Amagciwane - Iyini? Ukwahlukaniswa eziphilayo

Amagciwane - ophilayo kwencani, eziphilayo ikakhulukazi owumphumela kungabonwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa isibonakhulu silungile kakhulu. usayizi sabo sincane ukuze ulinganiswa microns (1 Micron = 1/1000 mm), noma ngisho nanometer (1nm = 1/1000 mm).

Yini ukutadisha microbiology

Microbiology ngokuthi isayensi ukuthi ihlola kwenkululeko eziphilayo: ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi isimo wokuphila, ukuthuthukiswa nasekuvezeni izithombo zaso ezintsha.

Umuntu wokuqala owakwazi ukubona futhi uchaze bacterium, kwaba umDashi A. Leeuwenhoek. Kwathi ngesikhathi sokushona kwelanga ngekhulu le-17, lapho baphaka lens khulisa isithombe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-200. It washaqeka ngalokho akubona ngabo ukuthi amagciwane abanga - kuyinto izwe izici zayo siqu khona. Njalo-ke kwaqedwa wabeka isisekelo kwesayensi entsha - i-microbiology. amagciwane Leeuwenhoek umfanekiso ngakho kuchazwe ezitholakele. Izithombe izithombe isithombe sabo ngalezo zikhathi - ukwanda izithombe ngokusebenzisa isibonakhulu.

zinhlobo microbial

ukwehluka ezingenakubalwa zinhlobo microbial iyamangalisa. Amagciwane - esifushane igama amakhulu izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu. Ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokubukeka, isakhiwo, izimo zokuphila, ikhono nokuzala. Hlukanisa amagciwane-non-amaselula, amaningi futhi unicellular. Izithombe ngeso yabo kuyasiza uyiqonda ngamunye ukuba uhlobo oluthile. Ukwahlukaniswa amagciwane :

• amagciwane;
• amagciwane;
• phages;
• amakhowe;
• microalgae;
• lenyama;
• nemvubelo.

amagciwane

Ingxenye yonke Microbiology - bacteriology - uyaqala ezweni elikhulu lama-bacterium awusizo - eziphilayo prokaryotic. Kusukela eukaryotic (ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, lenyama, ulwelwe nesikhunta) zinezikhathi ukuntula chlorophyll, ekhishwe nucleus nge zofuzo kanye organelles. Usayizi amagciwane akuyona njalo, ke ingase yehluke kuye ngesistimu imvelo yangaphandle (kusuka 0.1 kuya 28 microns). Ukwahlukaniswa ethandwa kakhulu-bacterium - isakhiwo morphological.

cocci

Ngokuthi eyindilinga cocci amagciwane, okungathatha eyindilinga, emabhontjisi, okweqanda noma lanceolate.

1. Micrococci angase abekwe ngamunye ngamunye, basebenta ngababili nobe nemiyalezo. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi saprophytes, bahlala amanzi kanye nomoya.
2. Diplokokki nokuzala sokuhlukanisa indiza efanayo izingcezu ezimbili. Lezi zihlanganisa i-meningococcus (meningitis imidiya) kanye gonococci.
3. Streptococci ihlukaniswe efanayo amaplanethi asendaweni, kodwa lonke uchungechunge. Akwaziwa pathogenic ngoba umzimba izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa okuyinto idluliselwa angina futhi Erysipelas okusezingeni eliphezulu.
4. Tetrakokki wahlela izingcezu ezimbili ezindizeni ezimbili perpendicular. abantu ezingosomathuba ivelakancane.
5. Sardine amabhele kukhona isici amaseli kuya kwezingu-8, 16 noma ngaphezulu ezintathu izindiza Okusizayo perpendicular. Cishe bonke nabameli babo bahlala kuphela emoyeni.
6. Staphylococci zinganikezwa kanyekanye izindiza eziningana ahlelwe ngezikhathi maqondana nomunye ngokubukeka zifane ezithelo zomvini.

induku okwenyanga

nezilwanyana ezincane Cylindrical zivamile kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Basuke ihlukaniswe amagciwane abangenalo ikhono sporulate (idiphtheria, uhudo, isifo sofuba partifoznaya, Escherichia coli) kanye Bacillus uyakwazi ezinhlamvu esikhiqiza (i-anthrax, notshani, nenhlanga, ngqi, anaerobic). Kusigaba indlela sokuhlukanisa:

• Diplobakterii, diplobatsilly zingafani ilungiselelo kwelinye indiza amaseli amabili kuphela (pneumonia).
• Streptobakterii, streptobatsilly e ukuqoqwa hlala indiza olulodwa okuyinto ukwakha uchungechunge (-anthrax).
• Kwenqwaba amagciwane cylindrical ahlelwe ngobudlabha ku nomuntu ngamunye.

crimped

amagciwane Crimped kungathatha ngesimo ukhefana, ke cholerae (isib, ikholera). Spirilla abe ambalwa curls, spirochete - a izinti mncane ezisontekile (ugcunsula).

Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi onke amagciwane namagciwane kukhona polymorphic, banayo ikhono eliyingqayizivele ukushintsha ukwakheka kwalo bedle ezahlukahlukene. Imvelo yangaphandle, izinga lokushisa, asidi, njll Kuyinto leli khono oluyisisekelo izifundo eziningi laboratory kwamagciwane, okuhloswe ngazo ukuthuthukisa imithi kuzosiza esikhathini esizayo ukubhekana amagciwane womuntu pathogenic.

amagciwane

Amagciwane - nomphakathi obanzi kwamagciwane ukuthi ihlukile kwabanye njengoba ukuntuleka isakhiwo yeselula uqobo. Kusukela Ubukhulu engenakuqhathaniswa ezincane kuno-bacterium, kusuka 5 kuya 150 nm. Ukuze ukubone, kubalulekile ukuthi usethe ngesibonakhulu electron ezingeni eliphezulu lokunemba. abameleli abaningi nezilwanyana ezincane viral aqukethe kuphela yama-protein nucleic acid (RNA, DNA).

Ezinye lamagciwane kukhona causative ejenti izifo eziningi ezinkulu womuntu (Umkhuhlane, isifo sokusha kwesibindi, isimungumungwana). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona kwezinhlobo pathogenic izilwane (isifo, unyawo nezifo umlomo).

Mycophagous - amagciwane, isikhunta. Bacteriophages - amagciwane, bathola cishe kuyo yonke indawo lapho kukhona okungenani abanye ukuphila. Ezinye phages abe ikhono ewusizo kakhulu - ukubhubhisa cell microbial, ngakho ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa womshini a nomuthi zokuvikela kanye nokwelashwa kwezifo ezinhlobo ezehlukene.

RICKETTS - okwakuvela ohlotsheni olukhethekile lwenkanyezi amagciwane akunakubangelwa kokubili ama-bacterium namagciwane. Lokhu induku yisimo izimuncagazi intracellular akanamandla ukwakha ezinhlamvu noma amaphilisi.

amakhowe

Lokhu ekhethekile chlorophyll nezilwanyana ezincane isitshalo entula kanye nekhono synthesize izinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphila kwabo kudingeka ndaba ngomumo organic, ngakho cishe bonke of them sikhule ngesisekelo le substrates Lokudabuka ezahlukene. Kukhona ezinye pathogenic ukuba abantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo zinhlobo isikhunta.

Fungus zihluke amagciwane ngoba amaseli wabo kukhona okunye okucishe kufane ukutshala unayo i-nucleus futhi vacuoles. Tiniketwe ngesimo hyphae - sesigcilikisha emide engase azikhandle futhi okwakuthandelene nomunye.

Fungus kungaba ukukhiqiza kabusha ngezindlela eziningana: ukwahlukana vegetative, asexual futhi ngokocansi - kumiswa ezinhlamvu. ezinhlamvu fungal amelana kakhulu, baphile isikhathi eside endaweni ezahlukene futhi uzulazule ngesikhathi esifanayo phezu nokuqhelelana kwezindawo nje musa ukuwela naphakathi lapho ngokushesha siguqulelwa hyphae.

Isikhunta atholakala nathi ngokuvamile kakhulu, kungenziwa kalula ngeso enqunu imikhiqizo yasekelwa-ukudla. Babukeka njengezihlahla uqwembe nokunjengoshizi umbala engalingani. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo isikhunta musa nje konakalisa imikhiqizo kuzala anobuthi ukuba abantu nezilwane mitoksin ezifana Aspergillus noma Ukuswaba.

Nokho, ama-fungus akuzona njalo eziyingozi, nezici zabo eziningi ewusizo ziye zasetshenziswa ngempumelelo yizimboni kwemithi. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu futhi ethandwa penicillin akuzange kusize-antibiotic ezivezwa isikhunta kwezinhlobo Penicillium.

Actinomycetes - buka elihlukile ezincane, okuyinto has a isakhiwo nezakhiwo amagciwane nokukhiqizwa indlela isikhunta efanayo.

imvubelo

Lokhu unicellular amagciwane usayizi yisimo-10 kuya ku-15 microns, okungaba isiyingi, okusaqanda, cylindrical ezimweni ezingajwayelekile kanye ucezu ukuma. Imvubelo isikhunta ezifanayo isakhiwo ukuba lithwale vacuole futhi ane-nucleus. izindlela ezingenzeka ukuveza - division, luthela noma impikiswano. Batfutfukisa ngokushesha enhlabathini, ngoba ukudla, izitshalo. Imvubelo ukudla ebusweni kuholele ukuvutshelwa yabo futhi acidification. ukuvutshelwa Alcoholic siguqule ushukela ube utshwala, inqubo kwabeka isisekelo sokuthethelelwa embonini utshwala ekhaya winemaking.

Kukhona pathogenic izinhlobo emzimbeni womuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, hlobo lalivamile ka Candida imvubelo ikhuthaza isifo ezingemnandi - candidiasis.

amagciwane Inenzuzo emzimbeni womuntu

Umzimba womuntu elinezindawo izigidigidi zamagciwane ezahlukene, okungaba eyingozi futhi inenzuzo. Kukhona ama-bacterium ezibalulekile ukuze ukusebenza evamile umzimba wethu. Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto amagciwane umuntu omdala kungase kube njengoba eliphezulu 4 kg, ne ¾ babo hlala esiswini yethu. Abanye ezikhula kahle kule urogenital uhlelo, isikhumba kanye mucosal evele. Ngokuthakazelisayo, isidumbu sengane elinezindawo nezilwanyana ezincane kakade inqubo ukuzalwa kwakhe, futhi iminyaka engu-10 microflora emathunjini isivele bakheké ngokuphelele. Ezinye amagciwane ayingozi kakhulu izingane, ngakho onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila umzimba inhlanzeko wengane kumelwe niqaphelisise.

Yiziphi amagciwane abahlala esiswini:

• lactobacilli;
• bifidobacteria;
• streptococci;
• enterobacteria;
• amakhowe;
• lenyama;
• amagciwane.

Ukusetshenziswa amagciwane abantu

1. Nge enterobacteria umzimba amavithamini accustom B, C, futhi K, niacin futhi i-folic acid.
2. Unsplit ukusiza ekugayeni ukudla.
3. Igcina ionic namanzi-usawoti umzimba.
4. Zinqanda ukukhula nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic.
5. Siza ukunakekela.
6. Thuthukisa ama-apharathasi lymph.
7. Yehlisa ukuzwela odongeni emathunjini imikhiqizo umdlavuza.
8. Khulisa ukumelana amagciwane.
9. Bahlanganyele ibhalansi ukushisa.

Bifidobacteria futhi lactobacilli luthathe abangaphezu kwesigamu le microflora emathunjini, badlala indima ebalulekile empilweni umuntu enempilo:

1. Acidosis acid kanye acetate ekhiqizwa ne iqhaza alawa magciwane bayakwazi ekwakheni ikhaya elinjalo esiswini, okungakwazi siphile kwamagciwane abangela izifo.
2. Bifidobacteria - antihistamine zemvelo suppresses ziyabagulisa emzimbeni.
3. Sinenkosi nomphumela antioxidant futhi uhlushwa ukukhula isimila cells.
4. Bifidobacteria ezizibandakanyile kakhulu ekuthuthukeni B amavithamini
5. Bifidobacteria nosizo lactobacilli ukwandisa iphesenti nokwenziwa lomuntu yensimbi, i-calcium ne kavithamini D.

Inani amagciwane yemvelo

Ama-bacterium equkethe enzyme ammonifying okulokhu enqubweni zokuwohloka izinsalela abantu, izilwane, izitshalo kanye ukudla udoti. Phakathi amaprotheni noqhekeko e umkhathi amagesi kubaluleke kakhulu labelwe: i-ammonia ne-nitrogen, okuyinto ebalulekile abantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo.

Urobakterii ukwazi ukubola urea ekhiqizwa nsuku zonke umuntu ngamunye futhi isilwane. Futhi lokhu, ngenhlanhla akuyona amathani esingaphansi 55 wezigidi ngonyaka ngamunye.

Amagciwane uyakwazi nitrification, ammonia is oxidized. nezilwanyana ezincane Denitrifying neqhaza ekushayweni enhlabathini umoya-mpilo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Carbon - omunye compounds ezibaluleke kakhulu yeselula zezwe zezitshalo nezilwane. Fibre, badle izilwane eziningi, iqukethe eziningi carbon. Eziswini zabo usebenzisa amagciwane cellulose isibilile ishiye umquba emuva nemvelo. Ngakho, umhlaba uthola humus, sesakhekile okuningi, futhi umkhathi elicwile-carbon dioxide.

Ngakho, ama-bacterium namagciwane - lena ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke eziphilayo. Lots of amagciwane ewusizo njalo ahambe umuntu kukho konke ukuphila futhi uvikele umzimba wethu kusuka engadingeki amathonya zangaphandle. Kubalulekile kakhulu hhayi abaphazamisa ukulinganiswa ngokucophelela futhi ethambile phakathi okuzuzisayo nezilwanyana ezincane pathogenic.