Ngaphandle kwe-base skull

skull Human - ithambo luhlaka, okuyinto has a ubulungu amathambo amabili nantathu. Senza umsebenzi ukuvikela ubuchopho ngenxa yokulimala ehlukahlukene. Ugebhezi kuyinto ingxenye uhlelo lwamathambo futhi uhlelo zemisipha. Siqukethe iminyango cerebral kanye ebusweni ukuthi imisebenzi ethize. kuleso naleso sigaba has base zangaphandle kwangaphakathi.

Yini wakha phansi Yekhanda?

Lakhiwa ingxenye esemkhathini futhi acinene wethambo frontal, amaphiko ezinkulu kanye nezincane, ethmoid kanye amapuleti, imibhoshongo ithambo yesikhashana futhi umzimba omkhulu, izingxenye hlangothi nakuloluya izingxenye engezansi ithambo occipital.

Kumila Yekhanda, isithombe ungabona, has a isakhiwo yokuthi amathambo zayo ngazinye noma amalunga omzimba kuthiwa ngokwengxenye exhunywe zamatshe uqwanga izicubu. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi synchondrosises.

Iminyango kanye ukuvuleka

Ngaphandle base skull kuhlukaniswe futhi has ziboya ehlukahlukene izimbobo lapho imizwa nemithambo yegazi. Engemuva Front iyona indawo yangaphandle occipital yokhalo. Kusukela kuye yehla Crest lwentamo. Ngaphambi izikali Uyi wazalela entanyeni ezinkulu. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ke kukhawulwe ithambo occipital, kanye phambi - nesigaxa. ezinzwa Hypoglossal has wazalela condylar kuyoshaya ngaphansi entanyeni izinqubo, okuyinto zitholakala emva fossa kuphenduke okuphakelayo ngakanye.

Eduze Magnum foramen base Yekhanda, eduze ngaphambili, itholakala pharyngeal tubercle, kuyilapho mastoid - umgodi igama elifanele, okuyinto lapho uya khona ekhishwa ebusweni nerve futhi styloid inqubo.

Ebusweni phansi petrous ingxenye has fossa jugular nokuvula igama elifanayo. Dlula izinzwa cranial. Kule kumila ukuvulwa skull out zangaphandle jugular Vienna. Phambi kwakhe kuyinto umsele carotid emgodini ngaphandle futhi zidabukile - etholakala eduze ichopho izingxenye enamadwala.

i-canal Pterygoid sihamba phambi impande izinqubo pterygoid avule imbobo. izimbobo Okusaqanda futhi spinous zivuliwe ithambo sphenoid. Ukuvuleka ngaphakathi komgodi acinene ngokuthi choanae. Basuke etholakala phambi edabukile. Phakathi plate elingaphandle inqubo pterygoid kanye ebusweni phansi iphiko elikhulu esisogwini sphenoid kuyinto fossa infratemporal.

Izingxenye ezingemuva ithambo banegama esibhakabhakeni izimbobo efanayo eziholela ku iziteshi. Sine amazinyo esitokisini ngemuva ukuvulwa esiqondile.

isakhiwo

Skull - umgodi ezakhiwe uvalwe ohlanganisa amathambo, okuyinto zitholakala kwezitho zomzimba ezibalulekile ukuze umuntu aphile: ubuchopho ikhanda, izingxenye kokuqala kwemigudu yokuphefumula kokudla futhi izinzwa. Ugebhezi ukuhlukanisa egumbini noma ophahleni, base okuyinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ngaphandle kwalapho kumila khona ugebhezi Kumiswa nge ebusweni nephansi lalo - zobuchopho futhi ebusweni neminyango, okuyinto zihlukaniswe phambi, emuva phakathi.

Ngaphambili okuyingxenye evela amazinyo futhi wenza ukuphela ezingemuva amathambo LasePalatine kwakhiwa amapuleti ovundlile, ezixhunywe ngaphambili ongenhla spikes esibhakabhakeni, ukwakha ulwanga bony. Ngo isikhala yayo Kumiswa imigodi incisal, okuyindawo siqala ishizolo siteshi. It kuholela aphansi amavesi acinene. Isakhiwo base skull yokuthi phakathi ulwanga ithambo ngokuhlanganyela liphela futhi izimbobo palatal: ezincane nezinkulu - phambili kusiteshi.

Isigaba esiphakathi elalihlala isikhala phakathi esibhakabhakeni kanye Magnum foramen, phambi usiko. imingcele Lateral igijime yangaphandle canal sokuzwa kuze kube inqubo mastoid yamafomu. Ngaphandle base skull has izimbobo ezimbili, okuyinto ukuvula phakathi komgodi acinene.

Engemuva Front elise phakathi umphetho waphambili imbobo occipital ezinkulu kanye yangaphandle occipital protuberance.

phambi ehhovisi

It yakhiwa amathambo abhanqiwe futhi ayibhangqiwe. Ubuswa wangaphambili. Basuke emelelwa lo ongenhla, acinene, zygomatic, futhi lasePalatine ithambo lacrimal, ephansi ekhaleni echibini. Okwesibili - ethmoid ithambo Coulter, ithambo hyoid, umhlathi ongezansi. Amathambo base Yekhanda, zazo ngaphambili ehhovisi, zinomthelela omkhulu kuzo zonke izinzwa, amasistimu zokuphefumula futhi wokugaya ukudla.

Yiba skull eqinile ukuvumela ndawo enomoya. Sinenkosi amathambo ayibhangqiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umoya iqhaza ekuhlinzekeni zihlale zifudumele. izimbotshana okunjalo abe nhlonhlo, engaphelele, ethmoid, ithambo yesikhashana futhi maxilla.

A indima ekhethekile emzimbeni womuntu enikezwa hyoid ithambo arc, elise phakathi amalaka futhi engxenyeni engezansi umhlathi futhi axhunyiwe emathanjeni cranial ngu nemisipha kanye nemisipha. Nge kuziwa ukwakheka komzimba kanye pair of izimpondo, lapho kukhona inqubo styloid.

I engenhla amathambo oluyisicaba base kogebhezi ipuleti zigcwele ithambo impahla. amaseli zako ziyizindlela ubuchopho nezitsha lapho igazi ukhiphela. Gyrus futhi sulcus zobuchopho akhiwa semfene amanye amathambo skull.

cranial

He biyela the ubuchopho ekulimaleni futhi egobolondweni zokuzivikela. Cranial ebusweni ngenhla ahlukaniswa futhi ukuma i lesiyingi. ivolumu Its 1500 cm Ehlanganisa kabili, parietal nezesikhasana, amathambo, futhi imidiyeni -. occipital, sphenoid futhi engaphelele. Lesi sakamuva siqukethe izikali ezimbili, umnsalo. Kuyinto womoya. kwakhiwa Kukhona emabunzini frontal ezindundumeni, okuyinto akhiwa ngokusebenzisa odongeni nezinyawo, ngalo ingaphakathi acinene, le fossa ngesikhathi amathempeli ngaphambili. Ngosizo le parietal ithambo ezimise yayinamakhothamo, futhi ngosizo we occipital - base Yekhanda, isithombe okuyinto othulwe ukunakwa kwakho.

Intuthu ithambo isakhiwo womoya yesikhashana ingxenye. It lucwaningo kumiswa egumbini cranial, ke indawo kokuzwa izitho. Lokhu ithambo yakha mbhoshongo nge umgodi tympanic futhi endlebeni.

sphenoid

Itholakala kuphi base Yekhanda, e kakhulu isikhungo. Ngesikhathi umzimba sphenoid kufanele off ke izinqubo okuthiwa ngokufanele, enamaphiko ezinkulu nezincane. Umzimba evele eziyisithupha ukuthi imisebenzi ethize. Lokhu phambi, emuva, phezulu, phansi kanye izinhlangothi ezimbili.

Kumila enkulu iphiko has ukuvuleka round, kobujamo obusaqanda futhi spinalis. Kunezinhlobo ezine iphiko, ngokuthi yesikhashana, maxillary, amehlo kanye nobuchopho. Basuke etholakala anemifantu lwemithambo futhi ayimigodi. Uhlangothi medial iphiko elincane has a inqubo olwehlelayo. Isikhala phakathi iphiko letinkhulu naletincane oluthatha engenhla ZaseLaki esemkhathini.

ithambo occipital

Siqukethe basilar, izingxenye ezilingene izikali. Uma kwakhiwa uxhumano yabo nge esikhulu ngokuthi occipital ukuvula. Ebusweni engezansi lateral condyle ingxenye inikezwe, phezu lapho siteshi sublingual. Ngemva kwakhe kuyinto fossa condylar umsele ezansi.

Maphakathi ebusweni elingaphandle esikalini has occipital protuberance. Uyaqhubeka phansi ugema of the gama elifanayo.

ithambo frontal

Ngaphandle base skull ithatha ingxenye enkulu ophahleni futhi has a bone frontal, okubandakanya ekhaleni, ingxenye esemkhathini futhi okuqondile esikalini. Le ngxenye ekhaleni phambi futhi singatsheki kungagcini latticework clip ye, ahlukaniswa kwesokunxele nakwesokudla iso enethiwekhi. Anterior frontal ingxenye has umugqa phakathi, okuyinto ludlulele yomgogodla acinene. Nhlangothi zombili ke (emile) iyona beso we itheku frontal Yekhanda.

izici Functional Yekhanda

Njengoba nzima umzimba bony, ugebhezi le misebenzi elandelayo:

• Kuhaya Ukuvikelwa ubuchopho, zonke izinzwa ekulimaleni.
• amathambo Cranial exhunywe imisipha ukuhlafuna ebusweni nasentanyeni.
• Ukwenza inqubo inkulumo ngenkathi usebenzisa emihlathini womoya kanye sinuses umsindo.
• Skull udlala indima ebalulekile isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene, okungukuthi esebenzisa imihlathi wenza ukuhlafuna umsebenzi futhi lilinganiselwe kuya ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo.

Kumila ugebhezi: ukwakheka

A usana amathambo emhlathini flat, zingabantu zemali izindodla ithambo balochek ngaphandle inhlangano ecacile neqondile. Phakathi kwazo kunane-ezicutshini okuxekethile. ithambo Compact ezifundeni neuropathy sishoda lithathe indawo yaleli periosteum ethulwa ungqimba obukhulu.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amalungu engu- zihlanganisiwe. It yakha okuqhubekayo icwecwe eliqophayo: lokuqala ezinhlangothini, sabe anterior kanye posterior izifunda emhlathini. Ubukhulu amathambo ebusweni zikhule. Lokubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuleni amathambo ebusweni Yekhanda isizinda has. Anatomy isakhiwo yabo yokuthi anterior fossa cranial is yinde ngenxa ezivuzayo ehlukanisa engaphelele kanye yegridi, yakamuva bese ithambo ecashile.

Evala nokukhula ukuphila ngonyaka 10-11. Ngemva kwalokho frontal amathambo pnevmatiziruetsya bone ekwakhekeni kwenzeka phezu yangaphandle. Ngo amantombazane, lokhu kuze kube iminyaka engu-13, futhi laba bafana - ukuze 14. With ukukhula base skull incipha igebe eliphakathi emigodini cranial: the front futhi bakhulise. Lokhu kuchaza iqiniso lokuthi ubukhulu mpo nobuntu BUSA ovundlile.

Izici isakhiwo Yekhanda: ubulili nobudala

Zonke amathambo Yekhanda bacale kutfutfukisa isigaba membranous, kulandele uqwanga bone sokugcina. amathambo ebusweni ukundlula esigabeni maphakathi sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Isici esikhethekile isakhiwo Yekhanda ngomntwana osanda kuzalwa kuba khona izinsalela ugebhezi membranous - fontanelle, okuyizinto phambi, nibulale ezingasemuva, ohlangothini.

On the fontanel anterior (kwekulu) kungabonakala nasemkhakheni iminyakazo yokuphefumula, ingcindezi intracranial (uma kwandisa fontanelle ichichima), amanzi emzimbeni ingane (uma fontanelle eshona isifo).

I fontanelle ezingemuva lincane futhi likhula masinyane. Ngokugcwele eside usana ngokuvamile entula fontanelles lateral, okuyinto ziyatholakala abantwana abazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Kodwa, ziyiminyaka engamashumi 2-3 bokuphila yene.

Isici sesibili siwukuthi kokubili kwangaphakathi kanye ebusweni elingaphandle base skull has a ungqimba uqwanga, okuyinto ahlelwe phakathi izingxenye ngazinye amathambo.

Isici sesithathu. Ngo ezisanda kuzalwa, sinuses womoya, ameva, uhlevane, nemihlathi kungukuthi athuthukile, akukho amazinyo.

Kumiswa sutures Yekhanda kuziwa 3-5 iminyaka yokuphila. Sekukonke eseqedile eminyakeni 25-30 sikhule.

Skull zihlukaniswa ngobulili, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu it has. ushintsho olumayelana nohlelo ubudala lungaboniswa sonke isisekelo Yekhanda. Anatomy isakhiwo salo yokuthi crests bese ithambo sithambile imfuyo izakhiwo uqale ukuncibilikisa, amathambo cranial babe ziyaqothuka futhi kulula. Skull ukuma ingahluka ngaphansi kwethonya izici lokukhanda.