Izinhlobo ze-antiseptics, izindlela zokusebenzisa

Kuze kube sekhulwini le-19, imisebenzi eminingi yokuhlinza yabangela umphumela obulalayo wesiguli ezifweni ezithathelwanayo. Ngenhlanhla, ukuphumelela okunjalo kwemithi, njenge-antiseptic, kuncishiswe inani lokufa kusuka ku-septicopyemia kuya okungenani. Ukuhlinzwa okwamanje kusebenzise ngempumelelo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulwa nezifo, esizoxoxa ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Kuyini ama-antiseptics futhi kuyini?

Ebudlelwaneni bama-microbial pathogenic nge-inflammation ephuthumayo yamanxeba, ngisho nabahlengikazi basendulo abangazange basebenzise izinto ezingokwemvelo ngezakhiwo eziphikisayo. Noma kunjalo, impi yangempela yokulwa nokutheleleka kokuhlinzwa yaqala engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX, lapho udokotela waseNgilandi uJ. Lister eshicilela isihloko esichaza indlela yakhe yokuphulukana ngokuvulekile ngesisombululo se-5% se-carbolic acid. Kusukela lapho, inkathi entsha ekuhlinzekeni isiqalile, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi yonke izinhlobo ezintsha ze-antiseptic zivela.

I-antiseptic in terminology yanamuhla isho izinyathelo nezinyathelo zokuphatha, inhloso yalo ukubhubhisa izinambuzane, kanye nezinhlamvu zazo kanye ne-toxin kuzicubu nama-macro-organisms. Ngalokhu, igama elithi "aseptic" libaluleke kakhulu ekuhlinzekeni, okusho ukuthi kuyinkimbinkimbi yezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane we-pathogenic ngamanxeba. Amasu okusebenzisa ama-aticptic ahlanganisa ukufakwa kwensimbi kwezixhobo zokuhlinzeka nezesekeli. Kanye nokutholakala kwama-anesthesia namaqembu egazi, ukuvulwa kokuhlinzwa ezinhlobonhlobo ze-XIX ze-aseptic ne-antiseptic sekuye kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu yezokwelapha ngaleso sikhathi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi odokotela abahlinzayo baqala ukuqhuba umkhuba okubhekwa njengengozi (okubangelwa umphumela wokubulala ongu-100%) esifubeni nasesiswini somzimba.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-antiseptics emithi yesimanje

Ngokuqinisekile, i-aseptic idlala indima enkulu ekuhlinzeni futhi ngokuvamile ayidingi izinyathelo ezengeziwe, kodwa, njengoba umkhuba ubonisiwe, ukulahla ngokuphelele ukuxhaphazwa kwezidakamizwa akunakwenzeka. Uhlobo lwezilwane eziphikisana nezidakamizwa lungaphathwa ngokwemvelo ngokwemvelo yezindlela ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa. Esikhathini sokuqala, inani lezinhlobo zokulwa nezifo ezibandakanya izidakamizwa zihlanganisa:

• Ama-resistance antiseptics.
• Physical.
• Amakhemikhali.
• Biological.
• Ixubile.

Ngendlela yokusebenzisa, izinhlobo zamakhemikhali nezinhlobo zezifo ezihlukunyezwayo zihlukaniswa ngokuthi:

• Indawo yendawo yokwelapha ingxenye ethile yomzimba. Izisulu zokuvimbela izifo zendawo zingase zenzeke futhi zijulile. Okuyisisekelo kusho izinyathelo zangasese kanye nokulimala (ukugeza ngezixazululo, ukwelashwa ngama-powders, amafutha okugcoba, ukucindezela), kanye nokwelashwa okujulile ukufakwa kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali nama-anti-infectious emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa injection.
• Jikelele, okusho ukumiswa komzimba ngegazi kanye ne-lymph ngezidakamizwa ze-antiseptic (ukumnika ama-droppers).

Ama-resistance antiseptics

I-antiseptic yama-mechanical yenziwa ngosizo lwezinsimbi zokuhlinza futhi ihlanganisa:

• I-toilet ye-tissue site: ukuhlanza isilonda emagqabeni egazi kanye ne-pus, uma ikhona.
• Ukwelashwa okuyinhloko: uma kunesidingo, ukuxoshwa kwamaphethelo kanye nesigqila sesilonda, ukukhishwa kwamagatsha angaphandle kanye nezindawo ezingenakulinganiswa kwezicubu, ukufakwa kwe-sutures yokuhlinzwa.
• Ukwelashwa kwesibili kwenziwa uma kwenzeka ukuvuvukala okubangelwa ukulimala futhi kufaka phakathi ukuhlakazeka kwesilonda, ukukhipha amanzi, ukukhishwa kwemfihlo yokuvikela, i-fibrin nezicubu ezifile.

Ama-antiseptics

Ama-antiseptics omzimba afaka isiteleka sezinyathelo zokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwama-microbes ezinama-pathogenic kanye nokwamukelwa kwemikhiqizo yomsebenzi wabo obalulekile yizicubu zesiguli. Izinhlobo zomzimba zamanxeba okulwa nesifo sofuba zihlanganisa okulandelayo:

• Izinto zokugqoka ze- hygroscopic zokudweba imfihlo esilonda, ezihle ekukhiqizeni ama-microbes. Leli qembu lama-antiseptics lihlanganisa: uboya bekotini, amabhande, ama-napkins.
• Izixazululo ze-Hypertonic zisetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa nokugqoka.
• Ukugcoba kusho ukuthatha isenzo ngesisekelo sokuxhumana nemikhumbi, le ndlela iqukethe ukugeza okugelezayo kwesilonda.
• Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ngendlela ye-ultrasound, i-ultraviolet, i-X ray, i-laser ne-oxygenation. Zonke lezi zindlela zinomthelela omubi ekuthuthukiseni ama-microbes okuyi-pathogenic ngokusebenza kahle.

Ama-antiseptics amakhemikhali

Ama-antiseptics amakhemikhali afaka izinyathelo zokubulala amagciwane ezilonda noma isiguli ngesiguli sama agent amakhemikhali, phakathi kwawo oku:

• Ama-disinfectants asetshenziselwa aseptic ukucubungula izinto zokuhlinza, izindawo eziphansi, izindonga, njll.
• Ama-antiseptics amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukufaka isicelo se-topical futhi afaka izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zesikhumba sokuphikisa isikhumba ngesimo sama-alkali, izixazululo zamanoni, ama-acids, ama-oxidants, njll. Inzuzo yalabo abasebenza yizo zinhlobo eziningi zokwelashwa, ukuphika okuncane kwamagciwane ukuze kulungiselelwe, kanye nokutholakala kokugcina isikhathi eside nokungabi khona Ukusabela okubi okuphawulekayo.
• Imithi ye-chemotherapeutic isetshenziselwa izinhloso zokwelapha noma i-prophylactic futhi imelelwa yizifo eziphikisanayo ezivela emthonjeni. Zithinta kakhulu ama-microbes, hhayi kuphela ezicubu ezigulayo zesiguli, kodwa nasemzimbeni wakhe wonke. Okubaluleke kakhulu uma kwenzeka ukusakazeka kwenqubo yokuvuvukala ngaphandle kokugxila kokutheleleka. Izidakamizwa ze-chemotherapeutic zibalulekile emithi hhayi kuphela ngenxa yemisebenzi yazo ehlukahlukene (okungukuthi, ikhono lokunciphisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhaktheriya), kodwa futhi nokugxila okuncane.

I-antiseptics yezinto eziphilayo

I-antiseptics yezinto eziphilayo ihlanganisa izindlela zemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo ezikwazi ukwenza ngokubili ngqo ezincane zamagciwane, futhi ngokungaqondile. Izidakamizwa eziphilayo zihlanganisa:

• Ama-antibiotics emvelaphi yemvelo akhiqizwa amanye amagciwane, isikhunta isikhunta. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-antibiotics zingavimbela ukukhula kwamabhaktheriya, futhi zenze ukuba ukufa okuphelele kwe-microbes kuphele.
• Ama-anatoxins wezinye izifo ezifuywayo ezithathelwanayo zijojelwa emzimbeni wabantu abaphilile ukuthuthukisa ingculazi kule bacterium.
• I-bacteriophages yi-viruses (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-bacteria), ekwazi ukubhubhisa i-microorganism ngaphakathi.
• Ama-immunostimulants engalingani (ama-interferons, ama-interleukins).

Ama-antiseptics ahlanganisiwe

Ama-antiseptics ahlanganisiwe asebenzisa izindlela nezindlela zazo zonke izinhlobo ze-antiseptic ngokubanzi. Njengoba izindlela ezihlangene zisetshenziswa:

• Izinambuzane ezingavamile.
• Ama-analogues anama-agent wezinto eziphilayo.
• Izakhi eziphilayo ezikhiqizwa ngokweqile.

Izinhlobo ze-antiseptics zezinkuni nezinye izinto zokwakha

Ama-bacteria ahlukahlukene angabangela ukubola nokukhipha izinqubo hhayi kuphela kubantu nasezilwaneni, kodwa nakwezinto zokwakha, ezifana nezinkuni. Ukuze kuvikelwe imikhiqizo yamapulangwe ngaphakathi nangaphandle ngaphandle kokulimala yizinambuzane namakhowe omkhaya, kusetshenziselwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhushulwa izinkuni ekwakhiweni. Bangaba:

• Izinambuzane ezingelahlekile zinezimbiwa zamaminerali futhi zimelelwa ngamanoni ensimbi, zibhubhisa ngokuphumelelayo zonke izinambuzane ezikhiqizweni zemithi. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izixazululo ze-sodium fluoride, i-ammonium, kanye ne-sodium silicofluoride ne-ammonium silicofluoride.
• Izinambuzane ze-antanic zizinto ezinobuthi kakhulu kaningi ngesisekelo samafutha (i-creosote, i-coke, i-anthracene, i-slate, njll).
• Ama-antiseptics ahlangene aqukethe izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezinobuthi. Izibonelo: i-chlorodon, i-chlorophos, i-phenol, i-carbolenium.