Shintshela: kuyini? inkinobho wesifunda futhi iphutha ukuphathwa

Igama elithi "inkinobho" kungatholakala lehlukene lobuchwepheshe. Kuyini lokhu? Ngomqondo jikelele kunazo - idivayisi ekushintsheni izifunda kagesi (amasignali) okungaba ngogesi, i-electron-ugongolo noma electromechanically.

Ngomqondo ewumngcingo ngokuvamile abizwa kanjalo ukuthungela switch, okuyinto anemisila yimuphi izimoto uphethiloli izinjini. Lokhu ezihlukahlukene ukushintshwa, ikakhulukazi yezimoto, futhi isihloko lesi sihloko.

Ingemuva ukuthungela izinhlelo

Njengoba yaziwa, ngamunye eqhuba umjikelezo uphethiloli amandla omlilo yangaphakathi injini, kukhona isinyathelo elungiselela ezivuthayo uphethiloli emoyeni ngxube amandla omlilo yayo esiteji. Kodwa ingxube ashisiwe, kumele kube yinto ukuba ashise.

Isixazululo lokuqala asetshenziswa ngaphambi yezimoto yangaphakathi omlilo engine, ukuthungela kwaba nenye ukuvutha tube ufakwa uMbhalo bese Preheat ngaphambi kokuqala injini. Lapho ukusebenza emazingeni alo tube sasisekelwa ngenxa kuvutha umjikelezo we ingxube ngayinye.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, inhlansi ukuthungela uhlelo magneto isicelo ehambisana pre-ukuthungela izinjini, kodwa ekuqaleni kuphela zikaphethiloli injini ezimbonini. Lesi simiso kwaba ziphindaphindwe ngokushesha futhi automakers, futhi ngemva kokusungulwa Robert Bosch ngo-1902, inhlansi evamile uhlelo ipulaki inhlansi isibe standard.

Umgomo we-plug inhlansi

Okwamanje, ezivame kakhulu uhlelo ibhethri ukuthungela, ehlanganisa umthombo wamanje ngesimo ibhethri imoto ngesikhathi kokuqala motor generator lapho injini isebenza, ikhoyili ukuthungela kuyinto transformer nge voltage okusezingeni eliphezulu yesibili emazombezombe esinikezwe ukuthungela inhlansi ipulaki, futhi distributor (inkinobho) Ignition . Umsebenzi inkinobho iwukuba njalo ukuphazamisa wesifunda samanje eyinhloko izinkampani kwekhoyili ukuthungela. Nge ukuphazanyiswa nozibuthe wamanje ngalinye ekhona amaphuzu isikhala elalihlala izintambo we yesibili emazombezombe kwekhoyili ukuthungela, kunciphe ngokushesha kakhulu. Ngakho, ngokuhambisana nomthetho lokungeniswa kagesi ngesikhathi amaphuzu efanayo emkhathini kukhona elikhulu kakhulu solenoidal ensimini kagesi, okuyinto kwakha umfutho high (kufika ku-25 kV) e secondary emazombezombe EMF ukuthungela ikhoyili, inhlansi ipulaki electrode zidabukile. Voltage phakathi kwabo ngokushesha bufinyelela value ukwanele ukubhidlika igebe emoyeni, bese ingena inhlansi kagesi luvutha ingxube uphethiloli emoyeni.

Lokho esitshalweni ohlelweni ukuthungela?

Ngakho, i-inkinobho imoto. Kuyini futhi kungani sasidingeka? Kafushane, le divayisi, okuhlose zephule wesifunda samanje eyinhloko izinkampani kwekhoyili ukuthungela ku esikahle kakhulu okwamanje.

Encwadini ezine-unhlangothi omlilo yangaphakathi injini, lokhu mzuzu kwenzeka ekupheleni lo mvimbo kokucindezelwa (2nd zokusebenza unhlangothi ICE), ngaphambi nje kokuba piston ifinyelela okubizwa ngokuthi phezulu maphakathi efile (TDC), lapho ibanga ukusuka kunoma yiliphi iphuzu kwi piston ukuze eksisi crankshaft ka ukujikeleza yangaphakathi omlilo injini esiphezulu. Kusukela crankshaft kwenza isiyingi ukunyakaza ukujikeleza, lamanje kokuphazamiseka iphuzu kuboshelwe ezinye isikhundla salo engakafiki kubo kanye piston TDC isikhundla. I-engeli phakathi isikhundla crankshaft kanye indiza mpo ibizwa ngokuthi isikhathi ukuthungela. It kuhluka 1 kuya ku-30 degrees.

Banikezwe umlando, umbuzo othi "Car Shintsha: kuyini?" - ofanele, kuba okokuqala mechanical, futhi kamuva, njengoba ubuchwepheshe kwentuthuko, full electronic ikhoyili ukuthungela.

Mechanical eyandulela ukuthungela switch

Empeleni, i-inkinobho yidivayisi waziwa muva nje, ngemva kokuba abe ngogesi ngokugcwele. Kodwa okokuqala, kusukela ngo-1910, lapho imoto "Cadillac" yavela okokuqala automatic ukuthungela uhlelo, umsebenzi walo kanye neminye imisebenzi yenziwe distributor (timer). Lokhu webumbacambili kuyinto kwavela igama ngenxa umsebenzi wakhe ezimbili ohlelweni ukuthungela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-samanje eyinhloko izinkampani kwekhoyili ukuthungela kuyadingeka ukuze uphazamisa - kungakho "chopper". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lo voltage okusezingeni eliphezulu emazombezombe kwekhoyili ukuthungela kumele alternately sezithunyelwa plugs inhlansi zonke amasilinda, ne oyifunayo engela phambili. Yingakho kwesigamu isihloko yesibili - "distributor".

Njengoba timer wasebenza?

Full-indlela valve esibethelwe Ukujikeleza ngu kushaft crankshaft kwangaphakathi lapho eqondiswa i Rotor Kwe-dielectric Heating nge ligijima-slider tokoraznosnoy ipuleti ekupheleni kwayo. Ngu entwasahlobo-ukulayishwa ipuleti amaslayidi carbon ibhulashi uxhumeke high voltage contact ephakathi ikhava distributor, nakho ixhunywe yesibili emazombezombe kwekhoyili ukuthungela. Tokoraznosnaya ipuleti ngezikhathi yokusondela achithayo ngonyaka oxhumana isivalo tramblera high voltage izintambo okuholela yenhlansi amasilinda. Kuleli qophelo embhalweni secondary spool emazombezombe kwenzeka voltage okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuyinto lihlaba igebe ezimbili emoyeni: tokoraznostnoy phakathi plate kanye wire contact futhi kule inhlansi phakathi electrode ka inhlansi.

On kushaft efanayo ukukhwezwa Cams, iyiphi inombolo lilingana nenombolo amasilinda futhi cam ngamunye ziboya ivulekile kanyekanye ne oxhumana uxhumano ethile inhlansi interrupter zamanje kufakwe wesifunda kwekhoyili ukuthungela eyinhloko Windings.

Lokho phakathi oxhumana we full musa abangele izinhlansi lapho evulekile, ixhunyiwe kuhambisana capacitor eliphezulu umthamo. Lapho uvula oxhumana full EMF eyenga ku eyinhloko izinkampani kubangelwa a wamanje lokukhokhisa capacitor, kodwa ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu yayo umthamo voltage yonkana, futhi kungakho ukuvulwa contact, ingaphansi ukuwohloka emoyeni.

Kodwa kuthiwani engela phambili?

Njengoba ayaziwa nge ukwehla imvamisa ukuzungeza ingxube crankshaft kule amasilinda kufanele okhela kokucindezelwa yayo unhlangothi kamuva, ngaphambi nje kokuba TDC, okungukuthi, ukuthungela engela kumele kungancipha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokwandisa ijubane ukujikeleza ngo ingxube kokucindezelwa unhlangothi kumelwe okhela ekuseni, isb kuthuthukiswe engela ukwanda. I timer wenza lo msebenzi Umlawuli centrifugal athutha kuhambisane inkinobho Cams ukuvulwa. Ubuyisé ku oluthi distributor ukuze ngokushesha noma kamuva-stroke kokucindezelwa kuvula oxhumana we full ingxube.

Ukuhola engela ushintsho kuyadingeka futhi at a imvamisa njalo lapho umthwalo injini kuyahlukahluka. Lo msebenzi wenziwa idivayisi ekhethekile - a ukuthungela cleaner Regulator.

Ukubukeka of ukushintshwa lokuqala

Ekupheleni kuka-70s kwekhulu elidlule kwaba sobala ukuthi engeyokuqala tramblera umpofu kukhona full contact, okuyothi ogelezayo okugcwele eyinhloko. Bashisa njalo ngaphandle nangaphakathi oda. Ngakho-ke, ikhambi wokuqala kwaba ekhethekile inkinobho electronic wesifunda uphazamisa samanje kwekhoyili. Phambi yayo voltage okuphansi wesifunda ezikhumulweni kufakwe izintambo ezivamile contact full tramblera. Nokho, manje, akusikho oxhumana ophazamisekile zamanje ingqikithi ikhoyili ukuthungela, kanye wamanje elincane inkinobho okokufaka wesifunda.

Empeleni inkinobho electronic iye ikhipha yakhelwe njengendlela iyunithi ahlukene futhi ixhunywe (ngesicelo umshayeli) kuya timer classical. Lolu hlelo ukuthungela ibizwa ngokuthi i-imeyili yokuxhumana. Wayengumngane kuthandwa kakhulu 80s kwekhulu elidlule. Ngisho nanamuhla usengayibona izinqola ifakwe ke.

Ukushayela oxhumana naye inkinobho ngekhompuyutha kwenzekani transistors.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo - zokwenqaba we full contact

Xhumana full ngisho ifomu ephansi yamanje, isetshenziswa contact nge ukuthungela ngekhompuyutha, luhlala ifindo zintekenteke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, automakers baye benza imizamo eside ukuqeda ke. Le mizamo yenziwa ethwele impumelelo ngemva kokudalwa kuka-non-contact-sensor distributor ngesisekelo inzwa Hall.

Manje, esikhundleni Cams eziningana kushaft distributor waqala ukufaka cylindrical isikrini nomgodi amafasitela nge izimbotshana therebetween, futhi lapho inani Slots izimpumputhe ilingana nenani injini amasilinda. Amakhethini isikrini Slots ezihambelayo kazibuthe ezivezwa uzibuthe unomphela, esidlule uphenyo miniature Hall. Inqobo nje uma ihamba esidlule kwesihenqo kwesikrini, lo voltage okukhiphayo of inzwa Hall sishoda. Lapho yesivalo indawo a umqhewu nge eHholo inzwa busebenze electronic voltage ishayela isuswe, okubonisa isidingo uphazamisa samanje eyinhloko izinkampani kwekhoyili ukuthungela. Lokhu voltage ishayela idluliselwa ngocingo ukuvimba inkinobho samanje ikhoyili ukuthungela, lapho zangaphambi iyakhula bese esetshenziswa ukulawula main amandla usuke esiteji.

Enye samuntu inzwaduze uphiko distributor nge inzwa optical, lapho phototransistor isetshenziswa, esikhundleni kukazibuthe unomphela esikhundleni inzwa Hall - LED. Inzwa optical has a screen ukujikeleza ne yokuvulwa kanye amafasitela.

Ukubukeka inkinobho uqobo

Ngakho, e-yokuxhumana ukuthungela uhlelo esikhundleni koyedwa oxhumana tramblera babe amayunithi ezimbili ezihlukene: ukusondela (kodwa kuphela voltage low) inzwa-indlela valve futhi ngesishintshi electronic. Umsebenzi we okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusatshalaliswa voltage we plugs inhlansi ku-sensor wesitimela namanje wenza mechanical isinciphisi rotary nge plate tokoraznosnoy.

Futhi indlela ukulawula engela labadubuli? Lezi imisebenzi Namanje wenziwa nabalawuli centrifugal kanye cleaner njengengxenye lesikali-distributor. manje Eyokuqala yalezi is turning Cams ku kushaft akuyona, futhi usekhuluma esibukweni yokushutha, kanjalo ukuma engela ukuthungela. Umlawuli cleaner futhi unekhono bayeke inzwa Hall ngokusekelwa yayo ipuleti, futhi ukulungisa lokhu engela.

Banikezwe ngenhla, lo mbuzo: "I yesimanje imoto inkinobho:? Kuyini" - kufanele inikwe impendulo ikhipha ahlukene iyunithi lukagesi yokuxhumana ukuthungela.

Ukunqatshwa high voltage ukusatshalaliswa

Omude kunayo yonke owake ku inkinobho igcina mechanical high voltage distributor isilinda ukuze inhlansi. Ezithakazelisa kakhulu wukuthi lokhu node kwaba okunokwethenjelwa ngokwanele futhi akavumi ukuba izikhalazo ngaphezulu. Kodwa isikhathi akusho yima, ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, inkinobho uxhumano wesifunda uye washintsha ezinkulu ezizayo.

Ngo izimoto zanamuhla lingekho high voltage ukusatshalaliswa komunye ikhoyili amakhandlela ezahlukene. Ngokuphambene nalokho, benza "izandisele" ngokwalo ikhoyili steel accessory ye ikhandlela isilinda ngamunye. Manje, esikhundleni oxhumana naye usuke inhlansi yamandla aphindeke kabili ye okusezingeni eliphezulu wenziwa yokuxhumana kokushintsha ohlobo ngoba voltage low. Yiqiniso, lokhu kube inkimbinkimbi inkinobho wesifunda, kodwa futhi amathuba design wesifunda yesimanje ubanzi kakhulu.

Ngo izimoto esine umjovo izinjini switch iphethwe yi- noma ezizimele control unit motor, noma i-computer ugibelile. Lokhu kulawula hhayi kuphela crankshaft ihlaziye ijubane ukujikeleza, kodwa ezihlukahlukene neminye imingcele ngazo amafutha kanye Isibandisi, lokushisa izingxenye ezehlukahlukene futhi imvelo. Ngokwalolu cwaningo kwabo sangempela futhi ushintshe ukubeka isikhathi ukuthungela.

inkinobho amaphutha

Okuvame kakhulu mechanical ukwehluleka tramblera is ukuhanguka oxhumana bakhe: kokubili mobile kanye ephezulu voltage inhlansi oxhumana. Ukuze lokhu bekungenzeki (okungenani hhayi ngokushesha kakhulu), kufanele ahlole njalo kubo, futhi uma kwakhiwa idiphozi, kubalulekile ukususa amafayela inaliti noma lokukhuhla esihle.

Uma capacitor okuyiphutha ixhumeke parallel oxhumana we full, noma Resistor phezu kwengungu central high voltage electrode, bangase esikhundleni.

Ukungasebenzi inkinobho electronic kubangelwa ukuhluleka kweHholo inzwa pulses amplifier noma ukushintsha wamanje ikhoyili ngokuvamile ngeke zidingidwe, ngoba inkinobho esinjalo alo. Kulokhu, njengoba umthetho, iyunithi okuyiphutha omane indawo entsha.

Indlela hlola inkinobho?

Uma ijubane injini bangenzi lutho "iflothi", noma-ke anezinto ekuhambeni, noma akusho ugijime, hlola khona inhlansi kusuka distributor ukuthungela uxhumeke Hall inzwa amakhandlela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, uyasikrufulula kubo ukugqoka ofeleba broneprovodov, ukubeka amakhandlela phezu "isisindo" futhi "spin" crankshaft ukuziqalela. Uma kungekho inhlansi noma obuthakathaka, udinga uqhubekela inkinobho.

Kodwa indlela yokuhlolisisa inkinobho? Kuyadingeka ukuvula ukuthungela futhi ukuhlola ukuthi inalidi voltmeter is baphambuke. Uma inkinobho kuyinto Kulungile, khona-ke kufanele hlanhlatha ngezigaba ezimbili. umcibisholo Okokuqala ithatha isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini lapho uhlala imizuzwana 2-3, bese wabe lokugcina (ngokulinganisa) nokuka-isikhundla. Uma umcibisholo kuthatha ngokushesha isikhundla saso sokugcina, ungazama esikhundleni inkinobho.

Ixhuma inkinobho

Indlela ukuxhuma inkinobho kuya yokuxhumana ukuthungela yesistimu? Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukuphela yayo block zixhunywe izintambo ezimbili terminals "B" futhi "K" kwekhoyili ukuthungela, zehhanisi emithathu yesaha ngamafutha isixhumi - kunzwa Hall inzwa-distributor kanye wire munye - "isisindo". Nge esibulalayo "+" exhunywe kwi-inkinobho ibhethri wesifunda ngaleso esibulalayo "B" kwekhoyili.