Lolimi komlando isiRashiya. Ucwaningo we umlando ulimi

Grammar mhlawumbe ngomunye wabokuqala olimini isayensi, kwaqala amanga emibhalweni Indian lasendulo Philologists. Leli gama lalisetshenziselwa eGrisi lasendulo ngomqondo isiyalo etadisha imithetho lokubhala nokufunda. Is la amasiko amabili has kwaqala njengendlela aseYurophu, futhi lolimi Russian.

Grammar - ingxenye yezilimi

lolimi zomlando ulimi Russian - yalesigatshana lolimi ezivamile, isihloko sesifundo somuntu okuyinto kumiswa teksto- futhi izwi, okusho aspect esisemthethweni ulimi. Njengoba kusobala kakade kusukela isihloko, lena ingxenye yezilimi, unesibopho ukusetshenziswa ngokufanele ulimi wenkhulumo nalokubhaliwe. Ngakho, nemikhiqizo efana amagama ezifana 'sifaneleke' futhi 'charter' ezikhulunyelwa wokufihla ezihlobene incwadi, igama elifanele.

Grammar usungula ukuxhumana phakathi kwamagama futhi inkulumo izingxenye, alawule ukwakheka kwamagama kanye kwaqanjwa ulimi. It etadisha isici letihlelekile telulwimi - lolimi yayo. Kulokhu, into izifundo zakhe kuhluka morpheme (kwesincane kunazo zonke okunenjongo iyunithi ulimi) kanye nombhalo (ingxenye ngobukhulu ezimele uhlelo ulimi).

Ngokuvamile, uhlelo lolimi kuhlanganisa izigaba ezimbili wesayensi yezilimi: i morphology nolwamagama. Eyokuqala izifundo izwi e ngokunembile wonke umqondo walo kolimi, kwesibili - ukwakhiwa amagama. Ngaphezu kwalokho, orthoepy, uhlu lwamagama, amafonethiki, ihluzo, ukupelwa isiRashiya lihlobene eduze uhlelo lolimi, kuhlanganise zomlando.

Ubunye nemithetho yolimi nendlela lucebe

Ungakhohlwa mayelana uxhumano nolimi kokusebenzisa uhlelo lolimi nolwazimagama, ifomu kanye nokuqukethwe izitatimende. Ngezinye izikhathi lokho okushiwo lucebe yegama inquma izici zayo zolimi nemisebenzi yazo, ngezinye izikhathi - kunalokho.

Ukuze lolimi komlando kungekho ukubaluleka ezincane ubudlelwano lolufanele lwesilulumagama nelulwimi. Ngokwesibonelo, tisho akhiwa inqubo lexicalized: ifomu kolimi fixed ngolimi ngatsi kwehlukile EsiZulwini asinayo futhi okuphawulekayo iyunithi lucebe. Grammaticalization, kunalokho, uthi izwi njengendlela inkomba kolimi, ilihumusha ku isigaba affixes futhi amazwi asizayo.

Izibonelo namazwi edidayo e isiRashiya ngenxa nokuxhumana lolimi zomlando nolwazimagama. Hhayi njalo amagama amasha ngolimi akhiwa incrementing amayunithi: ne ekukhuleni komphakathi bangase babe incazelo akusebenzi izwi ukuthenga value entsha noma ezengeziwe.

Ngenqubekela-phambili umlando ulimi uguqulwa, ukuhleleka kuka uhlelo lwayo izakhi - uhlelo likhanya futhi kulula. Nokho, ukuqonda lokhu, kumelwe babe kuvisisa izinqubo zomlando eziye zenzeka futhi olwenzeka ngolimi.

Umsuka lolimi zomlando

lolimi komlando isiRashiya, futhi ngokuvamile bonke lolimi Russian elisuka emibhalweni Mihaila Vasilevicha Lomonosova ekubhekaneni isiRashiya of nokuzwelana nabanye Slavic futhi European izilimi. Usosayensi iziNyathelo ivume lolimi njengendlela isiyalo ngokwesayensi. It bachuma ekhulwini XIX futhi lihlotshaniswa namagama ezifana Aleksandr Hristoforovich Vostokov, Izmail Ivanovich Sreznevsky futhi Fodor Ivanovich Buslaev.

"Lolimi zomlando ulimi Russian" Valeriya Vasilevicha Ivanova - lena esigabeni samanje yentuthuko isayensi namalimi wemiphakathi. Incwadi yakhe yanyatheliswa kuyi 80s kwekhulu elidlule, futhi namuhla ubhekwa umhlahlandlela onegunya abafundi amandla philological.

isihloko cwaningo

Manje lolimi zomlando - lokhu ingenye izingxenye wesayensi yezilimi, echaza imithetho ushintsho zomlando kule indlela ulimi olwakheke ngayo ezingeni nemisindo namazwi, futhi ezingeni ka-syntax eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isithakazelo isayensi ebhaliwe kanye ezikhulunywayo (lwesigodi) inkulumo. Okokugcina ngisho ngokwezinga elikhulu nomthelela ekwakhiweni kohlelo ulimi.

Le ncwadi eshiwo ngenhla V. Ivanov ugcizelela ukuthi lolimi zomlando ibonisa inqubo ashukumisayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuguqulwa kohlelo ulimi. Ulimi eba ngu nemithetho yayo siqu kanye nemithetho yangaphakathi izingxenye ngabanye (phonology, miyalelo, morphology, nabanye).

Uhlelo lolimi of Russian ulimi F.I.Buslaeva

Kusukela zomlando lolimi - izifundo wafunda esikoleni esiphakeme, kuyafaneleka kokukhuluma imisebenzi esemqoka kanye nezincwadi ezikhuluma ngale ndaba.

"Lolimi zomlando ulimi Russian" Fedor Ivanovich Buslaev kwaba neqhaza elikhulu esivumelwaneni imisebenzi kulesi sihloko. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, wayengumuntu iphayona indlela wesayensi yezilimi yokuqhathanisa. Ukuqamba lendlela ngukutsi umbhali uchaza ngolimi owayephila ngesikhathi ukuguqulwa, uthathelwe izilimi ahlobene. Kuyinto ngenxa nokuhlanganiswa lasendulo, isiSlavonic Esidala nezinye izilimi Slavic kwakhiwa okulingana yesimanje etemibhalo.

Umbhali hhayi kuphela yakha amaphethini isakhiwo yolimi, kodwa sifuna izimbangela zazo umsuka amazwi. Ukuze Buslaeva umlando ulimi iyithuluzi emzamweni ukuqonda imihlola, okuyinto abaqashelwa yesimanje yezilimi okuhlukile.

Ivanov. lolimi zomlando ulimi Russian

Labor Buslaeva waphetha ezingxenyeni ezimbili: azinikele ngowokuqala phansi nemisindo namazwi, okungukuthi, morphology, kwesibili - syntax. Ngakho, inani izingxenye ncwadi oluhambisana inani lolimi izihloko.

Sakhiwo ezahlukene has a kuzuze sezilimi Soviet V. Ivanova, eyenzelwe abafundi-Philologists. Umbhali eceleni ngokucabangela umsuka isiRashiya futhi ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana kwayo ne-Izilimi zesiSlavic ezihlobene. Incwadi echaza umlando izakhi ezahlukene obujwayelekile kolimi - uthome imisindo nesiphetfo-syntax. Eceleni ikhombisa umlando ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka ngayinye titfo tenkhulumo.

lolimi zomlando ulimi Russian kubafundi

Ngokuhamba izikole isiRashiya alinikezi amawashi sokutadisha lolimi zomlando: Uhlelo igxile ekuthuthukiseni yolimi lwanamuhla tetemibhalo, kunokuba ukucindezeleka emlandweni walo. Nokho, isiRashiya nge indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo liphenduka kuncike isidina, injongo zawo ezinkulu bekrema imithetho kanye paradigms ezahlukene. Indlela ulimi lula futhi sobala ngabe, uma ukumambula esidlule yakhe! Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi ulimi - lokhu akulona yinhlama eqandisiwe kanye kushintsha njalo ohlelweni: ehlala futhi ithuthukisa njengomuntu eziphilayo.

Kunezindlela eziningana ukufaka zomlando lolimi zesikole isiRashiya. Okokuqala, kungenxa ekhaya azokuqhubela izifundo ngabanye abazinikele sihloko. Okwesibili, historicism isimiso ungakwazi ukuhamba evamile sifundo Yiqiniso njengenhlangano ukwaziswa okwengeziwe hlelo. Izibonelo namazwi edidayo e isiRashiya, ikakhulukazi amafonethiki futhi kushintshana onkamisa - lezi zinto nezinye izihloko eziningi kuyoba sobala kakhulu lapho echaza ukuhileleka kwabo nalokho okutholwe futhi kugcinwa lolimi zomlando.

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi Yiqiniso izincwadi Awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kosizo umlando ulimi, ikakhulukazi uma ukubanjwa bajwayelane izikhumbuzo izincwadi Old Russian. Ngokwesibonelo, "Lay" akuyona kuphela igcwele amazwi akusebenzi futhi ingaqondakali umbhalo, kodwa futhi igama kudinga ehlukile ehlaziya zomlando.

Inani lolimi zomlando

Ukwazi amaqiniso lolimi zomlando livumela indlela simqonde kakhudlwana yokufunda ulimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuba sobala nakakhulu lapho ufunda izikimu kanye paradigms eyayiyommelela. Ukubhala nokuthumela ukukhuluma kahle, hhayi ngempela ukufunda okuningi imithetho kanye okuhlukile ngekhanda - lolimi komlando isiRashiya kuzokusiza uqonde izinqubo okunengqondo okwenzeka kuwo.