Abasebenzi ezithile zonyaka: definition. abasebenzi ongumlimi ezithile zonyaka - lena ...

Igama elithi "abasebenzi ezithile zonyaka" yavela esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba lesi simanga mass sekwande eMbusweni omkhulu Russian. Okwesikhashana, ngokuvamile umsebenzi ezithile zonyaka enikeziwe abalimi ithuba elingajwayelekile lokwenza ngcono isimo sezimali zabo futhi sifinyelele esengeziwe ngokwabo kanye nemindeni yabo.

abasebenzi kwesizini. definition

Kuqhathaniswa abalimi abavamile, owayehlala ezweni lakubo, ayizisebenzi okubhekiselwe abantu bazibandakanye emsebenzini izikebhe ukuthengisa amandla abo zabasebenzi ohlangothini. Lena stratum ehlukile kwezenhlalo, esadaleka phakathi kwekhulu XVII, ngokushesha isibalo sezikhungo amalungu ayo, kanti isigamu yokuqala yekhulu XIX, lesi simanga busakazeke. abasebenzi ongumlimi ezithile zonyaka - abantu abashiya nasemizaneni nakweminye emincanyana, wathumela emzini, lapho kuphela basungula umkhakha futhi saba nethuba yezinzuzo emikhakheni ehlukene yezomnotho.

Ngobani abasebenzi yangezikhathi ezithile?

Izisebenzi lokuqala ezithile zonyaka - kuba wasekela abantu waqhubeka nomsebenzi kwesizini nakwezinye izindawo. izingcweti elingaziwa befika emzini nge ithuluzi lakhe linesizotha futhi wadala emizini yobuciko olukhulu netshe, nokhuni izakhiwo lasendulo.

Nokwandisa imingcele isimo Russian edingekayo njalo oluqinisayo cordons kanye nokwakhiwa amadolobha ezintsha futhi izindawo ezinezivikelo eziqinile. Umsebenzi onjalo kudingeka inflow njalo angisebenzi, okungase ukunikeza yezinkathi ezithile kuphela abasebenzi-abalimi. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa lubonakala ikakhulu ukwakhiwa amadolobha amasha e-ntshonalanga yezwe, kuhlanganise inhlokodolobha emisha yayitholakala - Petersburg.

abasebenzi kwesizini XVII-XVIII leminyaka

Legal imfuneko ukufuduka kwabasebenzi abalimi endaweni yokuhlala iyisinqumo 1718, owathatha kaZuma intela kwentela engenayo (intela yokuvota). Kubhekwe bonke abesilisa phakathi intela ukukhokha. amalevi Yemvelo kwathathelwa indawo ukuzibophezela yezimali, kanye ukusiza yisiphi isamba wayeyintombi, futhi kulukhuni ndawo yakubo. Ithuba kuzongisiza izitshalo zendawo kanye nezimboni cishe lingekho - embonini kwakuseyisiqalo nje ukuthuthukisa, kanye umfutho main ekuthuthukisweni komnotho banikezwe inflow capital angaphandle. Isisetshenziswa ukuze izimboni Russian ukuthi ikakhulukazi amazwe, imigwaqo emikhulu ukukhonza kolwandle, umfula, ukuhweba emgwaqweni-ihlolwe, amabhizinisi ezinkulu ngakho kwavela ekuqaleni kuphela yasemadolobheni amakhulu.

abasebenzi somkhuhlane kanti umsebenzi ezithile zonyaka kwaba kulawulwa imibhalo yangaphakathi - passport. Ngokuvamile, i-passport epha umlimi ngonyaka, kodwa kwakukhona nezinye izitifiketi sayo sokuba semthethweni isikhathi kwaba emifushane. Ngokuvamile ku kwentwasahlobo abasebenzi yezinkathi ezithile washiya umuzi. Kwadingeka ngihambe izinkulungwane amakhilomitha, ngokuvamile yonke indlela ayizisebenzi senzeka ngezinyawo. Endleleni zale abalimi ngokuvamile kuye kudingeke abancenge. Edolobheni abasebenzi ongumlimi ayizisebenzi waqasha isisebenzi endlini yangasese, inkampani noma enze imisebenzi uyinqaba ngoba inkokhelo eyisamba.

INGEMUVA umsebenzi kwesizini ngekhulu XIX

Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX ke wathwalwa yesibili ongumlimi kabusha, abalimi bathole ngaphansi okuyinto inkululeko yomuntu siqu. Kodwa izwe lapho basebenza, wayesekhona ifa kulendawo. Ukwandiswa inani abalimi abangenamihlaba abangakwazanga ukuzondla noma nemindeni yabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhula ubudlelwane kosozimali anikeza ugqozi ukuthuthukiswa imboni, okuyinto besilokhu bagxila kule emadolobheni amakhulu yeRussia. Ngakho, kungenzeka kuphela abahola iDolobha libe.

Imizamo kukhawulwe umsebenzi ezithile zonyaka

Maphakathi nekhulu XIX abasebenzi yezinkathi ezithile okuthiwa isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa abalimi owakhetha yokuphila ezisemadolobheni. Kwezinye izifundazwe, isibalo sabantu zikhetha umsebenzi ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, ifinyelele ingxenye yesine yabantu bakhona abantu abadala besilisa. Ukwehlisa inani labalimi ukusebenza ezweni, ophoqelelwe uhulumeni ukwamukela ukulinganiselwa. Ukuze uthole i-mbhalo yangaphakathi egunyaza ukunyakaza kuleli zwe, umlinyana kwadingeka ukuba umphakathi yasemakhaya, ilungelo okwesula ezweni ukuba isifundazwe sikhokhele yokukhokha umninindlu okubafaneleyo. Kodwa zokulawula kwaletha imiphumela ngokwengxenye kuphela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva ezintsha zomthetho ngo-1901 esifundazweni Lyubimsky District Yaroslavl zabantu 12715 abasebenzi ezithile zonyaka abalimi 849 kuphela wayesebuyele emzaneni.

Babhekane nezinga elikhulu emphakathini imvelo ayizisebenzi

I ukuthuthukisa ezomnotho isimo Russian engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili iqala inqubo impahla babhekane nezinga elikhulu kuzo zonke kwezakhi zenhlabathi emphakathini. Izisebenzi abacebe ezithile zonyaka - lena ingcebo abanikazi, amahhotela nezindawo zokudlela, izitolo kanye emafektri. Lezi abameleli onxiwankulu omkhulu kwezohwebo luthathe-5% we lonke inani abasebenzi kwesizini.

Futhi-70% babe amalungu ezisemadolobheni isigaba esisha phakathi embonini, emkhakheni wezezimboni, ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye imikhakha yezomnotho. Ekugcineni, cishe ingxenye yesine yabantu lonke inani kulesi sigaba sabantu abangu abasebenzi nge kwesabelo. abalimi okunjalo kuhlanganiswe umsebenzi zonyaka nge ukucutshungulwa elizweni lakibo.

impilo entsha

Izindaba of the nomholo kungenzeka alethwe emzaneni abasebenzi kwesizini. Lesi sehlakalo okuphawulekayo ukuphila kwalesi sigodi. Ukubuyela ndawo yakubo kusukela emadolobheni athe ukuqhela, abasebenzi zonyaka, abalimi futhi bashintsha ukuphila kwabo, kanye nezimpilo umndeni wakhe. indlela yasemakhaya zokuphila zishintshile, indlu yakhe yayiseceleni kudivayisi zanamuhla. Ithonya edolobheni waphula izisekelo komkhuba emzaneni. Ngokungafani nezinye abalimi abasebenzi ezithile zonyaka - sekuyahwalala teetotal inkosi ingcweti, kahle ungumnikazi ikhono lakhe. Endlini yakhe abasebenzi yezinkathi ezithile baletha kusukela emadolobheni amakhulu emangalisayo izinto zangamalanga ngisho okunethezeka - amalambu kaphalafini, samovars, ifenisha, izingubo imfashini, gramophones. Konke lokhu lihlotshaniswa abalimi bendawo kanye ngokunganaki impilo yasedolobheni. Ukuze amantombazane nemizana ukhohlwe , kwaba i party enviable. Ukuxhumanisa ukuphila kwakhe umyeni wakhe, ubulili fair babengaba nethemba lokuphila ahlelwe futhi isimo okusezingeni eliphezulu nomphakathi.