Amahlathi ezixutshiwe yeRussia. Izimila nezilwane yehlathi okuxubile. Inhlabathi elixutshwe amahlathi

Broadleaf namahlathi okuxubile Iyinani ezincane kakhulu zone ihlathi yeRussia, kuka ehlathini coniferous. ESiberia, zingabantu lingekho ngokuphelele. Broadleaf namahlathi okuxubile ejwayelekile ingxenye European Russia kanye esifundeni Far Eastern. ifomu yabo lezihlahla kanye zezihlahla. Abazange babe Ukwakheka okuxubile zezitsha ihlathi, kodwa futhi ezihlukahlukene izilwane zasendle ezahlukene, ukumelana amathonya kwezemvelo okunomthelela omubi kakhulu, isakhiwo se-KaMose.

Izinhlobo kanye Bokuhlela kwamahlathi okuxubile

Kukhona amahlathi amancane enezicabha kanye coniferous kanye okuxubile lezihlahla. Okokuqala zikhule ikakhulu ezindaweni zwekazi. amahlathi ezixutshiwe abe kuyabonakala layering (izinguquko ukubunjwa flora, kuye ngokuthi ukuphakama). Isihlanganisi ubhedu - sonwele okusezingeni eliphezulu, uphayini, oki. Kancane ezikhulayo birch, maples, elms, lindens, eliphakathi kwe kanye apula zasendle izihlahla, oakery asesematjha nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona izihlahla engezansi: Rowan, viburnum njll uqimba Landelayo ezihlabayo ifomu: .. Viburnum, hazel, hawthorn, zasendle rose ezihlabayo, ama-raspberry nabanye abaningi. Okulandelayo ukuza kwesihlahla. Ngezinye kakhulu phansi ezikhulayo amakhambi, ulele futhi wona.

amafomu ESigabeni leSisemkhatsini zabomdabu amahlathi coniferous-ezincane enezicabha

Isici ezithakazelisayo wukuthi afanayo okuxubile enezicabha abhekwa nje kuyisiqalo Lesisemkhatsini ekwakhekeni ihlathi lezihlahla. Noma kunjalo, woza zomdabu: afanayo zamatshe birch (eKamchatka) birch lezixuku ehlathini, izihlahla e-aspen futhi Alder izimbuku (eningizimu ingxenye European yeRussia). encane enezicabha ihlathi uhlobo eliqhakaze ngempela. Ukhuthaza ukukhula ekhephuzelayo cover utshani futhi ukwehlukana kwayo. ihlathi lezihlahla okuxubile broadleaf uhlobo ngokuphambene siphathelene ngayo izinto ezakhiwe imvelo uzinzile. It is basakaza ezonini inguquko phakathi kwezinhlobo Boreal kanye lezihlahla. amahlathi coniferous-lezihlahla sikhule emathafeni futhi phezu ephansi entabeni zone nezimo mnene futhi zinomswakama zezulu.

Zone zixutshwe bese lezihlahla amahlathi

amahlathi coniferous-lezihlahla sikhule ezifudumele zone athokomele. Basuke zihlukaniswa ezihlukahlukene futhi ukujula ikhava utshani. Khulisa emapheshana ngakanye kusukela European Russia kuye eMpumalanga Ekude. namathafa zabo ziyisiliva esihle abantu. Eningizimu ye Leli hlathi linobukhulu obuphindwe indawo kwamahlathi okuxubile. Basuke yahlakazeka yonke indawo eMpumalanga European Plain futhi Urals (kufika ku esifundeni Amur). Musa yakha indawo okuqhubekayo.

Est European umngcele ingxenye broadleaf namahlathi okuxubile enyakatho okusezinhliziyweni 57 ° c. w. Ngenhla iphele cishe ngokuphelele oak (omunye umuthi ukhiye). South cishe luthinta umngcele osenyakatho asemaqeleni ihlathi, lapho sonwele ubalekela ngokuphelele. Le ndawo kuyisabelo esime unxantathu, ezimbili vertices okuyizinto ezibalulekile e-Russia (Ekaterinburg, Petersburg), kanti eyesithathu - e-Ukraine (Kiev). Okusho ukuthi, njengoba ibanga ukusuka endaweni eyinhloko kuya broadleaf enyakatho namahlathi okuxubile kancane kancane ephuma ezindaweni nakangaka. Bakhetha ukuthumelelana efudumele futhi evikelwe emimoyeni ezineqhwa nesigodi emfuleni nge ukufinyelela ebusweni rocks carbonate. Ngokusho kwakhe ehlathini uhlobo lezihlahla kanye okuxubile amaqoqo amancane kancane kancane ukufinyelela ehlathini.

East European Plain ugxile kakhulu ephansi ebesingesihle flat, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kunezindlela amagquma. Nazi imisuka, okubhukuda kanye watersheds emifula ngobukhulu Russian: Dnieper, iVolga, Western Dvina. floodplains yabo izimfunda kuthiwa okufakwe lapha nge amahlathi kanye namadlelo. Kwezinye izifunda, ezindaweni ezisezansi, ngoba we budebuduze komhlaba, kanye ukugeleza elinganiselwe, ngezinye izikhathi izimbuku kakhulu. Kukhona futhi ezindaweni nenhlabathi sandy, ezimila emahlathini kaphayini. Emaxhaphozini kanye ezivulekile sikhule berry notshani utshani. Le ndawo kufanelekile kakhulu amahlathi coniferous-lezihlahla.

umthelela womuntu

Broadleaf namahlathi okuxubile isikhathi eside bachayeka emathonyeni okungamhloniphi ehlukahlukene kubantu. Ngakho-ke, afanayo eziningi ziye zashintsha kakhulu: izimila olukhulu noma yacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele noma ingxenye noma ngokuphelele indawo amadwala yesibili. Manje izinsalela lezihlahla izinhlobo zamahlathi kweziningi ezisekhona ngaphansi ezisindayo ingcindezi yabantu, ehlukile izinguquko izakhiwo flora. Ezinye izinhlobo zawo elahlekile endaweni yabo yomdabu yemvelo zikhule ezindaweni anthropogenically okhathazekile noma matasa isikhundla intrazonal.

Isimo sezulu

Climate kwamahlathi okuxubile angabonisi kuzibophezela. It libhekene kuqhathaniswa afudumele ebusika (e isilinganiso kusukela 0 kuya -16 °) ihlobo eside (16-24 ° C) njengoba kuqhathaniswa ne ehlathini zone. Imvula yonyaka - 500-1000 mm. Kuyinkolelo eyamukelwa abaningi idlula ukuhwamuka, okuyisici we express amanzi ukugeza umbuso. amahlathi ezixutshiwe ibe isici isici yizinga eliphezulu ikhava utshani. biomass wabo ngokwesilinganiso ayizinkulungwane 2-3 kg / ha. amazinga udoti biomass futhi idlula ehlathini, kodwa-ke, ngenxa umsebenzi ephakeme kwala magciwane, ukubhujiswa izinto eziphilayo uya isheshe. Ngakho-ke amahlathi okuxubile abe ukushuba ezincane kanye ezingeni enkulu yokubola udoti kuka ehlathini conifer.

Nenhlabathi amahlathi okuxubile

Inhlabathi elixutshwe amahlathi zahlukahlukene. Ikhava ephela isakhiwo sasivumela Motley. On endaweni East European Plain kuyinto owande kakhulu inhlabathi wapheka-podzolic. Kuyinto uhlobo zakudala eningizimu nenhlabathi podsolic futhi kwakhiwa kuphela khona amadwala umzali loam Uhlobo. inhlabathi wapheka-podzolic has sakhiwo lesifanako sephrofayela futhi isakhiwo efanayo. Uhluka podsolic at udoti massiveness (5 cm) futhi umthamo omkhulu zonke khathizwe. Futhi akusiwona umehluko kuphela. Wapheka nenhlabathi podsolic kukhona evelele humus umkhathizwe A1, esemgwaqweni ngaphansi udoti. Ukubukeka kwaso sihlukile ungqimba nenhlabathi podzolic. Ingxenye engenhla iqukethe rhizomes Sward namafomu wapheka. Horizon kungenziwa ezinemibala shades ezahlukene grey, kanti isakhiwo okuxekethile. Amandla ungqimba - 5-20 cm, humus Ingxenye - kufike ku-4%. Ingxenye engenhla kwenhlabathi idatha iphrofayela ene-asidi. Nge ushona kuba ngisho ezincane.

Inhlabathi elixutshwe amahlathi ezibanzi enezicabha

Mpunga ihlathi nenhlabathi elixutshwe lezihlahla amahlathi akhiwa ezindaweni ezimaphakathi nezwe. ERussia, basuke isakazwa European ngengxenye Transbaikalia. In esinjalo inhlabathi inhlabathi ukungena ekujuleni okukhulu. Nokho, amatafula amanzi ngokuvamile ijulile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ogelezayo nokumanzisa inhlabathi ezingeni yabo ejwayelekile kuphela ezindaweni oswakanyiswe kakhulu.

Ezixutshiwe ihlathi nenhlabathi ezisilungele kangcono wezolimo ngaphandle substrates ehlathini. Esikhathini ezifundazweni eziseningizimu ye-ingxenye European Russia umhlabathi olimekayo bakha 45% endaweni. Ngasenyakatho futhi ehlathini isabelo umhlabathi olimekayo kancane kancane. Ezolimo kulezi zindawo kunzima ngenxa eqinile leaching, waterlogging nomhlabathi zavalunennosti. Ukuze uthole ezithela ezinhle lidinga umquba.

izici Jikelele zezilwane nezimila

Izimila nezilwane yehlathi okuxubile wehlukile kakhulu. Ukujula zama-yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene kukhona engaqhathaniswa kuphela ehlathini ezishisayo futhi izilwane eziphila ngezinye eziningi ezidla uhlaza ekhaya. Lapha ezihlahleni okusezingeni eliphezulu sikhule izimpande izingwejeje nezinye izilwane, phezu imiqhele zakhele izinyoni ngesikhathi izimpande emgodini uzihlomisa onogwaja nezimpungushe, futhi Awukude imithini emfuleni baphile. Lesitshalo ukwehluka zone okuxubile likhulu kakhulu. Khona-ke uzizwa ukhululekile njengoba izakhamuzi ehlathini namahlathi lezihlahla, futhi ihlathi-okuthile abantu basemadolobheni abangavamile. Ezinye abaphapheme unyaka wonke, futhi enye yokucashisa ebusika. Izitshalo nezilwane kwamahlathi okuxubile sibe nobuhlobo iqala ubuhlobo bokubambisana. ezidla uhlaza Abaningi zidla amajikijolo ezahlukene, okuyinto emahlathini okuxubile kakhulu.

Izihlahla ihlathi okuxubile

amahlathi ezixutshiwe enezicabha mayelana 90% aqukethe zezihlahla kanye nohlobo encane enezicabha. Broadleaf zinhlobo akuzona okungaka. Kanye izihlahla zikaphayini zikhula e-aspen, birch, Alder, willow, Poplar. Birch sakhiwa afanayo yalolu hlobo kakhulu. Njengomthetho, zingabantu yesibili - womuntu likhule ku ukusha kwamahlathi, ezivulekile kanye glades, ubudala ubuningi umhlabathi olimekayo. Ezindaweni evulekile, emahlathini enjalo waqala eminyakeni yokuqala kahle ekhula ngokushesha. Nweba izindawo babo bunomthelela izinto ezenziwa abantu.

amahlathi coniferous-lezihlahla ngokuyinhloko nemisayipuresi, lindens, Pines, oki, elms, elms, maples, futhi ezindaweni eningizimu-ntshonalanga Russian Federation - beech, umlotha futhi hornbeam. Izihlahla efanayo, kodwa zilwane sendawo sikhule eliseMpumalanga Ekude, kanye amagilebhisi, ziyadliwa Manchurian nemivini. Ngezindlela eziningi, ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo isitokwe elikhulayo amahlathi uhlobo coniferous-lezihlahla incike izimo zezulu, nesimo sendawo, inhlabathi kanye umbuso kwamanzi ye endaweni ethize. ENorth Caucasus ubuswa oki, uphayini, Maple, fir kanye nezinye izinhlobo. Kodwa onhlobonhlobo ukubunjwa kukhona Far Eastern amahlathi uhlobo coniferous-lezihlahla. Basuke ezakhiwe zikaphayini umsedari, Khingan fir, sonwele ayyanskoy, eziningana zama-maple, umlotha Manchurian, oki-Mongolian, lase-Amur Linden futhi zilwane eziphawulwe ngenhla okunzima bomdabu izimila.

Lesitshalo ukwehluka nezilwane

Kusukela ezidla uhlaza esikhulu okuxubile amahlathi amaphiva, inyathi, izingulube, izinyamazane kanye Sika inyamazane (amazwe futhi kwaguqulwa ifomu). Kusukela igundane samanje ihlathi amaprotheni marten, Ermine, i-beaver, chipmunks, Otter, amagundane, izimbila mink, ferrets abamnyama. amahlathi ezixutshiwe igcwele izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni. Nazi abaningi babo, kodwa akuzona zonke: oriole, nuthatch, siskin, fieldfare, goshawk, hazel grouse bullfinch ecula, cuckoo, noziningweni, grey crane, goldfinches, Iziqophamithi, grouse Finch. Okuningi noma izilwane ezidla ezinye kancane esikhulu ethulwa izimpisi, lynx nezimpungushe. amahlathi ezixutshiwe kuhlala onogwaja (onogwaja kanti onogwaja), izibankwa, onogwaja, izinyoka, amasele namabhere ensundu.

Amakhowe futhi amajikijolo

Amajikijolo ethulwa amajingijolo, raspberry, cranberry, cranberry, ijikijolo, cherry, sitrobheli, ejikijolweni, elderberry, Rowan, cranberry, rosehips, hawthorn. Amahlathi zaloluhlobo zinzima amakhowe eziningi ezidliwayo: e-aspen, shaft ezimhlophe, chanterelles, russula, amakhowe, amakhowe, ibhotela amakhowe, volnushki blewits ahlukahlukene, boletus, Mokhovikov, amakhowe kanye nabanye. Omunye toadstools ezinesihlungu eziyingozi kakhulu kukhona macromycetes futhi toadstool okhanyayo.

nezihlahla

amahlathi Russian okuxubile yavama nezihlahla. Isitezi esinindolweni ithuthukiswe ngendlela engavamile. Ukuze i-oak okuqinile libhekene khona hazel, isihlahla lokuphotha, impisi Laka, Honeysuckle womtholo, ezonini enyakatho - Alder lalesi sihlahla. Emaphethelweni e nasemahlathini evulekile ikhule rosehips. Emahlathini coniferous kanye ezibanzi enezicabha uhlobo ihlangabezane lianoobraznye izitshalo: Calystegia sepium, Uphinde agibele ukugibela, kodwa futhi olubuhlungu.

amakhambi

A ukwehluka okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo, kanye isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi mpo ube utshani amahlathi okuxubile (coniferous ikakhulukazi kanye nohlobo ezibanzi enezicabha). Okuvame kakhulu futhi amelwe kabanzi isigaba - isitshalo mesophilic zokuziphatha okubi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abamele Oakwood. Kuyinto isitshalo kabani leaf ipuleti has a ububanzi eningi. Lezi zihlanganisa: Mercurialis perennis, phansi umdala, Lungwort, lily esigodini, European Wild Ginger, sedge enoboya, Zelenchuk ophuzi, chickweed lanceolate, sochevnik (Black futhi entwasahlobo), violet emangalisayo. Okusanhlamvu ivezwa Ashera bluegrass, fescue giant, ihlathi mhlanga utshani, Brachypodium pinnatum, boron ezinye wokusakaza. amahlamvu Flat idatha ye izitshalo kukhona inketho ukuzivumelanisa fitosrede amahlathi ethize coniferous-lezihlahla.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zinhlobo zisetshenziswa ku amasethi idatha ayatholakala utshani amaqembu eziyize. ngenkathi yayo okhulayo, baba zidluliselwa isikhathi entwasahlobo, lapho izibani esiphezulu. Uma iqhwa Udambisa, okungukuthi ukuqhakaza kahle ephemeroids ifomu ukhaphethi anemones ophuzi kanye ihansi neminsalo hohlatok nsomi ngokubomvu bluish onsomi-prolesok. Lezi zitshalo zidlule umjikelezo wokuphila ngoba amasonto ambalwa, futhi lapho amaqabunga emithi eziqhakaza, ingxenye yabo zasemoyeni egcina ngokufa. isikhathi Esibi bebhekana ngaphansi ungqimba inhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa ama rhizomes.