Ukuziphatha Asemphethweni - Iyini? Izici ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni

Mhlawumbe ijwayelekile kuwe into efana nokuziphatha onganakiwe. Izibonelo zokuphila, okuyinto sifanekise eminingi yayo. Kulesi sihloko sizozama ukugqamisa kunokuthile ofana okuletha ndawonye lezi zibonelo. Lunikeza izici ukuziphatha onganakiwe. Uzofunda ukuthi kuyini, lokho okungokwalo, yiziphi izinhlobo kanye nezici. Igama elithi "abekelwe emaceleni" sekwande ngempela eminyakeni yamuva, uma kungekhona imfashini. Ngemva kwekhefu up isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona, ukwedlulela izwe lethu lezomnotho emakethe ukuthi izwi washaya isichazamazwi kwabakhileyo Russia, kanye "intsha osemqoka", "oligarch", "izigilamkhuba" kanjalonjalo.

Imingcele elithi "ungobekelwe emaceleni"

Akulula ukuchaza kuyini nokuthi ukuziphatha onganakiwe. Ezweni lethu, kube nephutha iqoqo imisebenzi yisayensi ezinikele isihloko. Ngeshwa, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi abalobi ezahlukene misebenzi ngaphansi "abekelwe emaceleni" musa njalo ukuqonda into efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, namuhla ngisho umthetho isibe abekelwe emaceleni, njengoba ilungelo. Ngamanye amazwi, umbono, alisho nje ukuya kumuntu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhuba ungobekelwe emaceleni obonakalayo namuhla hhayi nje njengomuntu omubi, abasebenza ngazo kulo ohlangane iningi. ngezinye izikhathi yakhe esikalini njengoba ubufakazi yokulondoloza imibono eziphambili umphathi le mfanelo. Kulo mongo, ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni - lokho kuyinto kungenziwa esikalini omuhle.

bezotsenochnoe imiqondo

Ngokwengxenye enkulu, lokhu mqondo-non-wahlulela abanye. Ngokwesibonelo, IV Malyshev uveza ukuthi ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni - "kuba akakhulumanga okuhle noma okubi." Uphawula ukuthi umqondo welithi "abekelwe emaceleni" akukho detonata unomphela. Yini linqobe namuhla, kusasa kuyoba ohlangothini isakhiwo komgwaqo. Ngempela, owayengamele asanda 'izimvu black "ngokuvamile iba oyisibonelo. Washintsha kusukela uyinto kummeleli lesigaba esibusayo. Ngakho kwaba, isibonelo, ne "Russian entsha" - osomabhizinisi imfundamakhwela eRussia.

Starik washayelwa kunalokho yokuqala indlela ukuqonda ungobekelwe emaceleni. Umcwaningi waphawula ukuthi ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni - a ukuziphatha okumelene izinguquko (emihle noma emibi) abathathi hlangothi, kodwa polyvector. Ungobekelwe emaceleni - inqubo godu emphakathini KaMose, uma izixuku zabantu, zemali zidluliselwa komunye iqembu yezenhlalakahle kwenye. Umcwaningi uthe lesi sifo liwubufakazi ukukhula umzimba nomphakathi.

indlela imikhakha eyahlukene

Ngakho, kungashiwo ukuthi kushiwo ekunqumeni okuqukethwe into efana nokuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni, kusekhona eziningi nobunzima. Ikakhulukazi, uma usebenzisa kwezigwegwe eside ithuthukiswe izindlela ezihlukahlukene (ngokwengqondo, lwezenhlalo, i-social science kwezombangazwe, endleleni yokuphila futhi ukonga). Lokhu kukunika kakhulu umqondo sasivumela evamile isiba multidisciplinary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-inqubo yentuthuko, ukucaciseleka kwaleli gama kwaqinisekiswa namagugu ezimbalwa ezihlobene izinhlobo ezahlukene ungobekelwe emaceleni.

Umsuka incazelo yaleli elithi "abekelwe emaceleni"

Leli gama livela eside izindlela French "amasimu, ohlangothini." Njengomthetho, kusho lokhu okulandelayo: engasho lutho, ezincane, eziphakathi, yesibili. Enye lisho ukuthini igama elithi, sici ngaphezulu isiFulentshi futhi isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emnothweni - ". Cishe akuzuzisi futhi eduze kwezomnotho ukuze umkhawulo"

Kodwa ngathi omunye ukuchaza ezithakazelisayo. I Brockhaus futhi Efron unikeza incazelo elandelayo: Marginalia - kukhona amaphuzu kafushane athathwe emasimini izincwadi zokuqala ezinyathelisiwe noma imibhalo yesandla. Ahloselwe ukucacisa izindawo ezithile umbhalo. Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kungumuntu oseceleni kwekhasi ngubani on the esengozini oluthile, umbundu, futhi ngokuvamile umuntu eyazithola izibuza "olwandle".

Ngamunye angase esekudeni

Mayelana okungenhla, nawu umbuzo: kanjani ukucacisa lo mugqa, ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu oyedwa 'emnyango ", noma imi phambi kwakhe? Yiziphi izici ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni?

Imithetho umdlalo elisungulwe umphakathi, banezimiso ukungaqiniseki, okungaba abalulekile kokuphenduka amaphuzu. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi wonke umuntu, eqinisweni, kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento abekelwe emaceleni, uma:

• isimo senhlalo ayicacisiwe;
• kusasa-ke akuyona kuvikelwe;
• ingqondo yayo futhi kuyisize impilo akusazinzile;
• bavunyelwe rotations okungahleliwe isiphetho;
• yimuphi uhlamvu imfanelo, ukubukeka ethize, umdlalo noma umsebenzi kusukela ukuphumula umthetho amancane ezinhlanga kungenziwa ithathwa njengendlela ukuphambuka kusuka kuyinsakavukela, okuyinto yena, kuyonilethela ekujezisweni.

Izwe, yebo, kukhona ngokuphelele enempilo, evamile kuzo zonke izici ephephile, uhlobo ezifanele ukumelwa abstract njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi classical yomuntu. Nokho, le ndlela akusho ukusinika noma yini incazelo onganakiwe. A. Greene wagomela ukuthi indoda abekelwe emaceleni - a term esibanzi. Kubandakanya yonke, lo mqondo alikwenqabeli ukuphuza yini. Ngakho-ke, leli gama kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokuqapha futhi kuphela ngemva kokuba isinqumo nemingcele yayo.

Umbono A. A. Nikitina

A. Nikitin uyazicabangela ungobekelwe emaceleni njengoba ifomu ekhethekile somphakathi wesintu noma iqembu ukuthi inomphumela omubi phezu isakhiwo somphakathi libhekene ukusonteka lenani izinhlelo, ezenhlalo imihlahlandlela kanye namasiko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wabhubhisa ekuchumana, umuntu noma iqembu esihlukanisiwe eziningi izinqubo zomthetho, kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe. Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu kwakheka uhlobo olukhethekile ubuntu onganakiwe.

Ubuntu abekelwe emaceleni

Ngu A. A. Nikitinu, it libhekene amaqembu elandelayo ezimbili izici: ngqo, zomthetho kanye jikelele emphakathini. Lesi sakamuva kuhlanganisa ushintsho eningi, noma ukulahlekelwa ingqikithi owedlule zomthetho futhi isimo sabo emphakathini, okuyinto zibangelwa izici zangaphandle kumuntu. Futhi osebenza lapha-phakathi kwezomthetho futhi isimo kwezenhlalo, ukuthuthukiswa lithathelwe ezimbili nomphakathi, njll izakhiwo Ngokukhethekile-zomthetho -. Lokhu ukungabi, incorrectness noma ukungabi isiqondiso wezomthetho isimo sabantu okuqondene ematfuba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akunakwenzeka ukuba usebenzise ngokugcwele amalungelo nenkululeko ngokunqaba umtsetfo maqondana nabantu abanjalo. Isimo sabo kusukela luvo yomthetho kungenzeka engaqinisekile noma banemizwa engqubuzanayo.

Ukuvela ungobekelwe emaceleni kuthonywa lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• ukushintsha okuphawulekayo noma ukulahleka isimo wangaphambili nomphakathi kanye / noma engokomthetho, amafomu zazo zingahluka (ukulahlekelwa noma ukunciphisa imali, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, izindlu noma umndeni, ukukhubazeka kanye nezempilo, udinga ukushintsha indawo yokuhlala / yokuhlala, njll);
• externalities elihlobene ne ukuguqulwa ejulile futhi amadlingozi ngokuhlelwa komphakathi ezindaweni ezahlukene (kazwelonke, kwezamasiko, kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho, njll);
• ukushintsha okuphawulekayo endleleni isimo ngokomqondo, nokwagcina elinesimo inqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi self-ukuhlonza ezihlukanisile nomphakathi, indlela esiqonda abampofu amasiko abo, ukulahlekelwa izithakazelo ezibalulekile, njll

Bio- futhi sotsiomarginaly

Phakathi abekelwe emaceleni bio- eyabiwe ngayo, siphinde sotsiomarginaly. Eyokuqala abantu kunemaphutsa ngenxa yezizathu zempilo. Sotsiomarginaly kude liklasi labo noma iqembu ngenxa yezimo ezithile, hhayi umuntu engaphansi noma engaphansi. ukufakwa kwabo ekilasini noma iqembu nzima yokuthi kuzuze umphakathi kusuka zokuxhumana ezifana Abasekho abantu.

Ngokusho D. M. Zaripov amafomu main amacala zokuphatha kanye zokuziphatha izinhlobo ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni kuthiwa encenga, vagrancy, futhi parasitism okunethezekile, okuyinto manje kuncike kuphela ukulahlwa zokuziphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sotsiomarginalami kukhona izingane, zilethwa ngenxa emacaleni emnyangweni amaphoyisa. Lihlanganisa abantu babandakanywe ku ngomzimba, yezidakamizwa notshwala ophoqelelwe izifiki ayizisebenzi. Biomarginalami izifo ezithathelwanayo iziguli emva kokwelashwa isikhathi eside (okungukuthi, iyelapheka) iziguli zesifo sofuba izifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo futhi ezithathelwana ngobulili, ochokweni abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza.

"Engozini"

Lezo zincwadi ngokuphindiwe waveza ukuthi criminalization (ukuzibandakanya ezenzweni zobugebengu) angaphansi nangaphezu kwabo bonke abanye kuyinto subgroups onganakiwe. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi "amaqembu ingozi". Lezi zihlanganisa:

• abangasebenzi noma baqashwe fictitiously;
• abampofu ingxenye labantu;
• Abameleli beNdikimba okuthiwa "ngezansi social" (abangenamakhaya, tramps, bums, iziphanzi nabanye.);
• abantu abaye ejele noma abuyiselwe enkonzweni yezempi;
• abantu bebe besezweni lakubo, ababaleki kusukela "asobala", abantu ezifudukayo emzini nasemaphandleni.

Lezi zigaba kukhona kunoma imuphi umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni ahlukahlukene, kunomehluko ngokuya izinombolo abamele lezi amaqembu kanye ingxenye "khulula" emphakathini.

amazinga ungobekelwe emaceleni

A. A. Nikitin ikhomba elandelayo 2 ungobekelwe emaceleni ezingeni: kwasobala nokwabantu ngabanye. Kususelwa ukuthi amalungu eqe amaqembu athile semthethweni komngcele, umcwaningi uphakamisa kuwahlukanise ku ungqimba amabili abekelwe emaceleni:

• iqembu yezenhlalakahle noma ingozi ungqimba;
• iqembu asocial noma ungqimba.

Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa imikhakha sabantu, njengoba abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, abantu abafudukayo, ababaleki abangenayo isimo ayizisebenzi ophoqelelwe noma ababaleki, abangasebenzi, abantu abakhubazekile kanye nalabo ngaphandle ukubhaliswa. Esesibili - benganakiwe futhi bengahambi izingane, izifebe, bums, iziphanzi, umalalepayipini neziboshwa zangaphambilini abaphethwe izidakamizwa noma utshwala ukulutheka, izidakamizwa abahlukumezi.

kusemthethweni ukuziphatha umngcele

Ingabe singasho ukuthi kukhona ukuziphatha okuhle abekelwe emaceleni? Iyiphi impendulo enembile yalo mbuzo kanje. ukuziphatha Asemphethweni - into ukuthi ngokuvamile elinesimo umngcele. Kuyinto on the esengozini le semthethweni emthethweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni kuhlanganisa esisemthethweni, kodwa kukhona umngcele ngokungemthetho futhi akukho emthethweni. Umbandela bokunikeza eqenjini elithile eziseceleni omunye izingqimba ezimbili eziboniswe ngenhla, kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile ngokungemthetho (kuhlanganise asociality) kanye semthethweni ukuziphatha kwamalungu awo. Criminologists ngokuyinhloko unesithakazelo wesibili (ngokungafanele) ungqimba, kuyilapho abantu bohlanga lokuqala (izifikanamthwalo ezingene ezweni ngokungemthetho, isibonelo) akufanele unganakwa, kusukela ngezigaba ezihlongozwayo ngenhla kunemibandela.

Uyini abekelwe emaceleni ukuziphatha okuhle? Kusekelwe yezizathu ezilandelayo: izibalo zobugovu siqu, icala ukwesatshwa, ukwesaba ukuthi uzolahlwa kusukela umphakathi, isimo noma abanye. Asemphethweni ukuziphatha okuhle (izibonelo - ukusebenzisa uphuzo ngokweqile, ukungabi nakhaya, njll) njengoba kuba on the esengozini ngokungafanele. It kuholela omunye ukoniwa. Noma kunjalo, lokho kungase kube kwachazwa ngokuthi ukuziphatha zomthetho onganakiwe. Kulokhu, lo mshini ngemilingo izisusa womuntu "kwabangela" amabutho elandelayo ukushayela: ukwesaba ukuthi uzolahlwa, usongo kungenzeka isijeziso, njll Baqhubeka ngamunye kusukela icala.

Ekuphetheni

Ngakho, ukuziphatha abekelwe emaceleni, izibonelo kanye izici esesiye sacabangela, wehlukile kakhulu. Kungenzeka ngabameli eziningi izigaba zomphakathi. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo izincazelo eziningi amagama anjengelithi "ukuziphatha onganakiwe." Izibonelo ezinye zazo ziye enikezwa esihlokweni. Isayensi, yebo, kudinga ukuba ucacise kwethemu.