Ukwahlukanisa ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi. Umqondo ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi

Incazelo kanye nokubekwa ngezigaba ubufakazi forensic kudinga ukucatshangelwa lwangaphambili umbuzo yini ekubeni necala lobugebengu eRussia, futhi yini umsebenzi ke wenza. Imibono abalobi abameli kulesi sici ngokubikezela izinto ezididayo nezingathembekile ukwahlukahlukana.

Umqondo zobulelesi

Esikhathini umqondo jikelele kakhulu inqubo lobugebengu yakhelwe ukuxazulula inkinga ukuqokwa Isijeziso esifanele thina ngenxa labo ubugebengu, kanye nokuhlumelelisa izakhamuzi abangenacala. Indlela ukuxazulula kubo kuyindlela yemlomo (noma iqoqo izenzo kanye nezinqubo eyayifunwa Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation).

Ngomqondo iyincane, inqubo lobugebengu - a mathupha emizimbeni uphenyo, abaphenyi, abashushisi nezinkantolo, ukuhlinzeka injabulo, uphenyo nekusombulula emacaleni obugebengu.

Imisebenzi ka zobulelesi

• Kuvikeleke izidingo esisemthethweni, amalungelo nenkululeko izakhamuzi kanye nezinhlangano.
• ukuvezwa Rapid, okusheshayo futhi ephelele ubugebengu noma kulabo abasebunzimeni inqubo ukulungiselela.
• Ubunikazi nesijeziso salabo abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza, kanye nokusizwa kwalabo abangaboni izakhamuzi abangenacala.
• Isicelo ilungile futhi incazelo soMthethosisekelo, umthetho wamazwe futhi wahlonishwa inqubo izimiso lwezobulungiswa.

Of okumqoka kuba Ukwahlukaniswa ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi. Kodwa ekuqaleni udinga ukuchaza kakhulu umqondo kanye nendzima yayo ekuqhubeni.

Indawo ubufakazi ecaleni lobugebengu we Russian Federation

ENgxenyeni 1 yawo Article 6 Ikhodi Criminal Procedure ubeka ukuthi injongo zobulelesi Ngokuyinhloko ukuze bavikele izithakazelo kanye namalungelo esisemthethweni izinhlangano kanye nabantu abaye yokulinyazwa ngenxa yobugebengu. Okwesibili, kuyisivikelo sabantu ngokumelene ukumangalela umuntu okungekho emthethweni kanye ezingasekelwe ndawo, kanye enkantolo kwesigwebo futhi ukuvinjelwa amanye amalungelo nenkululeko.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa le njongo ngaphansi kohlaka zobulelesi bekulokhu umphenyi, umphenyi, ihhovisi lomshushisi futhi enkantolo. Kwenye yezingxenye esemqoka yalo msebenzi yinqubo ubufakazi. Kubalulekile ukuthi noma isiphi isenzakalo, isenzo noma Eqinisweni kushiya iminonjana emhlabeni wangempela impahla noma imibono engokwengqondo emqondweni. Umqondo ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi uthatha la maqiniso njengesisekelo. Lokhu okulandelayo kuveza Kulicala ngesisekelo nophenyo futhi uphenyo lwabo iziphathimandla buyisela esimweni isithombe utjho kobana kwenzekani, ubeka izimo, umuntu bophezela cala, izisusa zakhe. Ngakho, ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi - kuyinto yonke idatha bangempela, zangempela etholakale futhi yagunyazwa ifomu lomthetho, ngayo nefunda ngayo ziqondiswe impikiswano khona ubugebengu, ubumsulwa noma umuzwa wecala lomuntu, kanye nezinye izimo ezifanele ngaphansi kuphenywe icala lobugebengu .

izakhiwo ubufakazi

Umqondo ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi zindawo zihlobene kakhulu nezici zabo. Omunye main - lokhu ukuhlobana, okusho ikhono lokuvuma noma wenqabe noma yiziphi izimo oluyiqiniso ezibalulekile uphenyo ngaphansi we icala lobugebengu. Isici sesibili - lena ukuyikhokhela. Kuyinto ikhono ulwazi okuholela ukuthi kusetshenziswe kwesivivinyo njengoba ubufakazi. Kufanele ekhiqizwa ngenxa imisebenzi abantu abagunyaziwe: umphenyi kanye lo mseshi, inkantolo. Ubufakazi kufanele itholakale kusuka omunye wemithombo, okuyinto asethwe ngumthetho:

• ubufakazi komsolwa noma ummangalelwa;
• amarekhodi okuphenya futhi izenzo zokwahlulela ;
• ubufakazi isisulu, ofakazi;
• ubufakazi obuphathekayo;
• ubufakazi futhi professional umbono uchwepheshe ;
• ubufakazi futhi kuncuma;
• namanye amadokhumenti.

zokuqoqa ubufakazi inqubo kufanele sihambisane inqubo esungulwe ngumthetho. Alungise futhi kufanele lokuvela Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure fomu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ubufakazi abahlanganyeli kokwenzekayo (isisulu, ufakazi, umsolwa, umsolwa), kufanele uzilungiselele ngesimo imibuzo.

nezinye izakhiwo ezimbili ezibalulekile - kungcono nokwethenjelwa ukuphelela. Ngu ukuqonda lokuqala izimo ezifanele ubufakazi ngalokho okwenzeka ngazo izenzakalo ezithile. Kungaba ukuqaphela noma isiphi isikhulu. Kodwa egameni State ukuvuma ubufakazi enkantolo kungenziwa kuphela okuthembekile. Ngaphansi nokwaneliswa impahla kwakusho okuyinto ubufakazi ikhono idatha ukusungula zonke izimo, ngaphandle kokukhetha, angaphansi ubufakazi. Ngesisekelo izakhiwo, imvelo kanye nezinye izinto ezisekelwe Ukwahlukaniswa ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi.

ubufakazi inadmissible

Umqondo inadmissibility kobufakazi sisetshenziswa, uma kungekhona nazo zonke lezi zimfuneko. Umthetho is icaciswe uhlu idatha awavunyelwe ukusebenzisa eenkambisweni zobulelesi. Lokhu okulandelayo kuyasebenza kubo:

• ubufakazi ummangalelwa noma umsolwa etholwe ngesikhathi kuqhubeka owandulela ukuqulwa kwecala, ngaphandle kobukhona iseluleko noma, uma ngenqaba, kodwa leli qiniso is hhayi ukuqinisekisile ekulalelweni;
• ubufakazi etholwe ngokuhamba imibuzo ufakazi oyedwa noma isisulu, esekelwe amahemuhemu noma ezicatshangwayo, kanye ulwazi etholakala ubufakazi, umthombo okuyinto yena enqaba ukubiza;
• iyiphi enye ubufakazi etholwe izindlela okuyinto eziphikisana Ikhodi.

Ukwahlukanisa ubufakazi ecaleni lobugebengu we Russian Federation

Kusho ngumuntu ukusatshalaliswa ukwahlukana amakilasi ezahlukene. Ubufakazi Kungashiwo okufanayo eyabelwe amaqembu ehlukene. Isizathu salokhu wukuthi kumila ubufakazi ngezigaba zingahluka :. Umthombo ukuthola, ukuhambisana lendzaba yesihloko salolucwaningo ubufakazi, njll Kule ndaba ingashiwo amaqembu ezilandelayo:

1. Kokuqala nemikhiqizo - kuncike imvelo nobunjalo umthombo ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka zihlanganisa bofakazi bokuzibonela, yomculo ubugebengu, okwangempela kwemibhalo ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ubufakazi atholakala emithonjeni primary. Kungenjalo, ulwazi oluqukethwe umthombo, okuyinto ithole amaqiniso edingekayo kusukela komunye umthombo, okuthiwa ama-derivatives. Ngokwesibonelo: iminonjana ezahlukene eqoshiwe kwesokunxele endaweni yesehlakalo, noma ngomlomo wofakazi abaye baba waziwa kubo namazwi wokuzibonela, amakhophi amadokhumende.
2. Ukwahlukanisa ubufakazi forensic, kuye ngokuthi ikhono lazo bavuma noma baphika umbuzo ukuthi umuntu othile icala anomlandu isenzo lobugebengu. Iqembu lokuqala - ke unecala, baveza ukuba khona ubugebengu, adalule ummangalelwa, kanye besebenzisa isihluku, uma inkantolo ithola enecala. Isigaba sesibili - ubeka izaba, bona, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuntula Corpus delicti abuye asekele abantu noma nokunciphisa isigwebo sakhe. Isibonelo aphansi uyinto ezifana alibi ajwayelekile kubo bonke. Lokhu kubuye ubufakazi exculpatory, okubhekisele nokungakwazi ukuthola umuntu endaweni yesehlakalo ngesikhathi emsebenzini waso.
3. Ukwahlukanisa futhi izinhlobo zobufakazi, kuncike ebuhlotsheni babo kuya isihloko ubufakazi. Zingaba nenkhulumombiko. Umsebenzi oyinhloko abantu ofeza uphenyo zobugebengu - kuyinto ukuqoqwa ubufakazi oqondile ekhomba amaqiniso icala ngaphandle labalamuli. Ngokwesibonelo, ubufakazi wokuzibonela (ufakaze) ukuthi umsolwa wagwaza isisulu, noma ubufakazi isisulu. ubufakazi bezimo ukhomba ngezimo icala ngaphansi kophenyo ngokungaqondile ngokusebenzisa amaqiniso Lesisemkhatsini. Ngokwesibonelo: a mikhondo umuntu ngomunwe, kokuba nerekhodi lobugebengu (ukhansele noma cha) on ibhodlela noma ingilazi endaweni yesehlakalo. Kunobufakazi kuphela engaqondile ukukhokha akwanele, udinga ukufaka ubuhlobo esiyimbangela ezinengqondo ngokuphelele phakathi kwaso zenzakalo zenzeka, ukuvimbela ukuthi kumane kuqondane nje ngephutha.
4. Izindwangu kanye nezingubo Izingxoxo yangempela. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kobufakazi forensic kusekelwe umehluko phakathi uhlobo esiphathiswa ulwazi. Material - lokhu Yiqiniso, izinto ezibonakalayo zomhlaba, okuyinto wayebonakala nokuxhumana womuntu noma ezinye izinto ezifanele izenzakalo ungaphansi kophenyo. ubufakazi Siqu - yilezo zisekelwe ngeso lengqondo komuntu futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi kwenzekani. Lezi ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa wobufakazi iqhaza yenqubo zobugebengu, kuhlanganise ochwepheshe nochwepheshe, kanye imibono yabo kanye neminye imibhalo.

ubufakazi obuphathekayo

Lezi izinto zezwe ezibonakalayo, ikhwalithi ngazinye, isimo ezithinta ukuxhumana ngqo umcimbi. I lezinto ngokwazo iyindlela yekutsi linike bufakazi njalo ubufakazi - kuba nezici zabo futhi izimfanelo. Ngokwesibonelo, emkhonweni of uhlobo oluthile isibhamu. Ukwahlukanisa ubufakazi eyenziwa izimiso ezifanayo ukuthi wezindleko. Ngokwengxenye 1 esihlokweni 81 Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure ubala amacala lapho bonke izinto ezibonakalayo angakuthola isimo ubufakazi.

ubufakazi Ibhalwe njengoba oluthile yangempela

Bakha ngesisekelo impahla izinto zomhlaba inhloso, ngokuvamile izinkuni, metal, iphepha, okuyinto egcinwe izimpawu okwamanje elifakwe ebhaliwe. Okuvame kakhulu kanti oluphelele yiyona ngezigaba elandelayo ubufakazi ebhaliwe:

• kuye ngokuthi umsuka osetshenziswa: esemthethweni kanye yangasese;
• ubunjalo okuqukethwe: inkomba nolwazi (imibiko, amaminithi, izincwadi, njll) kanye izincwadi zokuphatha (isibonelo, ukuthengiselana wabulawelwa sibitelo);
• umumo: elula, amafomu saziso nokuqukethwe (isib, isitifiketi sokuzalwa), izivumelwano kwasayinwa (noma ngaphandle lokubhalisa ekuphathweni kwezinengi zezitho zakhe).

ubufakazi umsolwa

Ukwahlukanisa ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi uyalandisa iqembu yabo siqu. Lona ulwazi etholakale phakathi uphenyo lokuqala, ngenxa kokuphenywa, elalihlotshiswe ngendlela ebekiwe ngumthetho futhi bakha ngezizathu ukuqalisa maqondana nomuntu ubuzwa icala lobugebengu liye kanye nokusetshenziswa avelelwe noma ezinye isilinganiso izifo. Kokuphenywa Kwenziwa kungakapheli usuku ngemuva kokuboshwa, nangokuhambisana esiqinile nezidingo umthetho lobugebengu we Russian Federation. Izinkomba ummangalelwa zihlukaniswa yokuthi kuzo ukuthola ulwazi, uquketheni lowo amacala kakade.

Ubufakazi isisulu, ubufakazi

Kokuphenywa kuyafana, kodwa kukhona umehluko othize. Efakazela yisisulu njengoba komsebenzi, kanye namalungelo abo osemthethweni. Kokuphenywa zingenziwa futhi ngokusuka kuyo. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuhlola ulwazi etholakale elibanzi, njengoba kuba umuntu othintekayo. OFakazi abakwazi zifakaza kwezihlobo eziseduze, nawe, owakwakho. Kuyinto ilungelo zonke izakhamuzi WaseRussia, njengoba kubekiwe kuMthethosisekelo. Kwezinye izimo, kuba nesibopho izitatimende ezingamanga noma Zishiya kubo.

ubufakazi Isazi nochwepheshe

Kokuphenywa Kwenziwa emva umbono ezitholakale umbuzo ngaphansi cwaningo, enombono ukucaciseleka noma incazelo eyengeziwe. Izinkomba ukusetshenziswa professional, lapho izimo uphenyo icala zidinga ukubandakanywa ngumuntu onolwazi ekhethekile kunoma yimuphi umkhakha womsebenzi okhokhelwayo.

Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi ngezigaba izinhlobo zobufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi zahlukahlukene futhi ihlukaniswe ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene namadlelo.