ODN - kuyini? Obschedomovye idinga. ukubala

I kokuthola izinkokhelo efulethini ihlangabezana umugqa ngokuthi ARF. Kuyini lokhu? It imelela "ezivamile wendlu izidingo." Futhi yilokho ziqukethe nokuthi ukubala wenziwa - esingayifunda kulokhu sihloko.

ODN: kuyini?

Njalo indlu ukuthi ixhunywe samandla, ithola amandla, is kunakwe emnyango isakhiwo. Isetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa ngaphakathi efulethini futhi izindawo ezivamile. esiphikisayo Obschedomovoy ibala wonke amandla kagesi engena esinezindlu eziqashisayo.

Akuwona wonke umuntu uyaqonda incazelo ARF: ukuthi kuyini nokuthi lesi sibalo kubonakala bill. Imali likhokhelwa hhayi kuphela ukukhanyisa zeminyango. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kukagesi egumbini ngisho nasekamelweni eliphezulu umsebenzi imishini umlilo, intercoms, amaphampu - okungukuthi, zonke izinto zikagesi neze, esinikela yokuhlala ukhululekile ngabo bonke abahlali. Futhi uyakucabangela Ukushisa obschedomovoy endaweni nokunye.

Umuzi ngamunye has awayo zikagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke ukulahlekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe inethiwekhi kulesi sakhiwo kanye ikhokhwe obschedomovye izidingo.

ODN futhi OGPU

Kukhona izindlu ezingenziwanga enikeziwe obschedomovoy metering kudivayisi (OGPU). Khona-ke ODN likhokhelwa eceleni. Ngisho nedivaysi ngaphakathi umnikazi efulethini kumele akhokhe ODN ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso. Ngakho-ke, uma counter efulethini ayisethiwe, Tinsita zikhokhelwa ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso ne ukwengeza ODN.

Uma zamanje yokulinganisa Transformers ifakiwe, isibonelo, izinga lamanzi ashisayo kumelwe nalo likhokhelwe umehluko phakathi Imininingwane etholwe ivolumu isakhiwo, namanzi sokudliwa emafulethini. Lo mehluko kuthiwa wadibaniswa abanikazi, banikezwe indawo impahla yabo noma inani labantu abaphila.

Yini izindawo zibekwa njengoba ODN?

Ngesisekelo sihloko 36, isigaba 1, we Ezezindlu Ikhodi WaseRussia kumanani impahla obschedomovogo kukhona izindlu ezingekho ingxenye efulethini. Ziyakwazi:

• isitebhisi;
• pad therebetween;
• Akube khona imigudu yezilwane;
• Technical uya khona emabhilidini;
• lofts;
• ezindlini nge ngemisebenzi yobunjiniyela;
• nezinye izakhiwo hhayi ngawabantu ngabanye, kodwa kudingeka bahlangabezane nezidingo uhlamvu zenhlalo, njengokwanda ophahleni futhi nadkrovelnye izakhiwo, imishini ukwesekwa ukuphila ezingaphezu kweyodwa efulethini, eduze umhlaba iziza kanye izinto ezibekwe phezu kwabo.

Kanjani ukubala ODN (ulwazi olujwayelekile)

ODN ukubala kuxhomeke endleleni akhawunti power ukusetshenziswa, ukushisa namanzi, okusho ukuthi, kuba khona nobe kungabikhona obschedomovyh zokubala. Uma imitha endlini ifakiwe, izibalo zenziwa ngesisekelo Uhulumeni Ukulungiswa № 354-May 6, 2011, kanti uma kungenjalo - nangokwesinqumo sokwahlulela soMthetho woHulumeni № 258 March 28, 2012.

Uma lezi zokubala ayatholakala, kufanele kanje ukufundwa efulethini, bese emalini lemali kusuka ubufakazi izingxenye ezivamile.

Uma engekho, khona-ke izindleko zibalwa ngokususelwa endaweni ezindaweni ezivame nabaqashi abahlala efulethini ngaphansi kohlelo, okuyinto efakwe inhlangano ngokuhlanganyela. Inani okuye kwasakazwa eminyakeni zokuhlala, kuye endaweni yabo noma abahlala emizini abantu ngokuvumelana kwezinkambiso aqine. Ngokuvamile inkokhelo ezindlini ngaphandle ezingxenyeni ezivamile lingaphezulu kakhulu kunaleyo lapho ayakuma.

Ifomula ukubala

Uma counter akuyona endlini, izidingo zibalwa ngesikhathi obschedomovye amazinga kwethulwa. Ngesikhathi isimemezelo efanayo oshiwo ngenhla avumela ifomula neziqondiso benziwa ngokuqondile bentando noma izinhlangano kokunikeza imithombo.

Ifomula jikelele okulandelayo: V = ODN isilinganiso * S ODN. Lapho V - ivolumu ODN futhi S - Ngcono endaweni ehlanganisa impahla ezivamile.

ODN neziqondiso amasevisi alandelayo:

1. Unit igesi ejwayelekile uhlale zero, uma counter endlini kungekho. Uma izidingo obschedomovye samanje esingasinika zinenani emihle noma emibi.
2. standard Ukushisa iyunithi ibalwa Gcal / m² futhi ilingana yinto evamile ukukhuluma flat eyodwa.

Ugesi ODN ibalwa kWh / m².

Unit indinganiso amanzi ibalwa cubes ngamunye square imitha futhi liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili:

1. Esinye sezakhi elilingana 0,0903 cube ngomuntu ngamunye ngenyanga ngayinye imitha skwele ODN.
2. Enye ingxenye ibalwa ngokuvumelana ukulahlekelwa zobuchwepheshe maqondana ukusetshenziswa okuphelele, esakhiwa ukusetshenziswa esezingeni cubes on umuntu abahlala efulethini. Ukulahlekelwa zibalwa kuye ngenani samaphansi endlini. Ifomula okulandelayo: (0,2 + 0,07 * L) / 4.3.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-a-indlu eziyishumi ukulahlekelwa ayesezohlubuka amabili nanye amaphesenti. Yiqiniso, ingxenye enkulu esinje sibonakala ngokucacile ngokweqile. A kungenzeka, it is yethulwa ukuze sikhuthaze kulungiselelwa letibali. Uma counter isethelwe indlu, ODN ukubala siqukethe le miqulu elandelayo igesi, ukushisa, ugesi kanye negesi.

1. ivolumu Real udinga ngaphandle ezindlini (isib, Ukushisa kanye ukukhanyisa driveways).
2. Inani wachitha kule ngozi.
3. Ukulahlekelwa kumanethiwekhi zobunjiniyela.
4. I Ukweqa noma eshodayo ezindlini, lapho azikho amamitha ngamunye.
5. Ifomula simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: V ODN (1) = V indlu (2) - I-akhawunti V (3) - imithetho V (4) - V ezisalayo (5). Kuphi: 1 - ngevolumu ODN; 2 - ukusetshenziswa ku counter ekhaya; 3 - isamba zokubala zonke zokuhlala; 4 - inani iziqondiso ezindlini, lapho azikho amamitha; 5 - imali ebanjwayo kusukela kwamanye amasevisi.

Umphumela ngevolumu ODN, okubandakanya Ukucabangela oshiwo ngenhla. Ngamunye wabo ngeke besakwazi izobalwa ngokwehlukile. Kodwa inani kuyinto.

Izibonelo ukubala ODN

Ake sicabangele izimo ezithile ambalwa.

Uma eduze nendlu kuyinto esitolo, okuyinto ixhunywe endlini-amanethiwekhi, ke izindleko uqinisekile ziyabhekelelwa. Uma amasevisi kudliwe zikhokhelwa amamitha ngamunye ifakiwe, lapho kubalwa nemininingwane yayo kufakwe imali ebanjwayo kanye bayakhishwa kusukela ODN.

Lapho kususwa ukuxhumana yesikhuphukeli ngesicelo omunye emafulethini (isibonelo, uma esikhundleni ibhetri), inani Fusion amanzi kumele zifakwe njengoba inkonzo ukhokhelwe i-akhawunti yakho ye-efulethini. Naye wanikelwa axoshwe ODN.

Uma amanzi emaphakathi alinikezi amanzi ashisayo, umthamo wamanzi abandayo Ukushisa sisuswe ODN. Amanzi abandayo Kulokhu kumele ikhokhwe njengoba amanzi ashisayo.

esiphikisayo Obschedomovoy ukufudumeza ingasetshenziswa isevisi "Ukushisa", kubalwa umthamo zazo esetshenziselwe ukukhokhela amanzi ashisayo.

Uma kungekho amamitha ngabanye, kodwa obschedomovoy esetshenziswa ke le ndlela elandelayo sisetshenziswa: V ODN (1) = (V indlu (2) - V ezisalayo (3)) * S ODN (4) / S indlu (5). Kuphi: 1 - ngevolumu ODN; 2 - ukusetshenziswa alinganisiwe ekhaya; 3 - ebanjwayo kusuka kwamanye amasevisi; 4 - endaweni impahla ezivamile; 5 - nenani akhawunti omuntu siqu kanye endaweni ingqikithi impahla.

Ama-akhawunti omuntu usebenzisa le ndlela elandelayo: V ind. (1) = (V indlu (2) -. V calc (3)) * S ind. (4) / S indlu (5). Lapha 1 kusho inani akhawunti, futhi 5 - isamba ezindaweni wonke ama-akhawunti siqu, kanye izindawo jikelele nokwakha inani.

Ngu-akhawunti omuntu siqu obschedomovoy ivolumu basakaza izidingo kuye value emihle noma emibi.

Endabeni ka okutholakele omuhle ivolumu kwabelwa bonke abathengi, okuhlanganisa zokuhlala, kanye namahhovisi nezitolo. Inkokhelo ODN ngokulingana endaweni yama-akhawunti siqu.

Nge engeyinhle ivolumu ukusatshalaliswa kwenzeka kuphela akhawunti amakhasimende zokuhlala. Kulokhu, zonke izinsiza kubalwa ngokulingana isibalo sabantu enamathiselwe ngamunye akhawunti siqu, bafudumale isevisi - ngokulingana lokungcolisa.

Kungani inani ephawulekayo?

Inani evamile zokukhokha ODN elilingana amaphesenti ayishumi of Imininingwane ukubaluleka inkokhelo ukuze irisidi. Uma inani kulesi sigaba idlula amaphesenti amathathu, kukhona sokukhathazeka. Okokuqala, kudingeka uhlaziye ulwazi jikelele, ukushayisa wonke yokukhokha in izitolimende: yimalini ichithwa umsebenzi zommbila, ukukhanyisa, amaphampu nokunye. Ngokusekelwe kulezi imiphumela kuwufanele ecabanga kuhle kwegezi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi isibalo izinyathelo ezihlose amandla kwemvelo. Kulokhu, umsebenzi bakhangwa Ochwepheshe orientation ezifanele, nalabo yena, ukuncoma kanye nokuqalisa ubuchwepheshe ezidingekayo kanye nemishini.

Ikakhulukazi, uma amandla kagesi zezitho ezivamile ODN etholwe enkulu kakhulu, abaqashi kumele ukwabelana ukuhlonza imbangela.

amanani okukhulu izidingo obschedomovye ngokuvamile bathi izintambo kagesi awekho esimweni esihle. Ngakho, counter elungisa eziningi kilowatt-amahora. Isibopho amandla engenayo kagesi has inhlangano elikhuthaza inethiwekhi ezifanele. Uma inhlangano kungaqali, ke lokhu icala elikhulu liba abaqashi endlini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa ukusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho inkomba ngokuthi "ugesi ODN" kungandisa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma izakhamuzi efulethini elithile inqanyuliwe ugesi vu ngezinsolo zokungakhokhi, kodwa ngokungemthetho axhumene kunethiwekhi, kufanele ngokushesha thintana nomhlinzeki nsizakalo wakho ukufinyelela kwabo isakhiwo kukhawulwe njengoba ukusetshenziswa energy egcina izidingo obschedomovyh. ukushaja Ngaphambili ODN kwakuxhomeke khona abahlali zokubala. Uma engekho, khona-ke bebengayikuba ukukhokhela ugesi ngokuhambisana nemithetho yamanje, kanye ucezu amandla ayesuka izidingo ukusetshenziswa endlini yonke. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho iziqondiso yabonisa kuphela i value eseduze. Okwamanje, ngokuhambisana uMthetho Federal №261 «On Energy Ukulondoloza», wonke amafulethi amamitha ngamunye ukuze ifakwe. Ngakho, le nkinga yaxazululeka.

Ubufakazi ODN kungathikameza esifike ngesikhathi sokudlulisa zokubala enhlanganweni ukuba babakhonze.

Indlela inciphise amacala phezu ARF?

Uma isamba izidingo obschedomovye ukuza likhulu kakhulu, izinyathelo ezilandelayo kufanele kuthathwe kaningi.

ugesi:

• kuhlolwe uxhumano okungagunyaziwe ugesi by abaqashi;
• esikhundleni izintambo zikagesi - ingase ngokweqile igqoke izindlu ezindala, kanye kokuba umonakalo futhi eziningi esonta, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuphelelweni ukumelana kohlelo futhi ekulahlekeni kwamandla kagesi (kulokhu, abanikazi endlini unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa zisebenze Criminal Code, inhlangano yenza audit amandla ngoba isidingo esikhundleni wiring);
• ukufaka LED esikhundleni incandescent ama.

Mayelana nodaba amanzi:

• ukufaka amamitha ngamunye ukuze ukhokhele ukusetshenziswa, hhayi ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso;
• okufike ngesikhathi imitha ukufundwa.

Mayelana nodaba Ukushisa - khona izingxenye ezivamile kufanele ubambe ukubekwa uphawu ngokuhlanganyela kwezinhlaka iphaneli, esikhundleni amawindi ubudala futhi ukwahlukanisa ukubamba amaphayiphi ezindlini.

Nge ukwahlukanisa ezinhle nokushisa kuyoba esincane. amafasitela Abaningi ukuvula ebusika nokukhululwa ukushisa. Kodwa kungcono ukufaka valve ukulawula phezu radiators in the amafulethi. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuqala kwesizini abandayo, ngakho asikho isidingo sokukhipha amanzi aphume yesikhuphukeli.

Ngaphezu kwemigomo ngenhla, imali ngoba ODN bathembele:

• ukuthembeka ulwazi endaweni jikelele nokwakha isakhiwo;
• inani langempela labantu abaphilayo.

Ngakho, lapho umuntu kubhaliswe ku ugesi namanzi amazinga ushiye kancane kakhulu kunangesikhathi abebehlala amahlanu. Ngakho-ke, uma efulethini ehlala abantu izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-emihlanu ilandelana, iziqondiso kufanele ikhokhwe ngenani langempela labantu abaphilayo. umnikazi yokuhlala ubophekile ukuba azise Criminal Code.

Uma isitatimende engenayo noma IPU engaphelele

Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka amayunithi ngabanye noma izindawo ezivamile, kanye ukwehluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi ngumnikazi, imali kuyokwenziwa ubale kusukela ngosuku lapho insimbi baba okuyiphutha, noma kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokukhokha, uma usuku akunakwenzeka kubalwe.

Ngo ukubala ukusetshenziswa isilinganiso umthombo, ebalwa kusukela last izinyanga eziyishumi nambili, Ukushisa - kusukela enkathini bafudumale. Ngo kokuhlinzwa, isitatimende engenayo, noma imps esingaphansi konyaka, is kunakwe isikhathi langempela ayesebenza khona, kodwa izinyanga ezingeqile kwezingama ezintathu.

Uma kuwukuthi ukufundwa ezingenakwenzeka ICS izinyanga ezintathu, futhi inzuzo noma ukulahlekelwa - amabili, icala kuyoba idatha kwezinkambiso zamanje.

Ihlola amadivayisi

GTC kanye imps kumele ihlolwe okungenani kanye ngonyaka, futhi uma izakhiwo yomsebenzisi ke akukho ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu.

Kulokhu, zonke abanikazi kumele atiswe ngaleso wokuhlola lohleliwe ngesaziso esilotshiwe, lapho kufanele ungene futhi uthumele umlayezo nge usuku oluqondile. Emva isaziso umnikazi kufanele, zingakapheli izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ukubika izinsuku test ukuthi kukhona esikahle.

Namanje eminye imibuzo mayelana ARF

Kusukela maphakathi 2012. izindawo ezivamile (Mos) is hhayi kunakwe lapho kubalwa irisidi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu kubhaliswe ku indlu noma cha, ARF izobalwa futhi ngokwentando ubukhulu efulethini. Ngakho, noma iyiphi inombolo ye kadokotela noma inani langempela labantu abahlala asithinti le nkomba.

In the engekho umnikazi izindleko efulethini obschedomovye iyalidinga usenayo ukukhokhela inqubo jikelele.

isiphetho

Kusukela sihloko Esakufunda ODN: ukuthi kuyini, ukuthi amaphuzu ziyabhekelelwa e izibalo futhi kanjani they ziyasetshenziswa. Ngaphansi zamanje umthetho ukukhubazeka ebonakalayo kanye izikhala, njengalezo elihlobene ne izingxenye ezivamile (isinqumo ezimele mayelana ukufakwa noma ukukhokhelwa ngokuvumelana nezindinganiso). Kwezinye izindlu, lapho ukulawula wenziwa ehlelekile, akukho izinkinga, kodwa lapha, isibonelo, i-HOA sengathi ezihlukahlukene nokuhlukumeza nezindaba umane oluvelele, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi oluthinta ngqo abaqashile.