Petersburg Academy of Arts: umlando, abasunguli, izifundiswa

Umhlobiso omunye Petersburg embankments liwukuphela kwesakhiwo, okuyinto esiqashwe sphinx ezimbili ukuphumula, ulethwe kanye kusukela eGibhithe elikude. Kuyo ibekwe Petersburg Academy of Arts, ngokuthi namuhla yi-Institute of Painting, Umfanekiso and Architecture. It ubhekwa sombuso art Russian, ine idumela oluvelele emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuzalwa kuka-Academy

Academy of Fine Arts Petersburg yasungulwa by intandokazi iNdlovukazi Elizabeth, umsekeli odumile sikahulumeni Russian kanye engumxhasi XVIII leminyaka Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Photo esibonisa ngokudayisa wakhe okusesihlokweni esithi. Yena kwakungekaNkulunkulu ukuthi ezingavamile ngaso sonke isikhathi, isigaba sabantu abazama ukusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esiphakeme nengcebo ukuze kusizakale Russia. Ukuba ngo-1755 umsunguli eMoscow University, egqoke Namuhla igama University, ngemva kweminyaka emibili, wathatha isinyathelo ukudala wezemfundo ukuqeqesha abaculi zobuciko kuqhakanjiswe.

Petersburg Academy of Arts, itholakala ekuqaleni endlini yakhe ku Sadovaya Street, waqala umsebenzi 1758. Iningi uxhaso inikezwe kusukela izimali siqu Shuvalov njengoba yengcebo yakhe ekuqukethe lemali enganele kwabelwe. A UMuphi abantu abaphanayo, hhayi kuphela imali oda phesheya, kuloku, kodwa esemnika Academy edala iqoqo imidwebo lingelakhe, ngokubeka ngaleyo ndlela ukuqala kokudaliweyo Museum and umtapo.

Umphathi lokuqala Academy

Kusukela enkathini yokuqala ukusebenza Academy of Arts, kanye ukwakhiwa kwebhilidi sayo samanje elihlobene ne igama lomunye umuntu washiya uphawu olubalulekile emlandweni isiko Russian. Lena oluvelele wezakhiwo Russian Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Developed ngokuhlanganyela UProfesa JB Vallenom M. de la Mothe wokwakha, lapho Academy lisuswe kusuka inxuluma Shuvalov sika, wamthatha e isikhundla sokuba ke profesa li. Izimo sokufa kwakhe emenza omunye zinganekwane eziningi Petersburg, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "Phantom we Academy of Fine Arts." Iqiniso ukuthi idatha kusuka Rector abasindile Academy, wafa, hhayi ngenxa isifo kwamanzi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe umlandvomufi olusemthethweni, futhi walengiswa eliphezulu ekhaya lakhe.

I izimbangela ukuzibulala abizwa ngokuthi ezimbili. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, isizathu kwaba amacala kwamehlisa untshontsha amafa embuso, ukuthi ingabe ukonakala. Ngenxa ngalezo zinsuku lalibhekwa ihlazo ngaphezulu chilo ukhululiwe Alexander Filippovich kuhlulekile, wakhetha ukufa. Kwesinye version of the Umfutho lesi sinyathelo wakhonza ukhuze ayelizwe iNdlovukazi uCatherine II, wavakashela kwakhiwe isikhungo bese ingubo engcolile odongeni asanda ngesineke. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lithi eshaweni ukuzibulala ngaphandle kokuthola Phumula Vyshny emhlabeni, esasizobhujiswa phakade ukuba azulazule edala uma izindonga. portrait wakhe uvezwa sihloko.

Abesifazane kufakwe umlando Academy

Ngenkathi Catherine wokuqala wesifazane academician we Petersburg Academy of Arts. Waba umfundi umqophi French Etena Falkone - UMarie-Anna Kollo, wadala kanye uthisha wakhe, edumile "Bronze wehhashi". It wayengadlali owenza ekhanda yenkosi, okuyinto eyaba omunye ekumeni kwakhe engcono sculptural.

Bencoma umsebenzi wakhe Empress ngaphambilini lokuqoka Collot impesheni esaphila futhi akwabele esicongweni esiphakeme kangaka. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, phakathi eziningi abacwaningi yesimanje zinombono wokuthi, kuphambene version ezimisiwe uMarie-Anna Kollo - owesifazane academician we Petersburg Academy of Arts, umsunguli we hhayi kuphela ekhanda, "lethusi wehhashi", kodwa wonke sibalo yenkosi, kuyilapho uthisha wakhe ezibaziweyo ihhashi. Nokho, lokhu akusho kunganciphisa yokufaneleka kwalo.

Edlulayo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isihloko okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi zokuhlonipha wathola eRussia ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, omunye umculi, owayevela eFrance futhi omunye okungcono portrait abadwebi isikhathi sakhe - Vigee Lebrun. Academician we Petersburg Academy of Arts - isihloko, okuyinto ukhishwa kuphela lesi sikole. Lebrun futhi wathola asikho isihloko kancane grand kumhlobo zokuhlonipha lwamahhala lokubhala, okuyinto kwanikezelwa ngesikhathi abaculi avelele zazifunde phesheya.

I-oda elikutholile ekhulwini XVIII

Petersburg Academy of Arts kusukela buqala iye wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isiko Russian. Mayelana kwalokho, kangakanani yafakwa umsebenzi wakhe zingase zibe Indlela yokuthi ekhulwini XVIII, ukuqeqeshwa eyathatha iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, futhi engcono abathweswe iziqu bathunyelwa ngezindleko umphakathi se-internship phesheya. Phakathi izihloko yobuciko, wafunda esikoleni abangu yokudweba, umdvwebo, ebaziwe yokwakha.

Yonke inkambo zokutadisha, nakho inikeza abafundi bayo ne Academy of Arts, lahlukaniswa laba namakilasi amahlanu, noma izingxenye, okuyiqembu lesine nelesihlanu kwakungamadodana aphansi futhi zabizwa ngokuthi isikole semfundo. Bamukela labafana usufinyelele eminyakeni emihlanu kweyisithupha, lapho bafunda ukufunda futhi nibe namakhono ayisisekelo, wahlanganyela imidwebo imihlobiso bese ukopisha izithombe ngomumo. Esimweni ngasinye kulezi ukuqeqeshwa ezimbili kokuzidela eyathatha iminyaka emithathu ezisafunda amabanga aphansi. Ngakho, ezemfundo Yiqiniso esikoleni eyathatha iminyaka eyisithupha.

Izigaba kusukela enkulungwaneni yesithathu ukuba ngowokuqala baphakeme, babebhekwa, eqinisweni, Academy of Arts. Ziyakwazi abafundi, ngaphambili abaqeqeshiwe njengeqembu, yizigaba ngokuvumelana lunye esizayo - imidwebo, umbhalo, ebaziwe noma izakhiwo. Esimweni ngasinye kulezi zingxenye ezintathu ephakeme wafunda iminyaka emithathu, okuholela ngqo ukuqeqeshwa Academy eyathatha iminyaka engamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, futhi iminyaka eyisithupha wachitha esikoleni semfundo, kwaba iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala. kamuva kuphela kakhulu, ekhulwini XIX, ngemva 1843 ivaliwe esikoleni semfundo, isikhathi ukuqeqeshwa kakhulu kwehle.

Okunye eyala

Academy of Fine Arts Petersburg, imodeli kwezikhungo efanayo European ke ukhululeka izindonga zalo hhayi kuphela Ochwepheshe efanele abaqeqeshiwe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene wezobuciko, kodwa abantu futhi kabanzi abafundile. Ngaphandle eyala eziyisisekelo kukharikhulamu kwakuhlanganisa izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, umlando, amazwe, izinganekwane ngisho astronomy.

Ekhulwini entsha

Petersburg Academy of Arts ekhulwini le-19 ithole ukuthuthuka kwayo eminye. Owahola abavikela ocebile Russian Bala Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov aphethwe uchungechunge yezinguquko, okwaphumela ukubuyiselwa ziye zakhelwe indondo amakilasi, kanye izimo ezithile ungeniswe yokufunda inqaba. Kuvele esiteji ebalulekile empilweni we Academy kwesikhathi waba owokuqala ukudluliswa aso uMnyango Kazwelonke Wezemfundo, bese - Ministry of eNkantolo Imperial. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo kakhulu ukuthola imali eyengeziwe futhi bavunyelwe ngaphezulu iziqu ukuba size siye kwamanye amazwe.

Ngamandla classicism

Cishe kuyo yonke XIX leminyaka kuphela isitayela kwezobuciko, obonwa Academy, kwaba Classicism. On eziseqhulwini nokufundisa kileso naleso sikhathi futhi wathonywa kakhulu nangabanye sabaphathi okuthiwa izinhlobo - ezamukelwe ngu Paris Academy of Fine Arts kwalesi simiso division of izinhlobo ezobuciko ngokuvumelana yokubaluleka kwawo, main okuyinto kubhekwa umdwebo zomlando. Lomgomo yayikhona kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu XIX.

Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, bafundi kwakufanele ukupenda ngezihloko ethathwe umBhalo noma imisebenzi abalobi basendulo - .. Homer, Ovid, Theocritus, njll Old Russian timu baphinde bavunyelwe, kodwa umongo zomlando Lomonosov futhi Shcherbatov futhi futhi Synopsys - iqoqo imisebenzi yi izazi-mlando zasendulo. Ngenxa classicism, washumayela Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts, nakanjani yanciphisa lokusungula abafundi, ephoqa kube nokuzabalaza emincane nezimfundiso esizokufa.

Abaculi izihlubuki okhazinyulisiwe art Russian

Ukukhululwa kancane kancane kusukela canons esungulwe waqala neqiniso lokuthi ngoNovemba 1863, 14 abafundi abanamakhono kakhulu kufakwe inani labamba iqhaza emncintiswaneni for ukuthi uzothatha indondo yegolide, wenqaba ukudweba kubo esiqeshini kunikezwa ezinganekwaneni zamaNorseman, befuna ilungelo lokukhetha isihloko. Njengoba babengenazo Ngenqaba, base demonstratively ushiye Academy, imiphakathi ihlelwe, elaba isisekelo Association kamuva odumile Okuhambayo Art Imibukiso. Lo mcimbi wehlela emlandweni yobuciko Russian njengoba ukuvukela nane.

Alumni kanye academicians we Petersburg Academy of Arts babe ezifana abadwebi odumile njengoba MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, vd Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, nabanye abaningi. Esikhathini umoya ofanayo nabo futhi kufanele kushiwo, futhi Umthala yothisha abakhaliphile phakathi kwabo V E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi futhi I. E. Repin.

Academy ekhulwini XX

Petersburg Academy of Arts baqhubeka nemisebenzi yayo kuze kube ngo-October 1917 Ukuketulwa état. Phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha ngemva amaBolshevik athatha izintambo ngesinqumo CPC uyekwa, futhi isisekelo salo Kwamiswa futhi ngezikhathi bashintsha amagama abo ezikoleni ezehlukene ubuciko, yakhelwe ukuba silungiselele amakhosi amasha yobuciko sezenhlalo. Ngo-1944, yafakwa ezindongeni Institute of Painting, Umfanekiso and Architecture yethiwa I. E. Repina, okuyinto ugqoke kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngokwabo abasunguli Academy of Arts - yabathenwa weNkantolo Imperial I. I. Shuvalov futhi esivelele Russian wezakhiwo A. F. Kokorinov, kuze kube phakade langena umlando art Russian.