Ukuguqulwa kanye nokususwa inkontileka ngokuqondene ushintsho lobuKhristu izimo (Article 451. Civil Code)

A ushintsho oluphawulekayo endleleni izimo, umongo lapho umangali kuthengiselana waqhubeka isiphelo sako, ukhonza njengomPristi ngesisekelo sokushintsha noma ekuvalweni kwe ubudlelwane zomthetho. Umthetho sinqume ukuthi ushintsho izici ezocatshangelwa abalulekile lapho lezizinto zenzeka khona, lapho, uma ababambiqhaza abakwazi ukubona kubo, isivumelwano ngeke Ukhishiwe yibo noma kuzoba kwezinye izimo. La malungiselelo isethwe h. 1 tbsp. 451 we Code Civil. Cabanga imininingwane izinga.

Art. 451 we Code Civil

Ukunqanyulwa yesivumelwano kungaphansi ukwehluleka ukufinyelela ukusilela amaqembu okukhulunywa ukuletha isivumelwano kwavumelana zinjani izimo noma ekuvalweni kwe ubudlelwane zomthetho. On the ngezizathu ebekwe isigaba sesine kubhekwe kuyinsakavukela, izimo ukulungiswa yinkantolo. Lokhu kufanele libukwe ngesikhathi esifanayo nezimfuneko ezithile.

izimo

451 Art. Code Civil libhekisela nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

1. Ingqikithi isivumelwano noma amasiko inzuzo akusho ukuthi ingozi ushintsho kwezimiso kuthengiselana kuyakuba abathintekayo.
2. Ngesikhathi abahlanganyeli kuthengiselana babevela ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento okuvela kuyo izenzakalo ezingase zithinte uhlobo ubudlelwano obusemthethweni.
3. Ukushintsha kwezimo ngenxa yezizathu ezivumelana izmhiaka eyasehlula ngemva zivela. Ngakho umhlanganyeli yabonisa ukunakekeleka okufanele nokukhuthala ngokuhambisana nemithetho inzuzo nobunjalo kuthengiselana.
4. Ukuqaliswa yesivumelwano njengoba injalo yasekuqaleni Kwakuyohlanganisani ukuhlukumeza komhiaba maqondana futhi eyayingabangela umonakalo yokuthi nenhlangano okuqondenwe ngokwezinga elikhulu sasiyolahlekelwa into engase akwazi ukubala izinhlayiya lapho zokwakha ubuhlobo.

ngaphezu kwalokho

Phezu ukuqedwa kwesivumelwano ngokuqondene ushintsho izimo ngesicelo omunye umhlanganyeli kunqunywa imiphumela yalolu inqubo. Inkantolo luqondiswe isidingo ukusatshalaliswa ngokulingana kwamalimi izindleko ezakhiwe amaqembu ngenxa ekukhishweni yesivumelwano. izimo Ukulungiswa kuvunyelwe ezimweni ezehlukile. Ikakhulu, i-ushintsho isivumelwano kuvunyelwe, uma ekunqanyulweni kuphambene umphakathi. Futhi akuvumelekile lapho ekhishwa ubuhlobo kuholela ekulahlekelweni abahlanganyeli siphezulu kunamanye izindleko ukuba kuzona namaqembu athintekayo mayelana nokuqaliswa izimo ezintsha.

Art. 451 we Code Civil nge imibono

Yiziphi izici ukuqaliswa imithetho? imithetho ukuhlaziywa is advantageously kwenziwe mayelana izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Art. 450 we Code Civil. Linikeza base jikelele ukulungisa izimo yesivumelwano noma uphelela. Ikakhulukazi, Art. 450 we Code Civil elungisa umthetho, owawuthi misebenzi yenziwa nge kwemvume amaqembu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuvamile unikezwa ukubhuka ukuba omunye inqubo umthetho noma uqhubeke kusukela izimo kuthengiselana. Eyesibili ingxenye 451 of Art. Civil Code of the Russian Federation ezanquma kungenzeka njengamanje lokusungulwa ngezizathu eyengeziwe ngoba ekunqanyulweni kwe zomthetho noma ukulungisa nemibandela yesivumelwano. Ngokuvamile, it unikezwa ukuthi isizathu yokuzijamela ukuqaliswa ngesinye salezo zenzakalo zesikhathi ukhonza ukuqala izenzakalo ezenza ukuqaliswa kwe-izibopho engenakwenzeka. Lokhu kuvumela ababambiqhaza base siqu nobuhlobo babo onqenqema bevumelene.

Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo

Ababambiqhaza angafaka isicelo enkantolo uma ukugcwaliseka izibopho ezivukayo ngesikhathi ukusayina inkontileka, e mayelana nalesi sigameko futhi akuxhomekile intando abahlanganyeli kule mcimbi uba umthwalo kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi esifanayo ke ugcizelela isimo. Ikakhulukazi, uma ungena kusengaphambili sivumelwano izenzakalo ngakususi ngokuphelele kungenzeka kanye nesidingo izinhlangano entengisweni noma amaqembu ukuklama ubudlelwano babo nabanye-non-ekhona ngesikhathi impikiswano, izimo.

Imininingwane nenqubo

Uhlu izimo elotshwe Article 451. Civil Code, kubhekwa avaliwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuhambisana izenzakalo zabo baye baqaphela ukubaluleka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, akuzona zonke izimo ukubulawa isivumelwano, egcwele umnotho, ezoba isisekelo uphelela. Inikwe amandla yi-Article 451. Civil Code of the Russian Federation uhlu amaphuzu ukuvikela ukuzinza lesembili ekuqalisweni kokuzibophezela.

ubufakazi Izici

Ushintsho olukhulu olwenziwa isimo lapho kwathengwa ingaba njengoba isisekelo ukuqedwa kwayo noma ukulungiswa yesivumelwano. Ukuqalisa izidingo ezidingekayo ukuze ihambisane nemibandela 4 ngesikhathi. Ngokweyame ezinhlinzekweni zalesi kwezigaba 2 no-4 kubhekwe kuyinsakavukela, yobukhona babo inquma igunya ukuqedwa yesivumelwano uma ekuxazululweni. Isivumelwano kungasindiswa bani kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile. Kulokhu, imigomo kufanele uchitshiyelwe ngokufanele. Oluqoqiwe kufanele lusekelwe yimiphi amaqiniso ezibekwe art. 451. I umthwalo wokuveza ubufakazi elala ummangali.

Imininingwane zomlando

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi eliyingqayizivele ukukhulula kusukela ekuqaliseni ukusebenza izimo izivumelwano zenzeka esikhathini sangaphambi wamavukelambuso. Ngokwesibonelo, Pobedonostsev waveza ukuthi umqondo wecala wokubalekela icala lezimo ukwehluleka siqedwa, uma isizathu salokhu isici zangaphandle ukuthi sekukhona ngaphezu isihloko futhi uyokwenza ukuba ukuqala kwesivumelwane ngokomthetho noma kungenzeki nhlobo ngokwenyama. Umbhali siqokomisa iqiniso lokuthi sokuvunyelwa izibopho iqhaza kumele kwenziwe phezu nesimiso sobulungisa.

Kufanele futhi kuthiwe kushintsha kwezimo ezivukayo ngokuzimele intando abahlanganyeli, yasetshenziselwa njengesisekelo ekunqanyulweni noma ukulungiswa zomthetho futhi ngaphansi kwemithetho ka-1922 Ikakhulukazi, kuqagulwa ukuthi uma zamazwe amabili kuthengiselana ukuqaliswa kwe-izibopho, kusuka kube nzima ngenxa umcimbi okuyinto noyedwa amaqembu alihlangani, ngokungabi bikho ezinye izimiso, azikho izifundo angeke zidinga nomunye umhlangano ngaphansi kwesivumelwano. Esimeni izimo, abahlanganyeli ubengase ukubala ukubuya kuzo zonke izinguqulo ezandulele. Imithetho umthetho ngo-1964, elifana kwakungaziwa enikeziwe. I okuhlukile oda oluphathelene nokukhululwa kwabo ekukhokheni ekuqalisweni kokuzibophezela kwezinye izimo, kuhlanganise uma kwenzeka izimo esizimele intando kwezihloko.

Izici amacala

Ababambe iqhaza kuthengiselana angamisa ubudlelwane noma ubukeza izimo zayo, eqondiswa art. 451 we Code Civil. Nokho, oyisazi kubonisa, ngempela ukwesekwa ezingavamile zeziphathimandla. Kwezinye izimo, ezifana izenzakalo ezibalulekile njengoba Ukuwohloka isimo somnotho, kuhlanganise tariff inyuka, amanani, ukuwa kwamandla emali, njll, Ingabe ayibonwa njengoba nezizathu ezizwakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kwelinye Izinqumo we FAS waqinisekisa semthethweni ukwenqaba isikhalazo Ngokwesibonelo isimangalo ukuba kushintshwe-investimenti nesivumelwano sokubolekwa imali ngenxa okuvela izimo esenza kungenzeki ukuphumelelisa iimbopho. Isenzo wawuthi ekwaziseni izimali zakwamanye amazwe angeke kukodwa abhekwe njengendoda isici engaholela phetho isicelo, okuyinto avumele ukuqaliswa Art. 451 we Code Civil. Ngesikhathi esifanayo in the isixazululo waphawula ukuthi isiphelo sesimiso izivumelwano loan currency angaphandle kusho ingozi ehambisana.

esinye isibonelo

Esinye sezinqumo ka FAS iVolga-Vyatka wesigodi ngo Nizhny Novgorod ekuphathweni awuzange kwahlangabezana nemfuneko sokuqeda ukuqasha, isihloko okuyinto isinyathelo Umhubhe okuhlangana lapho Izitolo efakiwe. Ummangali wawuthi ngenxa ukwamukelwa of counter-ubuphekula amakomiti okwenza mcimbi kwenzeka, okwenza kwaba nzima ukusebenzisa isivumelwano. Ikakhulukazi, ngokuhambisana nemithethonqubo, ezithengisa sishukumiseleka emgudwini kokuhlangana kwezinye izindawo. Kususelwa mathiriyeli kunjalo, izinqumo weKhomishani Benziwe ukuqinisekisa zithuthe abantu abalinganiselwa ku kuba nesimo esiphuthumayo.

Ngokuhamba kokuqhutshwa iNkantolo Ephakeme wawuthi phezu ngemvume sokuqasha ukusetshenziswa okuhloswe umhubhe kwavunyelwana ngokuhambisana nemigomo yalokho kuthengiselana, kanye umthengi eqondile izicelo ezimbonini, ngokuphathelene nezidingo ezibekwe kule imibhalo lobuchwepheshe normative. Lokho kusho ukuthi umfakisicelo bazi ubujamo bento, ngokulandelana, waba nethuba lokucabanga imiphumela okuhlaselayo. Kwabamangali futhi kwaboniswa ukuthi ukuqaliswa imigomo yokuqala isivumelwano kungephula ibhalansi izithakazelo impahla abahlanganyeli ukuze iza umonakalo kakhulu ngendlela uma ummangalelwa baphule nezibopho zabo kuye. Ngenxa yalokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme wavuma ukuba semthethweni izinqumo sangaphambili senkantolo ngokungabi bikho zombili imibandela esungulwe Art. 451.

isiphetho

Umkhuba yobuciko. 451 akuyona njengoba olunzulu njengoba eminye imikhuba namazinga we Code Civil. Nokho, ezimweni namanje kubhekwa kunjalo kule evamile. I-oda sezinqubo ingxabano akahlukile imithetho kuhlinzekelwe izimo. Njengoba kwezinye izimo, umuntu othintekayo ezenziwe ngokuhambisana nezidingo isimangalo umthetho, imibhalo enamathiselwe nalokho (kubandakanya futhi irisidi okubonisa ukuthi ummangali yakhokhwa zempahla).

Ngokusho Art. 451 we Civil Code ngokuvamile izingxabano kungukuthi ixazululwe esivuna isicelo. Kule ndaba, kuhle uthintane nommeli oqeqeshiwe. Uma lokhu kungeke kwenzeke, kufanele uhlole ukuthi yini ngokucophelela imithetho kanye umkhuba zokwahlulela. Ngokukhethekile kufanele inikwe base ubufakazi. Ngokuvamile, abantu ababuswa ebudlelwaneni bekuya zomthetho azihileli imicimbi okungase kuthinte uhlamvu yabo. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ababambiqhaza kufanele bacabangele nokuntengantenga ka isimo somnotho, ezahlukahlukene zangaphandle, ukuze ibone zimo ezithile. Enye yezinkinga eziyinhloko e izingxabano ezinjalo kuyoba ubufakazi ukungabi nakwenzeka ukugcwalisa izibopho ngaphansi kwemigomo efanayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo akufanele sikhohlwe mayelana ukugujwa kokuthwasa nezinye izimo ebekwe Article kubhekwe.