikakhulukazi kusukela okuthiwa nuclei ukukhanya.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngibopha amandla ngaphakathi athomu ye-hydrogen zero, ngoba kukhona i-proton eyodwa kuphela. Amandla yokubopha helium nuclei kuyoba 0.74%. Emongweni into okuthiwa tritium, kule nombolo ulingana 0,27%. Ngo umoya - 0.85%. Ngo-nucleus, okuyinto mayelana ayisithupha nucleons wamandla-athomu esibophezelayo kungaba mayelana 0,92%. Ukuze nuclei nge isisindo xaxa, kule nombolo kancane kancane wehlise ukuba 0.78%.

Ukuze sithole amandla enuzi esibophezelayo ane-helium, tritium, umoya-mpilo, noma yini enye into wasebenzisa indlela efanayo.

Izinhlobo proton kanye neutrons

Ziyini izimbangela eziyinhloko zalokhu lomehluko zingachazwa. Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi zonke nucleons, okuyinto equkethwe ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus, zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili: surface zangaphakathi. nucleons Yangaphakathi - yilezo sizungezwe nezinye proton kanye neutrons bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ebusweni lizungezwe kubo kuphela kusuka ngaphakathi.

Amandla yokubopha i-nucleus yama-athomu - ibutho obonakaliswe ngaphezulu nucleons yangaphakathi. Okuthile ngendlela efanayo, futhi kwenzeka lapho ukungezwani kobuso uketshezi ahlukahlukene.

Bangaki nucleons e-nucleus ibekwe

Kwatholakala ukuthi isibalo nucleons yangaphakathi ongaphakeme ikakhulukazi okuthiwa nuclei ukukhanya. Futhi labo ezikubhizinisi isigaba ukukhanya, cishe yonke nucleons ithathwa njengokuhlola ezingabalulekile. Kukholakala ukuthi amandla yokubopha i-nucleus yama-athomu - inani elidinga ukuba sikhule isibalo proton kanye neutrons. Kodwa ngisho ukukhula esinjalo sasingenakuba ziqhubeke unomphela. Lapho inani elithile nucleons - futhi kuba kusuka 50 kuya 60 - siqala ukusebenza amandla - umuzwa wokwenyanya zabo zikagesi. Kwenzeka ngisho kungakhathaliseki amandla ngibopha nucleus.

Amandla yokubopha i-nucleus yama-athomu e ngezinto ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa ososayensi ukuze ukukhulula amandla enuzi.

Ososayensi abaningi zihlale abanesifiso sokwazi: kuphi amandla lapho nuclei ukuxegiselwa ukuxuba ku ngoyisiwula kusinda? Empeleni, lesi simo kuyafana ukuqoqwa athomu. Ngo inqubo Fusion nuclei ukukhanya, njengoba nje kwenzeka esikhathini cleavage ka nuclei esindayo njalo bakha uhlobo namandla. Ukuze "uthole" kusukela nuclei ukukhanya zonke nucleons okukukho, kudingeka ukusebenzisa amandla esingaphansi sinye esivelele lapho ehlangana. Isitatimende nokuxoxisana nakho kuyiqiniso. Eqinisweni, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici amandla olungena on iyunithi ezithile mass, kungenzeka amandla olucacile ukuqoqwa.

Ososayensi behlola ukuqoqwa izinqubo

Inqubo ye ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo kwatholakala ososayensi Hahn futhi Shtrasmanom ngonyaka 1938. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga Berlin-University of the abacwaningi chemical bathola ukuthi ngaphandle nje inqubo-uranium bombardment omunye neutron, it is iguqulwe ibe izakhi lula, ngibe ngimi maphakathi kwetafula gqwa.

A umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni lo mkhakha ulwazi wenze ngakho uLiza Meytner, ogama Gang kanye ezihlongozwayo ukutadisha radioactivity ndawonye. Hahn Meitner bavunyelwe ukusebenza kuphela kodwa zasibekela umbandela wokuthi ngeke ucwaningo lwabo egumbini futhi abasoze ekhuphukela kwakugqamuka, okwakuwuphawu Eqinisweni ukucwaswa. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuvimbele ekufezekiseni inqubekela phambili enkulu kule izifundo nucleus yama-athomu.