Okubukwa kwengqondo. Izinhlobo observation in kwengqondo

Kulesi sihloko, sinikeza uyicabangele eyodwa yezindlela eziyinhloko, ezihlanganisa izindlela zocwaningo kwengqondo. Surveillance kuhilela bezibona okunenjongo ngamabomu into ucwaningo. Esikhathini social sciences, uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza libeka enzima nakakhulu, ngoba isihloko kanye into cwaningo - indoda, futhi ngenxa yalokho imiphumela kungaletha ukuhlolwa subjective of obuka, isimo sakhe sengqondo, futhi ukufakwa.

Okubukwa - eyodwa yezindlela eziyinhloko enokwehla, elula ezivamile endle. Lokho Imiphumela walo kwakunezilinganiso olunembile, ingqapheli kumele ume eceleni, ukuba ziqapheleke noma abe yingxenye yeqembu, ehlanganisa into observation, ihlangane nalo, ngakho abangele amehlo. Umcwaningi kufanele abambe futhi ukuhlola izenzakalo ezihambisana ngenhloso observation.

Izici le ndlela ihlanganisa ukucabanga theory (ezihlukahlukene amasu methodological, ukuqapha imiphumela, ngekuvisisa) abuye ambalwa ukuhlaziywa (isici ukuhlaziywa, uyakekela, njll).

Funda izindlela eziyisisekelo Psychology, observation kufanele nakanjani kuqashelwe futhi mhlawumbe sisebenzise. Kuyinto eyodwa yezindlela eziyinhloko, okuyinto esetshenziswa isayensi yesimanje.

Kufanele ukuthi okwashiwo kwengqondo kuyinto ngempela kancane subjective. Degree luhlangotsi kunganciphisa ukwenqaba iziphetho okusheshayo kanye nokuthatha izinto ngokuvamile, okubonwayo okuphindaphindiwe, futhi ulisebenzise kanye nezinye izindlela. Kungcono kwababukele eziningana iqhaza kulolu cwaningo. Ukuze aphumelele ngokwengeziwe le ndlela, ngokuvamile basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene amabalazwe observation nohlu lwemibuzo. Bavumela ukuba ugxile amaphuzu ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi cha thikazisa non-abalulekile.

izici ehlukile ye observation

Okubukwa kwengqondo njalo kwenziwe nge injongo, ngo uhlelo esihlelwe kusengaphambili, yona ifakwe ezihlukahlukene izinto ezidingekayo ukulungisa imiphumela kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe inqubo.

Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba iqoqe idatha enokwehla, imiqondo mayelana nocwaningo izindawo, kanye ukuhlolwa conjectures ehlukahlukene nemibono ephathelene nayo.

Okubukwa wenza ulwazi ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana ngqo, esekelwe izinkomba izinzwa, ngakho-ke yilona lokuqala emlandweni wesayensi imiklamo.

izindlela Psychology (observation, ukuhlolwa, njll) kufanele izici alandisa. Lezi zici enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba kubonakale uhlobo wokucwaninga. Okubukwa kwengqondo kuyinto uhlobo oluhlukile maqondana into (isibonelo, ingxoxo noma awuzame Uchwepheshe kudala izimo ezikhethekile okubangela into ethile), khona ukuthintana ngqo naye (okuyinto engekho ekuhloleni imisebenzi imikhiqizo, futhi zingekho ukuhlola njalo).

Ngokombono methodological umbono, kukhona i Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo esingokwemvelo, okusho ukuthi ikhono lokusebenzisa kokuma maqondana anhlobonhlobo imihlola ehlukahlukene ngemilingo, kanye nezimo (khona ukuthi kungenzeka ushintsho "amboze emkhakheni" into noma umbono enqubeni ucwaningo) futhi izidingo ezincanyana zabo lobuchwepheshe, inqubo hardware. Kule ndlela, i-Psychology observation, ukuhlolwa, futhi abanye zihluke kakhulu.

Esikhathini ezincwadini zesayensi, imigomo "observation", "okwashiwo Injongo" futhi "ukusetshenziswa yangaphandle" avame ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo ofanayo. ukuphila Psychic - into eziyinkimbinkimbi, zingakwazi ukufunda amehlo ngqo ngaphandle, kufihlakele emehlweni prying. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni le ndlela kuphela kwengqondo kuyinto introspection (introspection), kanye kuphela ekuthuthukiseni isayensi observation zangaphandle yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo ukuqapha womuntu (Psychology, yokuhlalisana kwabantu kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi).

Ngo Psychology yasekhaya izimiso eziyisisekelo ukubhekwa ezichazwe imisebenzi yezazi ezifana S. L. Rubinshteyn, L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontev.

izinhlobo lezinto

Ukuqaphelisisa nokusebenzisa isilingo Psychology, kanye nezinye izindlela, kungase kudingeke isifundo amayunithi ezilandelayo:

- umuntu (noma isilwane);

- iqembu labantu.

Into observation kungenzeka, njengoba umthetho, imisebenzi kuphela ingxenye yangaphandle (ukunyakaza, ukunyakaza contact, Synergy, izenzo zenkulumo, ngibone isimo sobuso bakhe, izimpawu ukusabela autonomic kanye ezihlukahlukene ezimweni zombili okuvele ihlelwe).

imithetho nokuqapha

Nale ndlela, kukhona eziningi imithetho:

1. Kufanele kube ehlelekile, izifundo eziningi ezimweni ezishintshayo futhi engamukelekile, ukugqamisa amaphethini kanye zenzakalo.

2. Ungenzi iziphetho ngokuphamazela kufanele aqiniseke ukucabanga okunye ngalokho obangela lokhu noma ukuthi ukuziphatha, futhi ukuhlola kwabo.

3. izimo nemibandela Private kumele eqhathaniswa jikelele, wababona ngokomongo kwemiphakathi ehlukene (umuntu wonkana, isimo jikelele, esiteji kwengqondo, isibonelo, maqondana nengane, nokunye. D.), Njengoba ukuzihlola okunjalo ngokuvamile kushintsha ngokuphelele ngokwengqondo umqondo observation.

Ukuze unciphise ezinganembile namaphutha zocwaningo, ukuqinisekisa umnqopho walo, njengoba sekushiwo, kubalulekile ukuthi umcwaningi sangabadalula khona yayo. Sidinga ukwenza ukuze obuka wayebona yena ngenkathi asele ababanjwa njengoba umcwaningi. Izici observation in kwengqondo ezihilela okungenani ukubamba iqhaza kungenzeka tesifundvo.

Lokhu ingatholakala kanje:

- 'ujwayelene', okungukuthi, ukwenza into ucwaningo esetshenziswa yokubakhona obuka - bavame ukuba khona ensimini yakhe umbono sengathi hhayi ukulalelisisa kuye;

- ukuchaza khona injongo ezinye nezingahlobene nendaba, okwamukelekayo into cwaningo, isibonelo, uthisha esikoleni bathi ungathanda khona esifundweni ukuze balukhulume amasu nendlela yakhe;

- esikhundleni amasu obukele, ukuqopha imihlola ngemilingo (ividyo khamera, isibonelo), ozoqinisekisa i kufanelekile olunembile futhi buzoba buncane waphawula into exakayo;

- Ukuze afeze ekutadisheni Egumbini elimnyama eseduze eyodwa lapho kuyagcinwa, isibonelo, ehlukanisiwe ngokuhlela ingilazi ekhethekile Gesell, nomunye emaceleni ukukhanya-Umqhubi;

- ukusebenzisa ikhamera ukuqopha ezifihliwe.

Inhloso manje sekumele kube ngokucacile kwakhiwa, ngoba kuphela Ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, okubonwayo okungahleliwe kuholele ezibaluleke.

izinhlobo ukubhekwa

Izinhlobo observation in kwengqondo zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Comprehensive ngezigaba esihlanganisiwe akuyona, ngakho uhlu kuphela ayinhloko.

1. izinhlelo futhi okungahleliwe. Izinhlelo libhekene njalo, repeatability phakathi nayo yonke inkathi cwaningo. phakathi kwendlu kokuma zinqunywa izimo zangaphandle, ubunjalo bento lafundvwako.

2. Vula noma ezifihliwe. Lemibiko observation in kwengqondo elichaza isikhundla obuka kuya into cwaningo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ezifihliwe observation umcwaningi ebuka ingilazi Gesell phezu into cwaningo, futhi endaweni evulekile - waphawula futhi ubona umcwaningi.

Ngenxa zenyathi lokhu kuhlanganisa observation, kuthi uma le ndaba ngokwaso ilungu umcimbi party. Umhlanganyeli observation kungaba kokubili ovulekile futhi kufihlwe (isibonelo, uma umcwaningi alisho ukuthi ezinjalo, ezinye amalungu ethimba).

Ezinye izinhlobo kokuma kukhona kunjengokungathi Lesisemkhatsini phakathi nalawo latfolakala futhi ukwehluleka ukufaka kwabaqaphi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uthisha ofunda ukuziphatha abafundi ngesikhathi sifundo: lapha umcwaningi ehilelekile isimo, kodwa ngaphandle izinto yokutadisha nokuthi zikuphi ukungalingani maqondana nokuphathwa kwesimo.

3. Field futhi laboratory. Inkambu wenziwa izimo zemvelo ukuyohlolwa, kusho khona kwanoma isiphi isinyathelo wawuyingxenye umcwaningi. Lokhu okwashiwo yilo mlobi kusivumela ukutadisha Psychology impilo yemvelo into waphawula. nemibi zalo zakhiwa kushuba ukungakwazi ukulawula umcwaningi isimo, ukungakwazi observation ehlelekile. Nokho, Laboratory inikeza ithuba ukufunda into endaweni elawulwa, elula isimo umfundi, kungaba ngokuphawulekayo baphendukezele imiphumela yocwaningo.

4. longitudinal, gqwa ngedwa. Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa nini inhlangano yocwaningo. Longitudinal ( "longitudinal") Kwenziwa isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile iminyaka eminingi, futhi kusho ingqapheli contact okuqhubekayo kanye into. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo kutholakala ngesimo Diaries, ezihlanganisa indlela yokuphila ububanzi, ukuziphatha, imikhuba ehlukahlukeneko yezinto lafundvwako.

ukubhekwa Periodic - ifomu evamile yenhlangano yesikhashana zocwaningo. It is eyenziwa ezithile kahle ichazwe isikhathi. I single noma kwesikhathi esisodwa, okubonwayo zenziwa njengoba ukuchaza uma umuntu, okungaba kokubili ejwayelekile futhi eyingqayizivele ekutadisheni into noma inqubo.

Unit ukubhekwa, ukubhaliswa

Unit observation - elula noma eziyinkimbinkimbi izenzo into uphenyo litholakale owayebukele. Ukuze imibhalo yabo yokubhalisa ekhethekile asetshenziswa:

1. Ikhadi observation. Kuyadingeka ukuba ubhalise izimfanelo ezithile endaweni semthethweni futhi ngokuvamile ibethelwe. eziningana lamakhadi ngokuhlukile iyunithi isifundo ngasinye zingasetshenziswa phakathi nesifundo.

2. Amaminithi observation. Yakhelwe wasithatha imiphumela elihlangene ezinqubweni semthethweni futhi okungezona semthethweni. Iveza ukuxhumana observation amakhadi.

3. Ukuqaphela Diary. Psychology livame ukusebenzisa observation izingodo ahlukahlukene. Ziyakwazi kudingekile ukulungisa imiphumela yocwaningo. Abonisa hhayi kuphela ezihlukahlukene ulwazi mayelana into ngokwayo, kodwa futhi izimisele ngokuhamba ukutadisha umphumela obuka.

Lapho uqopha imiphumela nazo zingasebenza ifilimu ehlukahlukene vidiyo.

Isibonelo ukusetshenziswa ukubhekwa

Okuhle evulekile indlela yekubuka e izibonelo kwengqondo. Cabangela isibonelo esikhethekile lapho le ndlela isetshenziswa.

Ngokwesibonelo, abacwaningi lempi kudingeka ukuthola ukuthi ngubani wezempi uthambekela amacala ahlukahlukene, ezifana nemali-grubbing, ubudakwa, ubudlova. Into observation abasanda kufika amasosha.

Okokuqala, umcwaningi eqoqa ngokusebenzisa zikhulu ukwahlukana, okuhlanganisa ucwaningo izindawo, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nawo. Lolu lwazi ingatholakala, isibonelo, ephelezelwa zifiki ukuba uthumele isikhungo ukunxenxa by izingxoxo, ukuhlaziya imibhalo. Kufanele ikakhulukazi sinake nendlela ozibonakalisa ngayo amasosha isimo senhlalo Kuphakanyisiwe (kahle noma okungekuhle, ephelele noma umndeni akuphelele, ephethwe noma neprinadlezhaschaya iqembu enenani negative orientation), ngokuziphatha kwayo (ukuheha noma ingabi necala lobugebengu noma zokuphatha , ukuba khona noma ukungabi khona izici ezingezinhle emsebenzini noma esikoleni), izici zayo bokuphila nezingokwengqondo (izici, ezingeni yentuthuko kanye nabanye.).

Okulandelayo, abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi kubantu kukhona amadoda engase enezinkinga, ukuhlaziya ulwazi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo obuka inquma izici ekhethekile, ukuze nahlulele ukuthambekela lezinto ukuziphatha ezihlanekezelwe. Kukholakala ukuthi abantu nge ukuphambuka (babhekwe) ukuziphatha eyakhe amasosha oziphatha alihambisani umphakathi izindinganiso zokuziphatha nezomthetho. Lokhu kungaba, isibonelo, badlale komsebenzi, kanti ukungamlaleli kona izinduna kuthuke nozakwethu, inkani, ukubusa ngakho umzamo. D.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi zici, abacwaningi ngosizo observation ikakhulu abayitoho ukuqoqa ulwazi oluthile mayelana nabo bonke abantu bempi, bese elungiselela ukuphuma osebenza ohlelweni lokucwaninga enemininingwane.

Umfundi ukhetha isimo, izigaba nokuqaphelisisa amayunithi, silungiselela amathuluzi (yezifiso, amakhadi Diaries, okubonwayo).

izimo Isibonelo zokuqapha

Ukuqalisa indlela yekubuka e izibonelo Psychology izimo ejwayelekile, phakathi okuyinto kuyafaneleka:

- Ukuqeqesha izikhathi. Phakathi misebenzi kunqunywa izinga jikelele ukuqeqeshwa, babe batfutfukisa emakhono nelwati, degree of amasosha ukukhuthala yembula izinga tekubumbana babantu ngokuhlanganyela iyonke, degree of isifiso sakhe ukuba bathole ulwazi.

- Breaks, ezokungcebeleka amahora. Kulezi zimo, ingqapheli Kungenzeka ube nentshisekelo isihloko izingxoxo, abaholi ithonya labo phezu bonke abanye abawugijimayo inkhulumomphendvulwano, imibono ehlukene kanye amaphuzu Ngenxa amasosha.

- umsebenzi zaseNdlunkulu. Kungase kube ezithakazelisayo ezihlobene nomsebenzi lafundvwako, ubuhlobo ezahlukene phakathi kwezempi ekwenzeni imisebenzi yasekhaya, kanye nabaholi kanye abangaphansi. Okubalulekile, khona amanani amakhulu zomsebenzi, kanye, ezimweni ezibucayi (ukuzamazama komhlaba, umlilo, izikhukhula) kuyabonakala ikakhulukazi izimfanelo ezifana ukuzithiba, ukuzinikela, uthando nobunye, amalungu ethimba usizo mutual.

- kokushintsha kwabalindi, isehlukaniso nezingozi ukusebenza komsebenzi. Kulezi zimo, wembula degree of lezempi, lizinga amakhono kanye nogqozi ukuze bafeze imisebenzi amasosha izinkolelo.

- Kusihlwa isheke. Ungakwazi unake isiyalo jikelele, impendulo webutho lezempi imisebenzi nokusatshalaliswa yabo.

A indima ekhethekile udlalwa yizingxabano ahlukahlukene lapho ubuhlobo phakathi kwamadoda empi nokuziphatha kwabo kubonakala kakhulu. Kubalulekile wazi abangobhongoza, futhi ucacise izizathu kanye namandla okubakhona ingxabano, ekuhlukanisweni nabantu bakaJehova, ukucacisa izindima wabahlanganyeli ahlukahlukene.

Okubukwa kuyi-Psychology Sikhungo

Lolu hlobo locwaningo ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa ekutadisheni ukuziphatha abafundi kanye nothisha, nesitayela wabo womsebenzi. Kubalulekile ukugcina imibandela emibili ebalulekile: waphawula akufanele ukuthi yini into cwaningo; umcwaningi akufanele aphazamise imisebenzi waphawula.

Okubukwa kwengqondo yezenhlalakahle kufanele kwenziwe ngokuvumelana uhlelo ngaphambilini athuthukile. Bophezela nje kudingeka labo kuwukubonakaliswa umsebenzi lezinto ezihambisana emigomweni zocwaningo. Kungcono ukusebenzisa video, njengoba kusivumela ukuthi ukufunda lo mkhuba izikhathi ezimbalwa futhi kuqinisekisa nokwethenjelwa esiphezulu okutholakele.

I Psychology zemfundo ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa observation unincorporated, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube aphume kwenziwe futhi ubani ifakiwe, okuvumela umcwaningi ukuzwa isandla kuqala ukuthi isipiliyoni uzizwe uyalandelwa. Nokho, lokhu ikakhulukazi kufanele silwele ukulondoloza umnqopho.

Okubukwa kwengqondo

Lapha-ke kungaba okuqinile, futhi uyakhetha. Uma okwashiwo ihlanganisa izici eziningi yokuziphatha okuphawulwe ngesikhathi esifanayo, isikhathi eside, futhi wenziwa maqondana nanoma izingane into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, ibizwa ngokuthi okuqhubekayo. Kulokhu, ngokuvamile kukhona ezinye selectivity: umbandela Ukukhetha kuyinto igugu. Ekusebentiseni isampula inhlolovo wabonisa walinganisa eyodwa kuphela isici esithile ingane ukuziphatha wafunda noma ukuziphatha kwakhe ezimweni ezithile echaziwe, ngezikhawu (nokuqalisa observation ezifana kwengqondo izibonelo ezilandelayo: uCharles Darwin ngilugcinile Inkulumo imizwelo indodana yakhe, sezilimi zasekhaya A. N. Gvozdev eqoshiwe inkulumo ingane yabo ngesikhathi kuqala iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili zokuphila kwakhe).

Inani yaleli su kwengqondo wukuthi isicelo sale ndlela azikho yobudala into efundwayo. Life Track waphawula phezu isikhathi eside ikuvumela ukuba uthole amaphuzu kokuphenduka, nezikhathi ezibucayi sokugcwaliseka kwaso.

Okubukwa kwengqondo, izibonelo esiye wabonisa nje, kukhona kuvame kakhulu ukuba kusetshenziswe ukuqoqa idatha lapho besanda kuqala cwaningo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa, futhi njengoba indlela eyinhloko.

isiphetho

Ekuphetheni, Ngithanda wazi waphinda ukuthi irekhodi futhi zingabukela kuphela amavidiyo ngaphandle womsebenzi kwengqondo yomuntu futhi ukubonakaliswa yabo. Nokho, eziningi izakhi ezibalulekile ngokwengqondo ezichaza ukuziphatha is kungabonakali ngaphandle ubonakalisiwe, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukulungiswa ngosizo ukubhekwa. Ngokwesibonelo, akunakwenzeka ukulandelela umsebenzi ukucabanga, nakho ahlukahlukene ezifihliwe ngokomzwelo futhi uthi.

Ngakho-ke, ngisho nalapho indlela eyakusho eziyisisekelo, okuholela kanye naye futhi wasebenzisa amadoda amaningana namanye amasu anjengebalazwe zokuvota, baxoxe, nezinye izindlela ezengeziwe. Ukuqaphelisisa nokusebenzisa isilingo Psychology futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye.