Izithembiso Eastern - a ... kombungu azalwa naso. Valvular Nesifo Senhliziyo

Azalwa naso - Iyini? Impendulo yalo mbuzo, uzofunda kusukela zihloko zakhuluma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sizokutshela yiziphi izinhlobo ukukhubazeka khona, kungani uthuthukisa, nokunye.

Ukwaziswa Okumayelana kwasekuzalweni

Vice - kuyinto ukuthuthukiswa okungavamile, kanye iqoqo iyiphi ngeziphambeko kusukela evamile (ejwayelekile) isakhiwo zomzimba womuntu ezenzeka phakathi kwengane esiswini (kwangemva kokubeletha ngaphansi).

Ngokuvamile, izinguquko ezinjalo akhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (isb, iziyaluyalu hormone, ufuzo, ukubukeleka phansi germ cells, igciwane lohlobo, ionizing emisebeni, umoya-mpilo nokuntuleka nokunye.). Kusukela engxenyeni zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili wesibili, ochwepheshe aqala ukuqaphela ukusheshisa abalulekile izinguquko sokugembula. Iningi kwasekuzalweni zenzeka nabantu abahlala emazweni athuthukile.

izizathu Cishe

Ngo 40-60% wabantu ungazi izimbangela bokuhluka kwedatha. Okunjalo iziguli gama lisho, ezwakala njenge- "oqabukelayo lokuzalwa ukungasebenzi kahle." Le nkulumo ibhekisela okuvela izimbangela ngephutha noma ongaziwa, kanye ingozi ukuncipha kabusha okwenziwe isizukulwane esizayo.

Ukuze 20-25% walabo kwasekuzalweni akhiwa kusukela "multi-factor" izimbangela, ukuthi kuyinto ekuhlobaneni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwazo ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo (ngokuvamile encane) noma engcupheni imvelo. 10-13% of anomalies ezihlobene kuphela ukuchayeka kwemvelo. Futhi% 12-25 kuphela izici kuphela ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhi imbangela.

Ngakho, sicabanga kabanzi ukuthi kungani abantu abathile kombungu esizalweni.

teratogen

Isenzo lezi zici kuncike umthamo. Umehluko imiphumela teratogenic e zinhlobo ezahlukene kungase kuhlobane umzimba izici ukuncela ikhono into ukuhlaba zingene placenta futhi enaba yonke umzimba.

Ethandwa kakhulu futhi wafunda izinto teratogenic

Malformation uvame kubonakala labo angaphansi namathonya ezilandelayo:

• Izifo ezithathelwanayo ukuthi zize zidlulele kusuka kumama kuya-fetus. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izifo ezifana viral adluliselwe ngesikhathi ukuzalwa njengoba mumps, rubella noma inklyuzionnaya cytomegaly, kungase kahle neqhaza isici ukuthuthukiswa.
• Utshwala. Okubaluleke kakhulu yiyona ukuluthwa utshwala abazali, noma kunalokho, unina. Ukuphuza utshwala ngesikhathi ukhulelwe kungaholela kalula fetus alcohol syndrome.
• Ionizing emisebeni. Ukuchayeka isotopes enemisebe, kanye-X ray ungase ube nomthelela ongemuhle apharathasi zofuzo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le ngemisebe (ionizing) kanye kunomphumela anobuthi. Lokho leli qiniso siyimbangela anomalies kakhulu azalwa nako.
• Imithi. Kuze kube manje, akukho imithi enjalo ukuthi ngabe neyaziwayo ephephile ngokuphelele ezingenzeka embungwini, ikakhulukazi phakathi ezimbili trimesters lokuqala sokukhulelwa.
• I-nicotine. Smoke omama esizayo (ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa) ungakwazi ngempela kalula ekukhonzeni yokuthi ingane yokusilela emsebenzini ukuthuthukiswa ngokomzimba.
• ukuntuleka Nutrientnye. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela eziningi izakhi (isib, i-iodine Myo-inositol, folate nokunye.) Ingabe kungase kutholakale eyingozi ngoba yesifo senhliziyo azalwa naso futhi kwemizwa tube zamehlo.

Cabangela lokhu anomaly ovamile uwukuthi valve inhliziyo isici ngokuningiliziwe.

ukukhubazeka inhliziyo

Isifo senhliziyo kuyinto pathologic ushintsho valve, akukho izitsha ezinkulu thoracic, izindonga inhliziyo, okuholela igazi iphazamiseke ukunyakaza ezijwayelekile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngeziphambeko ezinjalo kungavunyelwa abalufundile noma azalwa nako.

Ngokuvamile, izenzo ezimbi of valve inhliziyo zenzeka ngenxa ngokweqile mzimba ukulwa namabutho komzimba womuntu ngesinyenyela kulo nezilwanyana ezincane eziyingozi. Ukwelashwa nokuvikelwa ukuphambuka kufana esikhundleni yemvelo, kodwa valve ezilimele, yokufakelwa surgically.

Uma kwenziwa isici

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa sokugembula (anoma yiluphi uhlobo) uvame kwakhiwa ngesikhathi embryonic morphogenesis (ie, amasonto 3-10). Leli qiniso kungenxa yokuthi ngalesi sikhathi, i- izinqubo zokukhiqiza kabusha, kuphakanyiswa, ukufuduka kwabantu nokungabi yokufa kwamangqamuzana engokwemvelo. Lezi zenzakalo zenzeka e uketshezi, intracellular, mezhorgannom, extracellular, isitho nezicubu amazinga interstitial.

izinhlobo akhona

Azalwa naso - kuyinto isigaba ebanzi, okubandakanya izimo ezahlukene kakhulu anomalies ngokomzimba ezincane (isib, amavukuzi ezinkulu, birthmarks, njll ..) Ukuze nokwephula amasistimu ngabanye (isib, inhliziyo umphini zamehlo kwamalungu omzimba, nokunye.). Kukhona futhi inhlanganisela kwezinso ezithinta izingxenye eziningana umzimba kanyekanye. Kwekhono umzimba futhi kubhekwe azalwa nako.

Zokwelapha, kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo kwasekuzalweni:

• amaphutha esizalwa nawo wokuhle umzimba;
• anomaly azalwa naso ngokomzimba;
• nezinye izinkinga zofuzo.

imvamisa nesenzakalo

Yesikhathi eside izifundo anomalies azalwa naso luye lwabonisa ukuthi omunye noma abanye malformation umbungu elivela imvamisa ezithile, kuye ngokuthi ubulili ingane. Ngokwesibonelo, stop clavate futhi stenosis pyloric kukhona Kwande ebafaneni yini ukwedlula, futhi azalwa naso hip dislocation - emantombazaneni.

Phakathi labangakhoni sizalwa omunye izinso, futhi abameleli ngaphezulu ucansi namandla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iningi lalezi zindlela anomalies, njengoba inombolo ngokweqile izimbambo, amazinyo, amathambo kanye nezinye izitho, atholakala phakathi amantombazane ezisanda kuzalwa.

Uhlu kombungu

Namuhla, kunamabandla ukukhubazeka eziningi. Ngokuvamile basuke itholwe ngenkathi ucwaningo umama ultrasound sika. Uma anomaly kuyingozi ngokwanele, owesifazane ahlinzekwa sokuqeda ukukhulelwa. Lokhu kungenxa ngokuyinhloko yokuthi ingane ozozalwa konke ukuphila kwakhe engozini, futhi sizizwe siphansi (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo angahlangani).

Ake sihlole ndawonye lokho kombungu khona:

• isici yomthambo i-aorta;
• atresia of the jejunum ;
• agenesis yamaphaphu;
• acrania;
• zamazwe amabili agenesis kwezinso;
• anencephaly;
• dislocation azalwa naso we hip;
• sohlangothi olulodwa agenesis kwezinso;
• atresia ngomphimbo;
• cloaca azalwa naso;
• albino;
• Inhlangano VACTERL;
• aplasia yamaphaphu;
• ulwanga emfantwini;
• atresia anal;
• stop clavate;
• Down Syndrome ;
• cretinism azalwa naso;
• megacolon azalwa naso;
• yesifo senhliziyo azalwa naso;
• iphimbo;
• hernia;
• hypoplasia yamaphaphu;
• diverticulum ngomphimbo;
• syndactyly;
• polysomes X-chromosome;
• diverticulum Meckel sika;
• Patau syndrome ;
• lip emfantwini;
• polysolid;
• Klinefelter Syndrome;
• cryptorchidism;
• kombungu kwezitho zobulili;
• kokukhubazeka;
• Klippel-Feil syndrome;
• megacolon;
• CRI du baxoxe;
• microcephaly;
• Turner Syndrome;
• hypoplasia ka kunawo wonke futhi tibia amathambo;
• fetus alcohol syndrome;
• omphalocele;
• hernia umgogodla;
• fibrodisplations;
• stenosis pyloric;
• polydactyly;
• Edwards syndrome ;
• synophtalmia;
• exencephalocele;
• exstrophy kwesinye;
• epispadias;
• ectrodactyly.

Kufinyeta

Njengoba ubona, kukhona impela eningi kwasekuzalweni ezenzeka-fetus ekuthuthukisweni utero. Ukuze ugweme okuvela kwezinso anjalo abazali ingane yabo esikhathini esizayo kufanele bakugweme kakhulu ukuchayeka kubo ukuba izici ezibangela imfundo yabantwana babo. Ngakho, omama esizayo nawobaba, kutuswa ukuba bangayeki ukuphuza utshwala izinyanga 6-9 ngaphambi umuntu ekhulelwa, futhi hhayi ukuzisebenzisa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa (kwabesifazane). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele ngiyeke ukubhema, gwema izindawo lapho kungase kube ionizing emisebeni, ungathathi imithi, hhayi ebekwe udokotela kaningi ukuba ngaphandle, ngilande yonke amavithamini ezidingekayo namaminerali.