Kanjani wokugaya khompyutha? Umgomo we operation

Cishe wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ikhompyutha isici esiyinhloko phakathi kwawo wonke "hardware" izingxenye iyona central processing unit. Kodwa kwesiyingi abantu abamela ngokwabo njengoba processor iyasebenza, sincane kakhulu. Abasebenzisi abaningi be-lokhu futhi nakwazi. Futhi ngisho nalapho uhlelo ngokuzumayo iqala ukuba "bese wehlisa ijubane", abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu processor akusebenzi kahle, futhi musa unamathisele ukubaluleka kwezinye izici. Ukuze ukuqonde ngokwengeziwe isimo, ake sicabangele ezinye izici CPU.

Kuyini CPU?

Processor central (CPU noma CPU English version) yiyona nhliziyo uhlelo kukhompyutha. Ewunikwe yiSigungu yonke imisebenzi Computing, hhayi kuphela izibalo noma iphuzu elintantayo (mantissa ukushintsha), kodwa futhi okunengqondo.

Processor ngokwawo ipuleti encane square (chip), lapho izigidi transistors ukuphi. Ngezinye izikhathi le divayisi ubizwa nangokuthi i wesifunda ehlangene.

Kuyini processor?

Uma sikhuluma indlela processor yesihlanu noma AMD okuncintiswana naye udinga ukubona indlela lezi chips ahlelwe. Microprocessor lokuqala (endleleni, kusukela Intel, Model 4040) uvele Kudala 1971. Wayengase kuphela ukwenza kwalokho elula nokukhupha kucutshungulwa 4 kuphela ibhithi ulwazi, isb. E. Has izakhiwo 4-bit.

izilimi Modern, kanye-azalwe kuqala, esekelwe transistors futhi ube ngesivinini okukhulu. Basuke ezivezwa photolithography eziningana ehlukile Silicon eziyizingcwecwana akha crystal olulodwa, lapho sengathi transistors sihleli. Isifunda owadalwa namafutha ekhethekile overclocked boron ion. Esikhathini Sakhiwo sangekhatsi CPU cores izingxenye eziyinhloko, amasondo kanye izinhlayiya obusebenzayo ngokuthi izibuyekezo.

Izici Key

Njenganoma iyiphi enye idivayisi, wokugaya libhekene imingcele ethile ukuthi, uma ucelwa ukuthi processor, awukwazi ngidlula. Okokuqala uthi:

• inani nuclei;
• inombolo sendikimba;
• Usayizi isilondolozi (imemori yangaphakathi);
• imvamisa iwashi;
• isivinini ibhasi.

Nakuba sigxila ukukala amandlajubane. Hhayi lutho ngokuthi inhliziyo wokugaya ikhompyutha. Thanda inhliziyo, usebenza Ukwedlula Imodi nge inombolo ethile imijikelezo ngomzuzwana. Imvamisa iwashi ulinganiswa MHz noma GHz. Ayanda ke okungukuthi, idivayisi angafeza ngaphezulu imisebenzi.

Ngasiphi imvamisa processor ukugijima, ungafunda kusuka izici zalo ezishiwo noma ukubuka ulwazi ulwazi uhlelo. Kodwa ngesikhathi ekucubunguleni imvamisa zingashintsha umyalo, futhi lapho kuyashesha (overlokinge) ukukhushulwa imikhawulo kakhulu. Ngakho, kuthiwa iwashi imvamisa kuphela inkomba isilinganiso.

Isibalo nuclei - inkomba ecacisa inani ikhompyutha processor izikhungo (akumelwe kudidaniswe nge flow - inani cores nochungechunge ayikwazi luqondane). Ngenxa yalesi ukusatshalaliswa kungenzeka ukuqondisa kabusha imisebenzi kwamanye nuclei, kanjalo ngcono ukusebenza jikelele.

Kanjani wokugaya: sicubungula imiyalo

Manje okuncane mayelana nokwakheka imiyalo elisebenzisekayo. Uma ubheka indlela processor, udinga ukuthi sicacise ukuthi ukuthi noma iliphi iqembu has izingxenye ezimbili - i-yokusebenza we-.

Ingxenye ezisebenza amaphuzu okufanele kwenziwe njengamanje, uhlelo ikhompyutha, we- icacisa ukuthi okuyiwona kumelwe usebenze wokugaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-core processor elakhiwa ezimbili processing isikhungo (isitsha ukusakaza) ezihlukanisa umyalo ku izigaba eziningana:

• ukuthuthukiswa;
• ukuqaqwa;
• ukukhishwa umyalo;
• kuya ukufinyelela inkumbulo processor
• ukugcina yi.

Namuhla, i-isilondolozi ahlukene isetshenziswa ngendlela ukusetshenziswa amazinga ezimbili isilondolozi, kanjalo sigweme ukucabhela amaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu ukwelashwa omunye amabhlogo inkumbulo.

ngohlobo kucutshungulwa processor umyalo sehlukaniswe komugqa (ukukhishwa imiyalo ngokulandelana emgqeni okufakiwe), eyindilinga futhi branched (ukukhishwa imiyalelo ngemva izimo ukucutshungulwa legatsha).

imisebenzi eyenziwa

Phakathi imisebenzi esemqoka enikezwa processor, ngokuya imiyalo noma imiyalelo, kukhona izinhloso ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• imisebenzi zezibalo ngesisekelo i izibalo logic unit;
• kokuhambisa idatha (ulwazi) komunye inkumbulo kolunye uhlobo;
• isinqumo ukusebenza iqembu, futhi ngesisekelo salokhu - kukhethwa ukushintsha ezokhipha nezinye amasethi imiyalelo.

Ukuxoxa inkumbulo (ROM kanye RAM)

Kule nqubo, kufanele izingxenye ezifana ibhasi waphawula lifunde futhi ubhala isiteshi ezixhunywe idivayisi yokulondoloza. ROM iqukethe iqoqo unomphela amabhayithi. ikheli Okokuqala ibhasi ucela ibhayithi ROM ethize, bese udlulisa yona ibhasi idatha, bese ufunda izinguquko isiteshi isimo futhi inikeza amabhayithi wacela ROM.

Kodwa zonke izilimi abakwazi kuphela ukufunda idatha kusuka inkumbulo, kodwa futhi ukuba wazibhala. Kulokhu, isiteshi ukurekhoda. Kodwa, uma ubheka, ngokwengxenye enkulu, amakhompyutha zanamuhla kwakuthiwa kungaba wenze ngaphandle RAM, njengoba microcontrollers yesimanje bayakwazi ukubeka oyifunayo idatha amabhayithi ngqo inkumbulo chip processor. Kodwa lokho akuyona ROM ayikwazi akhishwa.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, le ndlela iqala nge kokuqala imishini kwimodi yokuhlola (BIOS umyalo), bese kuphela isilawuli sidlulile kusistimu yokusebenza oqalisekayo.

Kanjani ukuhlola uma wokugaya iyasebenza?

Manje sibheke ezinye izici ukusebenza kokuhlola processor. Kufanele kuqondwe ngokucacile ukuthi, uma processor akusebenzi, computer ngeke ikwazi ukuqala ukulanda jikelele.

Enye into, uma ufuna ukubheka ukusetshenziswa amakhono processor esikhathini esithile. Ungakwenza kusukela ejwayelekile "Task Manager" (phambi iyiphi inqubo echaziwe iliphi iphesenti CPU inikeza). Ukuze isinqumo okubonakalayo kule ipharamitha, ungasebenzisa ithebhu wokusebenza lapho ushintsho kunikwe kwenzekani ngesikhathi sangempela. Izinketho eziphakeme kungabonwa ngosizo izinhlelo ezikhethekile, isibonelo, i-CPU-Z.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungasebenzisa amaningi processor cores, usebenzisa uhlelo ukumiswa (msconfig) sezihambile ukuqalisa ongakhetha.

izinkinga ezingase zibe khona

Ekugcineni, amagama ambalwa mayelana nezinkinga. Lapha, abasebenzisi abaningi bavame ukubuza, bathi, kungani processor iyasebenza, kodwa qapha ingavuli? Ukuze CPU, lesi simo akuhlangene. Iqiniso liwukuthi lapho uvula iyiphi ikhompyutha okokuqala ihlolwe ihluzo adaptha, bese kuphela konke okunye. Mhlawumbe le nkinga itholakala ngokungenaphutha processor ihluzo chip (zonke yesimanje isiqophi accelerators babe ihluzo bebodwa processor).

Kodwa isibonelo ukusebenza komzimba womuntu Kufanele kwaziwe kodwa ukuthi wonke umzimba uyafa uma ukuboshwa inhliziyo. Futhi ngamakhompyutha. CPU akusebenzi - "uyafa" lonke uhlelo kukhompyutha.