Kuhle dystopia (incwadi): i Uhlolojikelele, izici, ukubuyekezwa

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlole incwadi engcono uhlobo dystopian, ngalokho ekuqukethe, futhi ukuba siqonde ukuthi kungani encwadi yalesi uhlobo ngaso sonke isikhathi kubangele bangempela abafundi isithakazelo, emuva umsuka eside.

Uyini "anti-utopia"?

Igama elithi "anti-utopia" livele izincwadi njengoba bezifunda okuphambene ephelele imisebenzi kulotshiwe uhlobo utopia. Umlobi lokuqala owanika isiqalo ukunyakaza etemibhalo wonke, khona Isazi sefilosofi esiyiNgisi Thomas More wayesebenzisa. Qala nakancane uhlobo wenza nokuboniswa "Utopia" inoveli yakhe (1516). Empeleni, iningi lemisebenzi yakhe yabonisa emphakathini enhle lapho bonke baphile ngenjabulo nangokuthula. Igama leli zwe - utopia.

Ngokungafani imisebenzi yakhe "serene" kwaqala ukuvela umsebenzi abalobi, ngilandisa ncamashi okuphambene nomphakathi, ezweni noma emhlabeni jikelele. Kuzo, uhulumeni kungagcini inkululeko yomuntu, inkululeko yokucabanga futhi ngokuvamile. Imisebenzi ebhaliwe ngale ndlela, nabizelwa antiutopia.

Ngo izichazamazwi "dystopia" libhekene ngokuthi inkinga izindaba zethemba, ukungabi nangqondo emzabalazweni wamavukelambuso, le indispensability lokubi nomphakathi. Isayensi is akubone njengendlela nokuxazulula izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba kanye indlela wokwakha ukuhleleka emphakathini, kodwa njengendlela yokuthola ababagqilazayo umuntu.

Kunzima ukunquma ukuthi yiziphi izincwadi kule uhlobo kukhona ethandwa kakhulu ngenxa simo sabo, njengoba umthetho, kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi: yezwe kanye uhulumeni, zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho, isikhathi kanye yobudala abafundi. Yiqiniso, kuphela uma ibhuku best of utopia futhi dystopia angumsebenzi wokuqala angalezi izinhlobo.

Umsuka dystopia

Lapho kwazalelwa khona eside, kanye omelene yayo, baba England. Ngo-1848, isazi sefilosofi Dzhon Mill okokuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "antiutopist" njengoba bokungafani ka "nakancane." Ngenxa wetinhlobo letihlukene tembhalo, igama elithi "anti-utopia" wethula H. Negley futhi M. Patrick e "Ukufuna Utopia" yakhe (1952).

Uhlobo yaqhakaza ngisemncane kakhulu. Esikhathini eko, ngemva kwezimpi zezwe nokuvukela, imibono nakancane waqala ukuba lusebenze. Akumangalisi ukuthi izwe eqaphele ukuthi imibono enjalo baba KwamaBolshevik eRussia. Ukwakha umphakathi omusha aye wakubangela isithakazelo esiqotho komphakathi womhlaba wonke, kanye uhlelo olusha baba okwalapha ukugcona imisebenzi lesiNgisi. Manje hlala umugqa wokuqala ohlwini "Top dystopia", "Izincwadi waso sonke isikhathi":

• 1932 - "Brave New World", Aldous Huxley.
• 1945 - "noboya ipulazi" George Orwell ..
• 1949 - "1984", George Orwell ..

Kulezi amanoveli, kanye nokwenqatshwa kobushiqela lamaKhomanisi, njenganoma iyiphi enye, kodwa kuveza ukudideka jikelele kungenzeka impucuko soulless. Le misebenzi zona azishintshwa isikhathi njengoba best anti-utopia. Izincwadi lokhu uhlobo ziphoqa manje. Ngakho yini imfihlo dystopia?

Ingqikithi dystopia

Njengoba singabona kusukela ngenhla, dystopia - a inkulumo yokulingisa umbono nakancane. Igcizelela ingozi okuxutshwe "eqanjiwe" social amaqiniso. Okungukuthi, umngcele phakathi ngokoqobo nasezindabeni eziqanjiwe. I dystopias ukuthi yembulani okuthiwa umphakathi ephelele, echazwe emhlabeni engaphakathi kumuntu ophilayo-ke lo mphakathi. imizwa yakhe, imicabango.

Kubonakala "ngaphakathi" kubonisa uhlobo lo mphakathi, ugly yayo ngaphandle. Ngo umkhuba kuvela ukuthi umphakathi enhle aluphelele ngakho. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi umuntu ovamile is yokukhokhela injabulo jikelele, futhi ukhuthaze dystopia engcono. Izincwadi ngokuvamile eyabhalwa abalobi kabani into ukutadisha komphefumulo womuntu, eyingqayizivele futhi iyingozi.

Dystopia ubonisa "umhlaba omusha" kusuka ngaphakathi ngumuntu ophila kuwo. Ukuze enkulu, imishini soulless zabantu uhulumeni efana kwesondo. Futhi ngesikhathi esithile indoda ongenza mizwa yosizi evamile kubantu ukuthi azivumelani ohlelweni olukhona, esekelwe ukulinganiselwa, enqabela futhi abangaphansi izithakazelo isimo.

Phakathi womuntu ngamunye kanye oda kwezenhlalo wukuphambana. Dystopia ikhombisa ukungavumelani imibono nakancane ne izithakazelo ngabanye. Libonisa ukuthi kwakunezingxabano engenangqondo amaphrojekthi nakancane. ibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi ukulingana wamemezela egalitarianism uphendulela; polity ngenkani inquma ukuziphatha kwabantu; intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe siguqule indoda ku igiya. Lokhu yakhelwe ezibonisa okuhle kwe-dystopia.

Imisebenzi uhlobo utopia ubabonisa indlela eya ekupheleleni. Inhloso ye-anti-utopia - ukukhombisa engenangqondo umbono, ukuxwayisa ngezingozi elinde kule endleleni. Ukusiqonda izinqubo yezenhlalakahle nangokomoya, ukuhlaziya amaphutha, dystopia akuhloselwe aphike, kodwa kunalokho sifuna ukhombe kwangqingetshe kanye nemiphumela izindlela zokunqoba kwabo.

Kuhle dystopia

Izincwadi ezandulela ukubukeka anti-utopia, yakhelwe ukukhombisa ukuthi kungabangela imihlola okuphazamisayo besikhathi sethu, okuyinto ezuzisa bakwazi ukuletha. Lezi amanoveli yilezi ezilandelayo:

• 1871 - "The Race Coming", E. Bulwer-Lytton.
• 1890 - "Ikholomu kaKhesari", J. Donnelly.
• 1907 - "The Iron Heel", J. London ..

Esikhathini namathathu banesifo esibi, kukhona eziningi imisebenzi - izixwayiso futhi dystopia ukuthi bakhomba usongo undlovukayiphikiswa:

• 1930 - "The Autocracy uMnu Pargema" Wells.
• 1935 - "Thina lokhu akunakwenzeka," Lewis.
• 1936 - "Impi nge zintulo", K. Capek.

Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa umkhiqizo ngenhla futhi Huxley, Orwell. "Fahrenheit 451" (1953) ngu R. Bradbury ubhekwa amanoveli kakhulu kule uhlobo.

Ngakho, umama ukuthi leli dystopia. Izincwadi (uhlu ngokuhle kunakho konke kwawo, it is ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi waqaphela njengoba yesibili none kohlaka lesi siqondiso, sicabanga kabanzi ngezansi eyaziwa), lawa namanje funa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla zingabantu ehlobene kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Kuyini nokubaluleka kwayo? Yini ukuxwayisa abalobi laba amanoveli?

Kusukela zakudala ukuba wesimanje

Indaba R. Bradbury "Fahrenheit 451", akungabazeki, a classic uhlobo anti-nakancane. Incwadi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Umbhali, omunye ambalwa, esixwayisa usongo ekubuseni kobushiqela lapha. abafundi Umbono ukushiya impendulo ku umkhiqizo, efana kangakanani kusengaphambili ngumlobi. Yini manje eyenzekayo emhlabeni Bradbury wabikezela emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Kuyini lokhu indaba, iminyaka eminingi hhayi kokushiya imigqa yokuqala ohlwini "dystopia Phezulu"?

Izincwadi lokhu uhlobo ebhaliwe ngempela "master isithombe komphefumulo womuntu." Bulunge kangakanani abaningi babo bakwazi ukukhombisa izwe kwangaphakathi yomuntu nasesikhathini esikude esizayo ngaleso sikhathi. Story "degrees 451" - a nesibindi impela, incwadi ebhalwe kahle. Umbhali wethula umfundi kubantu abavamile. Lingena khona endlini abavamile lapho uwayehlalise renounces ukuphila emhlabeni "amagobolondo" - umsakazo noma savuka televizornymi izindonga. Ajwayelekile? Uma "televizornye udonga" ukuguqulelwa elithi "Inthanethi kanye ithelevishini", sithola ngokoqobo elisizungezile.

Izwe, edonswa umbhali, licwebezele nazo zonke imibala rainbow, Ukuthululwa izipikha, ezikhangiso agudle emithambekeni okuqinile multimeter imidwebo. Abangane esikhundleni "izihlobo" kusukela izikrini abanesifiso izinto futhi kuchitha zonke ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula. ubuhle Environmental isikhathi kwesokunxele - izimbali lokuqala kwentwasahlobo ilanga, kwelanga futhi ilanga, ngisho izingane zabo siqu.

Kodwa abantu abahlala phakathi kwalabo abakhuluma izindonga, ujabule. Futhi iresiphi of injabulo ulula: bamunye. Bengafuni ukuhlala kuphela emhlabeni emagumbini azo eziphilayo. Bona ayisadingeki. Bambalwa khumbula, bambalwa bacabanga amakhanda zabo avimbekile yizinto ezifanayo.

Izincwadi kuleli zwe ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa. Ukugcina amabhuku - kujeziswa. Lapha ashe. Izicishamlilo ungasindisi ukuphila, hhayi ukucima. Bashisa izincwadi. Ngaleyo ndlela kokubhubhisa ezimpilweni zabantu. Omunye namaqhawe kwendaba, womlilo Guy Montag, ihlangana kanye intombazane ophethe "ukuphuma" lesi uhlamvu, lusenze kuye ukuqalekela ukuphila okuvamile, ukuze amagugu obuntu kweqiniso.

Orwell futhi inoveli yakhe

Imisebenzi lo mbhali babhekwa njengabantu okungcono anti-utopia. Izincwadi Orwell sika "1984" futhi "noboya amapulazi" bonisa enkulu ukuthi abantu bayakwazi ukucabanga njengawo wonke umuntu, ziyenqatshelwa.

"1984" - inoveli emangalisa lapho Inkampani olukhonjiswa njengedifolthi uhlelo wobushiqela esekelwe kokugqilazwa okungokomoya nokungokwenyama. Benamandla inzondo netwetwe. I townsfolk yaleli zwe abahlala ngaphansi ngeso elibukhali "mfowethu big". "Inkonzo Yeqiniso" ubhubhisa umlando, ulawula lokho amaqiniso uyobhubhisa noma ubani fix noma ushiye.

"Futha", okungukuthi, Ukukhetha kwezenhlalo, kuthathwa njengengxenye umshini isimo. Umuntu angase aboshwe, ungakwazi ukukhipha. Futhi ukuthi ulahlekelwa. Ukuze yokuphila kuleli zwe akulula. Isimo kuholela empini, echaza lalolo ukuthi for bo khe hle. "Lonke izwe - lena impi." impahla Essential lapho, ukudla - a isabelo kulinganiswa.

umsebenzi Shock ukuze kuzuze umphakathi, umsebenzi yangemva kwesikole, umsebenzi wokuzithandela, amaholideyi womphakathi - Kuyaziwa kuleli zwe. Isinyathelo kude nomthetho ezivamile - futhi indoda abakwazi ukuphila. "Freedom - ebugqilini." Professionals wahlanganyela ulwazi olunganembile Orwellian abasemhlabeni. Incithakalo ukuhlanekezela amadokhumenti, esikhundleni amaqiniso. Yonke indawo amanga, amanga amabi. "Ukungazi - amandla."

Orwell laba nzima, kodwa eqinile. Yiqiniso, lena dystopia engcono. Lezi zincwadi zilotshiwe kahle, kusukela ngosuku lokuqala kuya ikhasi lokugcina benamandla umqondo abaphendula ngokunengqondo. Umbhali kuqhutshwa zinezinhloso ezinhle kuphela - ukuxwayisa isintu enhlekeleleni nomphakathi. Bonisa ukuthi ubudlova, unya, unya, ekuthuleni umphakathi esikhuthaza amandla aphelele. Ekugcineni, ujabula kuphela labo abaphilayo ngenxa iqembu. Kodwa amandla aphelele obulala umuntu. Ibuyisa ke esimweni sokuqala. Ngisho ngaphezulu. amandla aphelele okwaziyo ukubhubhisa isintu.

"Farm Animal"

Ngemsebenti wesibili lo mbhali, kubhekwa omunye the best anti-utopia - "Bengithi Lizokuna" (igama lesibili - "noboya ipulazi"). Lapha umbhali awabonisi isimo, isimiso sezombusazwe, noma yiluphi uhlelo. Kulesi umsebenzi, yena libabiza abantu ngokuziqhathanisa nalokho izilwane.

Sheep - spineless, wabantu abayiziphukuphuku abenza futhi ukusho kuphela izinto okutshelwayo. Abakwazi ukucabanga kwekhanda lakhe, futhi kusukela kule zonke ezintsha waqonda njengoba into kalula. Coney - ukuzikhohlisa, nabanomusa, nabazimisele ukukusebenzela umbono imini nobusuku. Kulezi emhlabeni kwamasabatha. Izinja abayeki umsebenzi ezingcolile. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - ukufeza intando yomnikazi. Bakulungele khonzanani namuhla, elinye kusasa, a ukudla eqotho.

Ezinolaka izingulube Napoleon e inoveli George Orwell sika liyabonakala. Kumuntu abalungele ukuvusa sobukhosi kunoma iyiphi indawo, uma kuphela ukuze usethe phezu kwakhe bese ubamba nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ukuwa, lapho umbhali presents enovelini njengoba izingulube abasha kwakumelwe ube Azazeli. Umuntu onjalo kufanelekile yimuphi amandla - sola, bayamsola iyiphi peccadillo. Nge zonke ecacile gilt Izinhlelo - ke unamandla okunipha black omhlephe. ungumqambimanga Ezikholisayo a eyiqaphuqaphu emangalisayo, lishintsha amaqiniso igama elilodwa.

Satirical, umfanekiso ezifundisayo, okuyinto eduze amaqiniso okuphila. Democracy, amakhosi ohlanga, ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni, ubukhomanisi - yini umehluko. Nakuba amandla kuyofika abantu, ongaphakeme e izifiso zakhe nezifiso, kungakhathaliseki kulokho izwe nalokho oda, umphakathi akaboni lutho oluhle. Inzuzo abantu - umbusi ayakufanelekela.

umhlaba omusha

Ngo inoveli Aldous Huxley sika "Brave New World" kubi kangaka njengoba e Orwell cha. Izwe lakhe kusekelwe isimo emhlabeni eziqine, okuyinto lwalungaba technocracy. Ukushiya ukubhuka ezincane njengoba kwezomnotho disadvantageous, njengoba izinqolobane. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi yonke into uzinzile futhi ngendlela efanele. Kodwa akukho.

Abantu emhlabeni zihlukaniswe castes: Alpha emsebenzini ngokwengqondo - lena ebangeni lokuqala, u-Alpha-Plus ezikhundleni zobuholi, alpha-nebubi - abantu isikhundla kancane. Beta --alpha zesifazane. Beta-pluses kanye minuses, ngokulandelana, ngobuchule futhi beyiziphukuphuku ngaphezulu. Delta futhi gamma - Igumbi inkonzo, nabasebenza emapulazini. Epsilons - ungqimba aphansi, inani labantu ebhasha ngengqondo, ngokufeza umsebenzi isimiso lokukhanda.

Zezinhlobo kwanda glass amabhodlela, kuthiwa wakhulela ngezindlela ezahlukene, ngisho umbala izingubo bayehluka. Isimo esiyinhloko umhlaba omusha - kwenziwe izilinganiso abantu. Isiqubulo - "ukusebenza, ukufana nokuzinza." Ukwenqaba indaba, zozela zonke, uphilela inamuhla. Zonke nazo zonke subordinated kuya bakwazi ukuze kuzuze isimo ezweni.

Inkinga eyinhloko emhlabeni wukuthi ukulingana yokufakelwa awukwazi ukwanelisa abantu bacabanga. Abanye-alpha abakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila zithibe wokuba nesizungu nokuba onkom 'idla yodwa. Kodwa ngaphandle izakhi abaqaphela ezweni elisha akunakwenzeka, ngoba banesibopho inhlalakahle yabanye. Laba bantu ukuthatha isevisi ophoqelelwe noma ukukhonza esiqhingini ngenxa yokungavumelani nomphakathi.

Meaninglessness wempilo lokhu umphakathi ukuthi njalo "sihlanzwa" ubuchopho. Injongo ekuphileni kwabo ukusetshenziswa waqala. Bahlala futhi basebenze ukuze bathole izinto ngokuphelele okungadingekile. Sinenkosi ukufinyelela ezihlukahlukene ulwazi, futhi bazibheka ngokwanele abafundile. Kodwa abanalo nesifiso sokwenza isayensi noma ukuzilimaza imfundo, ukuba bakhule ngokomoya. They buyisela izinto ezincane kanye ezivamile. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yalaba umphakathi umbuso efanayo wobushiqela.

Uma bonke abantu bayakwazi icabangani futhi izizwa kanjani, ukuzinza wokugoqa. Uma aphike, zozela zonke, ziphenduka zibe ezinjengendle ukufaniswa oyisiphukuphuku. umphakathi komkhuba ngeke, ayothatha isikhundla lombhalo ziyafuywa izilwane. Hlela umphakathi ngokubeka izinhlelo zofuzo, wabhubhisa bonke izikhungo ezinkulu, okulingana ukubhujiswa kwalo.

Esikhathini uhlobo le ncwadi okukhulunywa ngayo ngenhla ezibhekwa okungcono. Ukuze labo futhi zihlanganisa:

• "A Clockwork Orange" Entoni Berdzhessa (1962).
• "Thina" Yevgeny Zamyatin (1924).
• "INkosi Izinambuzane" uWilliam Golding (1954).

Lezi imisebenzi zabuna kubhekwe. Kodwa abalobi yesimanje futhi wadala izincwadi eziningi ezimangalisayo uhlobo nakancane.

dystopia yesimanje

Izincwadi (uhlu the best kungabonwa ngezansi) Ngasekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka bengafani yokuthi classical ukuthi basuke eduze ngakho okwakuthandelene izinhlobo ezehlukene ukuthi kunzima ukuhlukanisa omunye nomunye. Kuzo kukhona izakhi ezesayensi, kanye post-Apocalypse, futhi cyberpunk. Nokho ezimbalwa izincwadi abalobi wesimanje bafanelwe ukunakwa abalandeli dystopia:

• Trilogy Lauren Oliver "Delirium" (2011).
• Kazuo Ishiguro inoveli "Never Let Me Go" (2005).
• Trilogy Syuzen Kollinz 'The Hunger Games' (2008).

Ngokungangabazeki, siye sacabangela uhlobo is kuyanda. Dystopia umema abafundi ukubona izwe, okuyinto ngabo akasoze abe ikamelo.

Abafundi kubuyekezwa zabo, bavumelane into eyodwa: akuzona zonke dystopian ukufunda kalula. Phakathi kwabo kukhona "izincwadi ezisindayo ezinikeza kanzima." Kodwa umqondo luwumgogodla elilotshiwe Yingakho nje: kangakanani ezenzeka kule amanoveli imicimbi okusikhumbuza zokuphila kwanamuhla, esidlulileko. Lena yindaba enzima sihamba ngokujulile amanoveli ezenza ucabanga. Eziningi zalezi zincwadi ungazifunda ngepeniseli esandleni sakhe - abantu ukugubha ngokuchichima izindawo ezithakazelisayo futhi izingcaphuno. Akubona bonke dystopian ukufunda kwelinye umoya, kodwa ucezu ngalunye uhlala imemori.