Siyini-histogram? Histogram e Isithombe: Indlela yokusebenzisa?

Abaningi bezithombe imfundamakhwela ibhekene nobunzima kule ukusetshenziswa histogram photography, futhi abanye Asikuboni kudingekile ukuba sisisebenzise. Siyini-histogram of okusebenza ngayo practice, ochwepheshe, futhi esinika isithombe? Yeka ukuthi kungcono kanjani ukuba silungise - ngokusebenzisa ikhamera ngokwayo noma kamuva e ukucutshungulwa isithombe nge umhleli? Yini okufanele ukwazi photographer ukuchayeka, nika umehluko, ukukhanya nethunzi nezinye amagugu ebalulekile izithombe? Okuningi mayelana ukuthi sihloko.

Kuyini lokhu?

Ngakho, i-histogram - kuyini? Izikhathi eziningi, bethwebula abanye-panorama noma portrait, wena ukudlulisela izithombe kwikhompyutha yakho futhi wazibuza ukuthi kungani egqamile umnyuziki emini bathola mnyama kakhulu noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wachayeka? Lawula ukukhanya isithombe esikrinini encane ikhamera "iso" kunzima, kodwa lungisa izinga elikhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Histogram isithombe - lena thuluzi ubonisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kohlelo ukukhanya nobumnyama amathoni esitfombeni futhi kubenza bakwazi ukufeza sokusabalalisa iyunifomu.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana histograms e amakhamera - nge umyela bushelelezi, ne okuthunyelwe, ngemibala nangomculo ovundlile omnyama nomhlophe. Ethandwa kakhulu - ngesimo insimbi. Kodwa isimiso isinyathelo sakhe iwukuba bonke okufanayo - igrafu obonisa ukukhanya isithombe kusuka amathoni emnyama (ngakwesokunxele) kuze kube ukukhanya (kwesokudla).

Ngaphambi baqonde indlela ukufunda a histogram photography, indlela yokusebenzisa amanani asuka 0 kuya 255, ake ukuthola umbono bezithombe professional kanye ukunquma wena ukuthi kungenxa eliphezulu izithombe, noma ungenza ngaphandle idinga.

Izinganekwane engelona iqiniso ekhona ngale histogram

Kukhona okuningi mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi ukusebenzisa uhlelo ukukhanya noma cha. Ukuze uqonde lokhu, thina debunk ezinye izinganekwane mayelana kanjani futhi nini ukusebenzisa i-histogram ikhamera.

• bezithombe Professional ukucacisa Ibhalansi obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi "by iso", kunokuba sithembele kokwethu wokugaya ikhamera.
• Kuye ezingeni ikhamera ukuboniswa idatha kungaba eyiphutha.
• Photo Akudingeki ukuba kube ukwaziswa kahle yokuqothulwa ngu ukuchayeka, ngezinye izikhathi ngokweqile noma ukuhwalala liyingxenye nemibono.
• Photo Histogram, ngokuvamile kuphela esetshenziselwa omnyama nomhlophe izithombe.
• Professionals ngokuvamile ancike kucutshungulwa RAW izithombe ku-Adobe Photoshop hlelo, i-Adobe Lightroom namanye correctors.

Ngokuqondene nalokhu umbono ukusetshenziswa amagrafu zihlukaniswe "ngoba" futhi "ngokumelene."

Umbono "ngokumelene"

Professionals ngeso wayekwenza uyisebenzise lolu hlelo njengoba isikhathi esiningi futhi akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi kuholele elamukelekile. Ukuze saqala owenza kube nzima ukuya ukufunda nokuqonda lapho isiqondiso ukushintsha value of the metering, ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye amagugu eyiphutha uma bethwebula kunzima ukulungiswa, ngisho noma ukulungiswa olwengeziwe.

Akubona bonke amakhamera, kuphela uchwepheshe anganika amagugu efanele ngempela obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi, kodwa bangase babe nephutha. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi kuyodingeka ulungise abahleli isithombe Photoshop futhi Lightroom, ngakho ukusebenza ne-histogram ukuthatha kuphela isikhathi esiyigugu.

Umbono "ngoba"

Ziyini izinzuzo kulabo ukwazi ukuthi i-histogram?

• Ngisho noma wena photographer professional, lo nhla yesibili ishadi uzokutshela ocebile kanjani isithombe ngokuya amathoni inguquko. Ikakhulukazi digital khamera amaningi, uhambe nalo ilungelo esibukweni futhi nhla at kuye, hhayi kubhekwa kusukela kunqubo.
• Uma ukudubula alikho igumbi (isibonelo, i-studio okwanele), futhi uma libalele epaki, umthwebuli kuyoba nzima elibanzi ukuhlola isithombe esikrinini, okungukuthi. Ukuze. Angaba kukhanye futhi ubonise imibala ngaphezulu egqwalile kunokuba babenjalo ngempela kukhona . Ebusuku sezulu, kunalokho, isithombe kungenzeka ngobuqili elikhanyayo. Futhi esikrinini kunzima ukwamukela ukunemba omnyama nomhlophe kanye akulula ukubona ukuthi yimaphi izindawo ziye "ambulala" umehluko. Kungcono ilingane azinabo ukuhlolwa ithuluzi - a histogram photography.
• Ngezinye izikhathi ikhamera kungenziwa kukhethwe usebenzisa i-histogram, ekubonisa ebubanzini uhla ashukumisayo, isb. E. kanjani imibala eminingi uzisibekele ikhamera ngesikhathi ngokudubula. Akukhona njalo kungenzeka lapho uthenga nekhamera ukuze ngithathe isithombe sizobonisa yonke imibala kusukela uhla esezingeni 0-255.

Ngamafuphi, bayaqaphela ukuthi kuyinto histogram photography, indlela yokusebenzisa (ngokoqobo) akuyona njalo kunesidingo, kodwa hhayi kakhulu, ngoba kukhona izimo lapho ngaphandle lolu lwazi ngeke akwenze. Ngakho ake bafunde ukufunda bakwenze.

Indlela ukufunda histogram

Ngakho, lokho kuyinto histogram e ikhamera, futhi kungani kudingeka, yebo. Yesilinganiso kubukeka sengathi igrafu. I eksisi evundla kabili, washiya shades ngokufanele, kuzo abamnyama (amnyama) a halftone (shades phakathi ukukhanya) nomhlophe (elikhanyayo). I-axis emile ibonisa inani Amaphikseli komthunzi ngamunye isithombe. Ngenxa yalokho, sithola Amabha ambalwa eziphakeme ezahlukene, ayanda bar, ngaphezulu ukukhanya. Masingafebi.

underexposure

Underexposure kusho ukuthi uzimele zizoba mnyama. Eshadini a histogram ikhamera kugudlukela kwesobunxele. Okufanele ukwenze kuleli cala? Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibala emnyama, lezinto ezimnyama, namabala amnyama eziningi, futhi kukhona cishe awekho ukukhanya. Uma lokhu kungeke umqondo izithombe, futhi awazi ukudubula into emnyama, faka izilungiselelo ukuchayeka bese wengeza 1-2 kubonisa (ukubaluleka 1.3; 1.7).

Uhlaka Kusobala

Yokuchayeka lisho okuhlukile, ukuthi uzimele Kwatholakala Kusobala (eningi ukukhanya, amanzi, ukucabanga, iqhwa esithombeni) noma bethwebula emhlophe (ukukhanya) into. Nalapha futhi, uma lokhu olunikezwa indaba, ukuya ukuchayeka futhi anciphise inani layo 0.7.

Uhlaka "kwesokudla"

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini i-histogram e ikhamera nganoma izilungiselelo ukuchayeka okungalungile, ukubheka uhlaka efanele yamanani iphimbo. Ngokubukeka, kubonakala sengathi i-boa badla isigqoko. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izithunzi nokukhanya abakhona futhi yaqinisekiswa kahle, futhi unqobe isithombe semitone. Lo zimele ubukeka Ngokuphambene bayaxoxa, kucacile futhi acacile. Plus-ke kuyoba lula ukusingatha.

ongaphakeme-Ngokuphambene isithombe

Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela izindawo ukukhanya nobumnyama, ngamanye amagama, i-contrast kanje. Luhlelo noma amabha maphakathi futhi akukho emaphethelweni. Lokhu akusho ukuthi uzimele sembulwa ngokungalungile, mhlawumbe lo mbono umbhali, futhi sithombe okungafani izakhi kumele kube khona. Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu isilinganiso eqondiswa kalula phakathi kwenqubo okwalandela.

Iziqongo kugrafu

iziqongo ezimbili abukhali at emaphethelweni a histogram. Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu kukhetha ngokuvamile etholwe ngokuthatha Ngokuphambene izinto - emhlabeni utshani amnyama futhi licwathile, isibonelo. asikho isidingo ulungise kuzichaya, isb. ukuze. omunye amagugu ke ngeke ibonise.

Shot e ukhiye okusezingeni eliphezulu

Lolu hlobo izithombe etholakala uma ngokudubula ngemibala egqamile - omhlophe ngemuva, elikhanyayo esibhakabhakeni uma libalele, izingubo amathoni elikhanyayo. Histograms ku izithombe ezifana kakhulu ingene kude ngakwesokudla, kodwa akulona iphutha. Isithombe kuxhopha, Airy ikuvumela ukuba agxilise ngokugcwele endabeni izithombe - into noma umuntu, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ngo ngemininingwane engadingekile.

Exposure kuleli cala kungcono ishiyelwe 1 m. Amanani K. Ephakeme kuholele ngokweqile. Ukukhanya isithombe kungathuthukiswa kakade phakathi kwenqubo.

Still in ukhiye ongaphakeme

Kukhona isimo reverse, lapho isimiso is ngokuphelele inyumbazana - ngokwesibonelo, impilo namanje izithombe on isizinda black. Iphinde akufanele wesabe lokhu kuqhela, futhi yonke imininingwane, ukukhanya nokuqhathanisa kuyalungiswa kakade inqubo ukucubungula. By endleleni, ngakho.

Ukuhlela format RAW

Ukubona ukuthi histogram anjalo izithombe - indlela ukusebenzisa ukucutshungulwa isithombe? photographer ngayinye kumele bazi ukuthi isithombe esithathwe ngefomethi RAW silondoloza izilungiselelo senziwa lapho. Ngakho-ke, ngosizo Photoshop wizadi unekhono ulungise amaphutha.

Nokho, kukhona ezinye ubuqili. Underexposure kulula ukujulisa ukuchayeka plus, kuyilapho Khanyisa esonakele fix cishe kungenakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, lesi simo kungcono ukuvimbela wokhela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, hlola ukuchayeka Uhlaka ngamunye isithombe emva umsebenzi futhi asebenzise ukukhanya inkomba in the izilungiselelo zekhamera.

Usebenza kanjani ne-histogram e Lightroom

Kungani usebenzisa igrafu ibha kwi computer, uma ziye zashintsha isithombe ngokusebenzisa ikhamera ngesikhathi ngokudubula? Impela wamane, kubalulekile ukuhlola ukuthi leso sithombe bheka kukhompyutha isilinganiso. Kakade, ngakolunye yakho mac-beech kungaba ephelele, kodwa ngezinye laptop yomngani - amnyama ngokuphelele, futhi cindezela bese bonke abanye hhayi njalo, njengoba ungase ulindele.

I-histogram Lightroom ungathola yonke imininingwane egcwele ithunzi, nika umehluko, ukugqama nokunye. N.

Ngakho, i-histogram photography. Indlela yokusebenzisa e ukucutshungulwa isithombe? In the hlelo kubukeka sengathi isimiso rainbow. Ngakwesokudla, kanye ikhamera, unesibopho ukukhanya, kwesokunxele - umthunzi. I kwabantu othize libonisa iphakama kuka isithombe lula, ayanda kuyoba pixels ngakwesokudla.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, yini okumelwe siyibheke lapho ukwelashwa - lokhu ukulahlekelwa ukukhanya noma ithunzi. Uma emaphethelweni omunye amaqembu akukho value-ke, isithombe ilahlekelwe eminye imininingwane. Ngokwesibonelo, izinwele ezimnyama benziwe eyodwa noma yini ngesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza kuphendukile kwaba mhlophe.

Kanjani ukukulungisa? Eshadini uzothola onxantathu ezimbili ngakwesokunene ngakwesobunxele. Uma uchofoza ngakwesokunxele, okwesibhakabhaka isithombe zigqanyisiwe ukulahlekelwa ku ithunzi. Uma ucindezela kwesokudla, ukulahlekelwa uzobe ngopende obomvu.

Ukuze ulungise lezi ukulahlekelwa, Lightroom has zomculo ezimbalwa ukuthi zitholakala khona kanye ngezansi kwebhokisi igrafu yilezi:

• ugcwalise ukukhanya;
• ukuchayeka;
• bheka umahluko phakathi;
• umthunzi;
• nokucija;
• ukushintsha umbala kanye nabanye.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-contrast sizosiza ekulungiseni umdwebo lapho bonke pixels yenzelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu kwelinye direction, isithombe has a Ngokuphambene aphansi kakhulu. Kungokufanayo kuthiwa idolo phakathi. Kodwa iziqongo abukhali nhlangothi zombili ishadi kusikisela, kunalokho, i-contrast ngokweqile, ukuthi kwakungeke ubuhlungu aphansi.

Usebenza kanjani ne-histogram ku-Photoshop

bezithombe Professional ngokuvamile zisebenzisa Lightroom zokuvuleleka ukulungiswa futhi ukukhanya nethunzi, ngoba lolu hlelo lungaphezu esibanzi kakhulu futhi kusebenziseka kalula namathuluzi. Kodwa ngokulungisa izithombe kungaba kwenziwe ngosizo Photoshop. Lapha, i-histogram ubukeka mayelana efanayo. Kodwa ukusebenzisa 'Photoshop "elula ukulungisa isixazululo kanye aspect ratio ukuqinisekisa elikhulu umbala ukukhiqizwa kabusha lapho nokuprinta izithombe. Futhi, kulula kakhulu ukuba usebenzise izihlungi ukulungisa ukukhubazeka uphinde ushintshe izithombe amazinga.

Uma ulungisa futhi ubuyisele isithombe ubudala, i-Adobe Photoshop uzobona lungisa umbala, okuyinto kufanele ibe ngokoqobo lapho emaningi khona ezidonsela noma ithunzi.

Indlela yokuvula i-histogram kulolu hlelo? Yiya kuthebhu ethi "Image", "Ukulungiswa", "Amazinga". Uzobona igrafu omnyama nomhlophe sentaba ngobubanzi kusuka 0 (omnyama ngokuphelele) ukuze 255 (ukukhanya okumhlophe). Ukushintsha ukuchayeka, udinga pheqela strip ezansi le umyela, kanye nakomaka yena ukuhlela.

Ukufunda ngokwenza

Umthetho main, ozokusiza ukuzwisisa bonyana kutjho ukuthini ukuba histogram ikhamera, - ukuzijayeza ngaphezulu, ukuthatha izithombe ezahlukene ukuchayeka metering, ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke ukukhanyisa futhi njalo sihlaziye izithombe okuholela.

Thatha izithombe ezimbalwa okufanayo - eyodwa nge embukisweni kwelinye, elinye 0.3, wesithathu kuya -0,7. Bheka umehluko phakathi ukuchayeka kwabo. Zama ushintshele komunye imodi ukudubula. Njengoba ngalesi sikhathi ukushintsha isimiso?

Bheka lezi zithombe efanayo ngosizo abahleli ingcaca, bheka ihluke kanjani ikhamera yakho. umkhuba kuphela engcono ukubhekana ukuqonda isidingo ukusebenzisa histogram.

esikhundleni isiphetho

Yiqiniso, hhayi nje ulwazi ukuthi histogram ezinjalo, kodwa futhi ikhono lokusebenzisa kahle futhi ulungiselele kuyasiza ukwenza izithombe professional ngempela futhi eliphezulu. Kodwa bomsebenzi kanye yakhiwa eziningi ulwazi encane mayelana butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuthela izithombe.

Ngokwemvelo, bonke photographer abukhali kufanele wazi imithetho yokwakha laqanjwa yimpumelelo, ukuqonda ukuthi yini kudinga izilungiselelo ezithile inhlukano ezifana beso, isivinini yokushutha, focus bese autofocus, uhla ashukumisayo, ukubala le ukudepha kwenkundla nokuningi. Kudingeka uqonde ukuthi ukubheka histogram efanele uma ngokudubula e evamile, ongaphakeme futhi ephezulu ukhiye, futhi lapho ukulahlekelwa obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi kubhekwa evamile. Lapho ilungelo lokusebenzisa ezidonsela ukugcizelela ukwakheka, futhi bakuphi yokuntuleka isithombe? Lapho semali black in the ifremu kuvimbela gxila into ayisihluthulelo izithombe?

Enye into nakanjani, ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi histogram, ngeke kube nzima ukulungisa izilungiselelo isithombe esiphelele. Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukusebenzisa lolu ulwazi njalo noma nje ezimweni ezithile - okukhethayo. Kuphumelele wena ukuthathwa izithombe!