Representativeness - yini le nqubo? iphutha Ukusabalala

Umqondo ukumelwa kuvamile otchetnostyakh kwezibalo kanye ekulungiseleleni izinkulumo kanye nemibiko. Mhlawumbe ngaphandle kunzima ukucabanga noma yiluphi uhlobo ekuvezeni obala.

Representativeness - kuyini?

Representativeness bubonisa indlela izinto ezikhethiwe noma izingxenye zivumelana okuqukethwe kanye nencazelo labantu idatha kusuka bekene ekhethiwe.

nezinye izincazelo

Umqondo ukumelwa kungenziwa landiswa zenhlalo ezahlukene. Kodwa incazelo yalo ukumelwa - kuyinto izici ukuhambisana nezakhiwo amayunithi ekhethiwe wonkana abonisa ngokunembile izici jikelele lonke database lonke.

Futhi ulwazi omele lichazwa ngokuthi yikhono ukuhambisa idatha isampula setha nemingcele futhi izakhiwo ezibalulekile ngokombono ucwaningo oluqhubekayo.

isampula omele

Umgomo we amasampuli kubalulekile ekukhetheni inembe kakhulu futhi ukubonisa izakhiwo iqoqo idatha. Isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene, okukuvumela ukuthola imiphumela olunembile futhi ekuhlaziyeni wonkana, ngokusebenzisa amamathiriyelii akhethiwe kuphela achaza izinga idatha.

Ngakho, asikho isidingo ukufunda zonke izinto, futhi lwanele sicabangele ukumelwa zikhethe. Kuyini lokhu? Lena isampula idatha ngabanye ukuze unombono mayelana mass isiyonke kolwazi.

Basuke kuncike indlela avelele njengoba okungenzeka futhi okungezona okungenzeka. Okungenzeka - isampula okwenziwé by kuhlaziywa idatha ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo, lapho abamele obengeziwe kumphakathi wonkana. Lena ngamabomu noma isampula okungahleliwe, Nokho, walungisiswa elikuqukethe.

Nonprobabilistic - ingenye uhlobo isampula okungahleliwe ngesikhathi isimiso evamile iLotto. Kulokhu, ngokubona umuntu owenza Ukukhetha okunjalo. Isebenzisa draw abayizimpumputhe kuphela.

okungenzeka izibonelo zalokho

Okungenzeka amasampuli kungabuye ihlukaniswe izinhlobo eziningana:

• Esinye sezimiso elula kakhulu futhi ecacile - isampula lula. Ngokwesibonelo, le ndlela ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa lapho siqhuba survey nomphakathi. Kulokhu, abantu okwaxoxwa abakhethwa isixuku ngasiphi izici ethile, kanye nokwaziswa akhiqizwa kubantu abangu 50 bokuqala ababa nesandla kulo.
• amasampuli ngamabomu kuhluke ukuthi banayo eziningi izidingo nemibandela ukukhethwa, kodwa namanje ancike ukuqondana hhayi ukuphishekela umgomo wokufinyelela izibalo ezinhle.
• Isampula ngesisekelo quota - lena ngenye ukushintshashintsha ku-probabilistic isampula, elivame ukusetshenziswa sokuba ukuhlaziywa ezinkulu amasethi wedatha. Ukuze wakhe, basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene izimo kanye nokuthuthukiswa. izinto ekhethiwe ukufanisa kubo. Lokho isibonelo inhlolovo yezenhlalakahle kusikisela ukuthi uzokwenziwa inhlolokhono abantu 100, kodwa ngokubona eziningi kubantu uzohlangabezana nezidingo, ezocatshangelwa nokubhalwa kombiko kwezibalo.

okungenzeka izibonelo zalokho

Ukuze okungenzeka izibonelo zalokho kulinganiselwa inani lokukhethwa kukho lapho tintfo letisesitfombeni kube kulandzelwa isampula uzohlangana, phakathi kwabo ngezindlela eziningi kumele zikhethwe ngokunembile amaqiniso kanye nedatha ukuthi izokwethulwa njengoba representativeness idatha isampula. Lezi zindlela ukubala idatha ezidingekayo kungaba:

• Simple amasampuli okungahleliwe. Ihlala e yokuthi phakathi ingxenye ekhethiwe ngokuphelele ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe ilotho edingekayo lemali idatha ukuthi kuyoba isampula ummeleli.

• amasampuli ehlelekile futhi okungahleliwe kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudala uhlelo kokubala idatha ezidingekayo ngesisekelo ingxenye okungahleliwe. Ngakho, uma inombolo okungahleliwe lokuqala, okhombisa neenomborosikhundla kwemininingwane ezikhethiwe kusuka wonkana, 5, bese idatha okulandelayo kukhethwe kungaba, isibonelo, 15, 25, 35 nokunye. Lesi sibonelo lichaza ngokucacile ukuthi kungenzeka ngisho Ukukhetha okungahleliwe esekelwe izibalo esihleliwe kudingekile idatha yoqobo.

amakhasimende isampula

isampula Okunenjongo - indlela esakhiwa ngo ucabangela esinye nesinye ngabanye, futhi lwekuhlola yakhe isethi ihlanganiswe eliyingqayizivele lokubonakalisa izimfanelo nezakhiwo database wabelane. ushaye Ngakho lemali enkulu idatha elihambisana isampula izidingo ummeleli. Kungenzeka kalula ukhethe eziningi ongakhetha ukuthi ngeke zifakwe inani eliphelele, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izinga idatha ekhethiwe emelela sebebonke. Ngale ndlela representativeness imiphumela cwaningo.

Usayizi isampuli

umbuzo Hhayi yokugcina kumele ziqondiswe - lilingene ngobukhulu isampula representativeness sabantu. usayizi isampula akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi kuxhomeke imithombo eminingana sabantu. Nokho, representativeness isampula incike kangaki izingxenye kufanele ekugcineni ihlukaniswe yi. Amazenge ngaphezulu, idatha ngaphezulu singena isampula elikhiqizayo. Uma imiphumela zidinga yigama elididiyelayo futhi ayidingi imininingwane ke, ngokulandelana, isampuli iba ezincane, ngoba, ngaphandle kokuya imininingwane, ulwazi uvezwa olukha phezulu kakhulu, okusho ukuthi incazelo yalo labiwa.

Umqondo representativeness amaphutha

ohlangothini Iphutha - a umahluko oqondile phakathi izici labantu kanye isampula idatha. Phakathi iyiphi ukusampula ngokuphelele sangakwazi ukuthola idatha olunembile, + njengasosukwini lokungivivinya labantu cwaningo okugcwele isampula zimelelwa kuphela ingxenye ulwazi kanye ongakhetha, kuyilapho isifundo olunemininingwane ethe xaxa kungenzeka kuphela lapho kutadishwa yonke isethi. Ngakho, nakanjani abanye amaphutha.

izinhlobo amaphutha

Hlukanisa abanye amaphutha ukuthi zenzeka ekulungiseleleni isampula ummeleli:

• Ehlelekile.
• Okungahleliwe.
• Nezenzakalo.
• Engahlosile.
• Standard.
• Umkhawulo.

Isisekelo ukubukeka amaphutha okungahleliwe kungaba imvelo discontinuous cwaningo sebebonke. Ngokuvamile, iphutha ongacabangi representativeness has usayizi amancane uhlamvu.

amaphutha izinhlelo zenzeka phakathi idatha ephula imithetho ukukhethwa kumphakathi wonkana.

Iphutha isilinganiso - umahluko phakathi isilinganiso isampula amagugu kanye isethi eziyisisekelo. It akuxhomekile isibalo amayunithi e isampuli. Kuyinto inhlukanozigaba kuya ngevolumu isampuli. Khona-ke enkulu ivolumu, the ephansi ukubaluleka isilinganiso iphutha.

Iphutha umkhawulo - umehluko ngobukhulu kungenzeka phakathi inani eliyisilinganiso uzokwenza isampula sebebonke. Leli phutha kwachazwa ngokuthi amaphutha kungenzeka kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo kunikezwa nesenzakalo yabo.

amaphutha Ngenhloso futhi ongahlosile ka representativeness

idatha offset amaphutha nenhloso futhi engahlosile.

Khona-ke izizathu ukuvela iphutha ngenhloso yindlela ukukhethwa idatha nge indlela yokunquma Amathrendi. amaphutha okungaqondiwe zenzeka at the stage of ukulungiswa isampula observation, kumiswa isampula ummeleli. Ukuvimbela amaphutha ezinjalo, kuzomele udale nesisekelo esihle izibonelo zalokho, ubala ingxenye Ukukhetha amayunithi. Kufanele uhambisane ngokugcwele izimpokophelo izibonelo zalokho sinembe, esehlanganise zonke izici esifundweni.

Kwemukeleka, kwenetisa, representativeness. amaphutha ukubala

Ukubalwa iphutha isampula (Mm) arithmetic kusho ukubaluleka (M).

Ukusuka emgomeni: usayizi isampula (> 30).

Imajini yephutha (Mp) kanye value isihlobo (P) usayizi isampula (n> 30).

Esimeni lapho kudingeka sitadishe ngosizo sesisonke, lapho inani isampuli incane futhi amayunithi engaphansi kwengu-30, bese inamba yezimo buzoba buncane kweyodwa iyunithi.

Iphutha ukubaluleka ngqo wakhona uzahambelana isampula. Imininingwane omele futhi ukubala degree of kungenzeka ukudweba i umhlahlo olunembile kubonisa amaphutha athile ukubaluleka mkhawulo.

izinhlelo omele

Hhayi kuphela inqubo nokuhlola ekuvezeni usebenzisa isampula ummeleli, kodwa futhi umuntu ethola ulwazi usebenzisa izinhlelo representational. Ngakho, ubuchopho icubungula ezithile Inani lokwaziswa ukudala isampula elimela wonke kolwazi ukuze kahle futhi ngokushesha ukuhlola idatha enikeziwe nokuqonda lodaba. Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo: "representativeness - ukuthi lokhu" - impela nje izinga komuntu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ubuchopho isebenzisa zonke ilawulwe izinzwa, kuye ngokuthi yiluphi uhlobo lolwazi okufanele ahlukaniselwe kusukela emfudlaneni jikelele. Ngakho, umahluko senziwa phakathi:

• Visual uhlelo representational lapho izitho zisetshenziswa okuqonda sibonwa esweni. Abantu bavame ukusebenzisa uhlelo efanayo, ngokuthi Okubonwayo. With simiso, umuntu icubungula ulwazi ngesimo izithombe.
• Tintfo uhlelo representational. Umzimba omkhulu, esetshenziswa - lena amahemuhemu. Ulwazi olunikezwe ngesimo amafayela umsindo noma inkulumo, icutshungulwe uhlelo. Abantu basabela kangcono ulwazi ukuzwa, ngokuthi audialami.
• Kinesthetic uhlelo omele kuyinto ukucutshungulwa kolwazi nge Bebona ngayo iziteshi olfactory futhi ethintekayo.

• Digital uhlelo omele isetshenziswa kanye nezinye njengendlela yokuthola ulwazi kusuka ngaphandle. Le nkolelo ibuye subjective nencazelo enengqondo idatha.

Ngakho representativeness - kuyini? Ukukhetha Simple kusukela isethi noma inqubo ebalulekile ngokucubungula ulwazi? Singasho ukuthi representativeness kakhulu inquma esiqonda ngayo idatha ukusakaza, ngokusiza ukuhlukanisa kuwo esemqoka kakhulu okunenjongo.