Izingane zokudweba Russia. Ukusebenza nezingane onekhono. izingane zokudweba e sabaqalayo. Ingane onamakhono kuyinto ...

Esikhathini uhlelo lesimanje imfundo linendawo ekhethekile indlela umfundi-igxile nengane. Namuhla akwanele nje kudlule izinga lolwazi ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ubuntu avumelanayo ingane. It liyadingeka ukuze uhlole ngokucophelela ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza onjalo izifiso umsebenzi kanye namathuba, amakhono zengane ngayinye. Mayelana ukuthuthukiswa ukuthambekela okunjalo emphakathini womhlaba wonke, kwakukhona kunakwa abezenhlalakahle, othisha nempikiswano izingane onekhono. Uma ngisho nje eminyakeni embalwa edlule, lo mqondo kwakusho ukuthi umuntu unazo amakhono supernormal, kodwa namuhla kuboniswe ngenye indlela.

Kulesi sihloko sizobona ukuthi uthole ukuthi ukuze abonise ukuthi amakhono zezingane onekhono, izindlela ukuxilongwa kungenzeka ukuthi azozibona futhi yiziphi izici umsebenzi pedagogical nalezi izingane.

Umlando okuvela nombono wokuthi "giftedness"

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi namuhla ingane onamakhono - umuntu ethandwa futhi ethembisa, kuze kube muva nje ukuhlonza kanye nokuthuthukisa amakhono e nezingane azizange wahlanganyela yimuphi zokusebenza kwengqondo noma ososayensi.

Umlando okuvela welithi "ithalente" (esibonisa omdala) kuhlehlela emuva emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Ngakho, ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu libhekene abanye amakhono ababezibheka, ifa ezingeni lelisetulu ikhono bokusungula, wema esixukwini: abaholi abakhethwe ngumphakathi wesizwe, baba Labelaphi noma abaphulukisi.

Inkulumo enjengokuthi "ubuhlakani" futhi "ithalente" eladabuka izikhathi zezwe lasendulo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kule nkathi odumile inani elikhulu labantu oluvelele zokudala ongqondongqondo ezaziwayo. Ukuhlola imisebenzi abalobi ezahlukene kwalesi sikhathi, ungakhetha iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi ubuhlakani kanye ithalente - lutho kodwa isipho konkulunkulu. Ngakho igama elithi 'ubuhlakani', okuyinto uhumusha ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin ngokuthi "umoya." izazi zefilosofi zasendulo babekholelwa ukuthi abantu amakhono angavamile kunoma yimuphi umkhakha ezathunyelwa ngeminye onkulunkulu ukuze sithuthukise izwe ekhona. Lo mbono ezichazwe azibhala ka G. Hegel, Kant nabanye.

Ngubani lalo "ngqondongqondo" ekuqondeni yongqondongqondo basendulo? Kuyinto kunalokho ungumuntu wasenganekwaneni, okwakungathi abantu langaleso sikhathi okungenakufa demi unkulunkulu esinjengomuntu. Ngokuyinhloko isibaluli wayeyisazi izimbongi futhi abaculi, futhi kamuva kuphela ukuba babe nabantu abanamakhono ukuthi lilinganise abacwaningi abavelele abaqavile emphakathini.

Kuphela phakathi usosayensi XIX leminyaka F. UGalton (umzala kaCharles Darwin sika) theory wafakwa phambili yi-"yasemhlabeni" umsuka ithalente womuntu. Encwadini yakhe ethi "ithalente Ukubambezeleka: imithetho yayo kanye nemiphumela," umcwaningi uthi ithalente luthathwe. Lezi usosayensi okutholakele ukuthi Ucwaningo ihlaziye umlando obhaliwe wohlu lozalo lwemindeni 300.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kunezinye ukubukwa ngomsuka ithalente. Ngokucacile, abacwaningi baye bacabanga ukuthi ingane onamakhono - akuyona isipho nemvelo noma amabutho saphezulu. Abalobi umqondo "azikhohlwe ngokuphelele izono zethu" ( "TABULA uhlanga") baphikisa ngokuthi izingane zizalwa ngaphandle amakhono ngofuzo, iyiphi nezici ezithile ukuze umsebenzi ongajwayelekile engqondo. Futhi ukwakheka ubuhlakani kuthinte isimo senhlalo nendlela abakhuliswe ngayo. Abantu abanale mibono nendawo emphakathini wanamuhla. Futhi banayo aneqiniso - ngempela, imvelo kunethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni amakhono zezingane, kodwa ukubeka eceleni nokuthambekela okungokwemvelo yomuntu, yofuzo asipheli.

giftedness bokusungula

With ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi yezokwelapha nawo ngokwengqondo khudlwana nomthamo ukuhlaziywa nokutadisha izinto ezichaza nomqondo giftedness. Phakathi nale nkathi, umbandela ezibaluleke kakhulu nokuhlola amakhono baba okubizwa ngokuthi ezingeni intelligence (IQ). izazi ezinjengo A. Binet, Stern, G. Müller, G. Vyzenk, D. Hebb, ukuhlolwa okukhethekile ayehloselwe ukucacisa izici ecacisiwe. Kodwa le ndlela iye yaba kuncike ukugxekwa.

Abaphikisi lo mbono bathi kungenzeka ngisho nabantu ezingeni eliphansi ekukhuleni onesiphiwo. Kunezenzakalo lapho izingane zizalwa nezifo ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo sinamakhono okungavamile ezindaweni ezifana, isibonelo, ezobuciko, umculo, ubuciko kanye yezandla kanye nabanye.

Umqondo Iminikelo eRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX

Le nkathi libhekene ukwanda nentshisekelo inkinga izingane onekhono. Ososayensi abaningi, odokotela bengqondo nabafundisi ozama ukunikeza ekwakhiweni eqondile kakhulu into enjalo. Futhi nezindlela ezihlukahlukene uphethwe amakhono zezingane. Ngakho, uhlelo GI iye iyawakha Rossolimo, ezazihlanganisa nesilinganiso izici zobuntu ezifana:

• khona;
• ukunakwa;
• associativity;
• ngekhanda.

Ngakho, njengoba kuboniswe Ucwaningo by ingane onamakhono - akusiwona yodwa has ezingeni lelisetulu biko. Okwazi izingane eqinile-willed yizimfanelo ezahlukene, ukuzinza ukunakwa inkumbulo, ukucabanga ezintsha.

Phakathi nale nkathi, saqala zavela futhi ngokwesayensi kungase kutholakale umqondo ukuthi ithalente wengane ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo nezici ezithile azalwa naso zofuzo inqubo imisebenzi yomphakathi, ezemfundo kanye ezemfundo.

imibono abathandwayo K. Sototina: Lo mlobi uthi onesiphiwo bangaba wonke umuntu ngenxa umzimba njalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhono isegazini kungase nyamalala Umoya-mpilo omncane uma kungukuthi athuthukile.

umnikelo Omkhulu kuya Psychology giftedness babe NS Leites, BM Teplov, AG UPetru nabanye.

Phawula futhi ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, ngaphezu nentshisekelo luyingxenye zezemfundo inkinga giftedness nekungenelela isidingo social sokuthuthukisa, cwaningo zalesi simo. Umphakathi wanamuhla idinga abantu abanamakhono: imibono ezintsha, okutholwe yisayensi, lokuphumelela ngempumelelo ephezulu, kunoma yimuphi umkhakha yolwazi neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni ngamunye kanye nasezweni lonke.

Umcabango giftedness

Kuze kube manje, akukho olulodwa okubekwe ngayo ethize into okuthiwa "buchopho." umcwaningi ngamunye uthola indlela yakhe kule nkinga. Nokho, uma sihlaziya izincwadi zokusebenza kwengqondo nemicabango pedagogical, kungenzeka ukuchaza "ithalente" njengoba izinga psyche womuntu esakheka phakathi nakho konke ukuphila futhi ikghono womuntu ukufeza imiphumela zehluke ejwayelekile. Odokotela bengqondo baveza ukuthi lokhu mkhuba - umphumela nokuxhumana idatha yomuntu wangaphakathi, umphakathi ezizungezile nezingokwengqondo izindlela self-ukuthuthukiswa.

Kungani izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ziye sebefike esiphethweni ukuthi ebuntwaneni kufanele unake okukhethekile uphethwe kanye nokuthuthukiswa ngamakhono? Iqiniso ukuthi entsheni Ukwakheka kwezitho ezihlukahlukene izimfanelo ngamunye ngokwengqondo. Ezemfundo ka zokudweba Izingane - ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ikusasa amakhono. Ngakho-ke, othisha kufanele unake okukhethekile abafundi. yobudala Wezingane libhekene i msebenzi omkhulukazi izinqubo ezihlukahlukene engokwengqondo ungubani kumiswa. Lena evundile okungamila ukuthuthukiswa isegazini imizwelo engokwemvelo ingane.

Ubani eseyingane ukuthi unesiphiwo? Lona umbuzo lapho kungekho mpendulo olulodwa. Ngakho, kuze kube manje, kukhona imicabango yabantu okuphambene njengoba:

• izingane zokudweba - siyindlala, nekhono elingavamile lokuthola ukuthi ukuthuthukisa enqubeni yemfundo;
• zonke izingane zizalwa onekhono, i-nokubonakaliswa okuqhubekayo amakhono abo zincike esimweni somphakathi.

Noma kunjalo, ingane onamakhono - singumuntu ngubani ubukisa iyiphi ngenhla avareji isethi ezingeni. kufanele abonise kanjani la makhono efanayo - kunoma iyiphi enye indawo ethile yolwazi noma ukuxilonga kubo zisencane nje indlela, okungukuthi "omisiwe", nokuthi "eyinqaba" - zonke lezi imibuzo siqhubeke sifuna izimpendulo zokusebenza kwengqondo emhlabeni wonke.

Noma kunjalo, ukwakhiwa ezithile, wayala idatha etholwe kusukela ezifundweni ezahlukene elibukelayo, ukucwaninga kubika izincwadi. Siyokwabelana lolu lwazi ngezansi.

izimpawu Isici giftedness

Yini izici zobuntu kungase kubonise khona ikhono ingane nokuvivinywa okunzima ngokwedlulele?

Ukuze ahlukanise phakathi ezimbili izici ukuziphatha kwengane:

1. Instrumental - indlela kid wenza isenzo esithile.
2. Nokuzikhuthaza - inquma sengqondo sengane ukusebenza.

Lezi ayezibona bezenza kungenziwa ihlaziye ngokuvumelana nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo. Ngakho, ithuluzi libhekene:

• okusheshayo (ebizwa nge- "akukho-yobudala") kahle noma yimuphi umsebenzi, ukuqaliswa yayo ngempumelelo;
• ukuziqambela izindlela ezintsha yokuxazulula le nkinga iyabheda isimo samanje;
• kumiswa nemibono, okutholakele (ezintsha).

Futhi ingane onamakhono ngokuvamile kudala isitayela ayo enza noma yimuphi umsebenzi, has a amakhono zesakhiwo, sokuhlanganiswa, ukuhlaziya, kanye uhlobo ehlukile yokufunda. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza nezingane onamakhono ekilasini zidinga indlela ngamunye futhi siqu.

isici nokuzikhuthaza ebonakaliswa okulandelayo:

• kumntwana kukhona luyanda isithakazelo eminye imisebenzi;
• ingane ezahlukene umsebenzi engqondweni yethu, ukuthambekela ukufunda, ahlaziye izenzakalo;
• self-ngcono, ukwenqaba izimpendulo ngomumo eyenziwe ejwayelekile umsebenzi;
• selectivity anda (isib, isimo sengqondo olubandlululayo kuya izifundo yobuciko, umculo, njll).

Ngokuvamile izingane onamakhono zasenkulisa uthisha aqoshiwe ke izibonakaliso ugqozi - izingane ezinjalo banesifiso ephezulu ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba, isilungele zokucwaninga, ukufuna amakhambi innovative isimo inkinga.

Kodwa ngibona ukuziphatha ingane okuchazwe izici, thina nje ukuthi nokwami khona namakhono athile futhi kwazo.

izinhlobo giftedness

Kususelwa kokuma izingane ukuba namakhono athile, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi kungenzeka giftedness ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

• umsebenzi lapho ingane ekwenzayo kahle;
• yakha yangaphandle ukubonisa amakhono;
• degree nezinga lokukhula kwengane;
• inkululeko ukubonakaliswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene wengane;
• izici ubudala.

On the umbandela we 'umsebenzi' giftedness ngezigaba kusekelwe owaziwa imisebenzi emihlanu: theory, esiwusizo, kuchumana, ezingokomoya futhi esiyigugu kwezobuciko futhi ngenxa yobuhle; futhi ezintathu zempilo yengqondo: ngokomzwelo, volitional, ngokuba sengqondweni kuphela. Ngokuvamile izingane onamakhono engadini unekhono ensimini ezithile zomsebenzi: ukucula, ukudweba, umklamo kanye nabanye.

Ukuma ukubonakaliswa sangaphandle izingane abanamakhono futhi unesiphiwo Kungenzeka ukuthi unamakhono ocacile ezifihliwe okungavamile. Esimweni sokuqala imiphumela imisebenzi ingane zibonisa ngokucacile ubuhlakani bakhe, sitholakele Umfundi elinefomu esicashile ithalente - umsebenzi odokotela bengqondo nabafundisi futhi abazali ingane. Ngokuvamile ikhono lezi zezingane ukuya ababanjwa, okuholela yokuthi ukuzalwa indoda abanamakhono umane akasebenzisi inegalelo elikhulu ekuphileni.

Ngokwe-degree yentuthuko kukhona ithalente avelele:

1. To-date, esibonakala by imiphumela ezibukwayo womsebenzi lo abanamakhono wengane. othisha ukusebenza nezingane onekhono, ababonisa Tala zabo, kangakanani athuthukise amandla ukuze kunqotshwe izithiyo kumphumela, ukushukumisa esenzweni.
2. On the engaba ukusho uma ingane ine nokuthambekela okungokwemvelo namakhono, okuyinto okwamanje ahlale ezibalulwa kanjena ngokufanele. Ngo sitholakele lolu hlobo amakhono ingane kufanele ihileleke hhayi kuphela othisha, kodwa futhi abazali bezingane onekhono, ngemva zonke izihlobo nethuba ukugcina ukuziphatha ingane isikhathi eside ukuhlonza amaphethini.

izimpawu-Latitude ihlaba umkhosi:

1. ithalente Sekukonke, okuyinto libhekene iqiniso lokuthi ingane ikhombisa nekhono elingavamile izinto ezihlukahlukene, futhi ngemikhakha ethile. Kuyinto ngabantu abanjalo uthi: "Abantu Talented - unekhono konke."
2. ithalente Special kubonakala kuphela ensimini ewumngcingo, efana umculo noma imidwebo.

Ubudala izici Iminikelo zihlukaniswa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• ekuseni;
• kamuva.

Ngakho, ngokuvamile othisha bachazwa izingane onamakhono enkulisa. Lezi zingane zibizwa ngokuthi bokuhlela ( "abantwana emangalisayo"). Nje eminyakeni embalwa edlule, igama elithi uvele Psychology ngokuthi "the ezihlakaniphile yangaphandle." Lesi siqu kunikezwa izingane kom emkhakheni bokusungula, isibonelo, ezimbili - iminyaka emithathu master umsebenzi endala zobuchwepheshe, amakhompyutha, izinto zasendlini. With ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe kanye ukwethulwa kolwazi nekhompyutha ubuchwepheshe e inqubo kumiswa lezi izingane ukuthola ezinkulu, kungenzeka ukuthi maduze ezichazwe ulwazi nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono ezocatshangelwa kuyinsakavukela.

Izindlela Yokucwaninga Iminikelo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi odokotela bengqondo baye bahlakulela imibuzo ezahlukene kanye nezivivinyo, izindlela eziyisisekelo ukuhlola of giftedness ihlolwe futhi experiment zemvelo. A umnikelo omkhulu isayensi ngalolu daba, owethulwa AF Lazurskii. Wanikela ukubukela ingane isikhathi eside (eminyakeni eminingana). Ukutadisha ingane ubuntu okunjalo, bonisa ikhono abanye, kungaba kwenziwe njalo (nsuku zonke), futhi mhlawumbe - ngezinye izikhathi.

Enye indlela ukulandelela nezici ezithile wengane kunoma ikhono iyona ndlela oluchaza. Ngokuvamile, practice, kucatshangwa ngesimo uhlu lwemibuzo.

Ngakho, ukuthola iqembu izingane abantu onekhono, zidinga uhla izinyathelo zokuxilonga, kuhlanganise:

• okwashiwo ukuziphatha ingane nemibandela izikhungo zemfundo, amakhaya, amakilasi extra nokungcebeleka;
• professional imisebenzi ukuhlolwa imiphumela encane;
• ubambe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene psycho-zokuxilonga (survey, ukuhlolwa, nokuzwa, njll);
• Inhlangano imincintiswano bokusungula, ngokomzimba futhi zokudala.

Izinkinga zezingane onamakhono

Ngeshwa, izazi zengqondo zithi ingane enesipho esivame ukubhekana nezinkinga ezithile. Sichaza okujwayelekile kubo.

• Ukungabi nesithakazelo ekufundeni esikoleni semfundo jikelele.
• Ngokuvamile, ngenxa yezigwebo ezinesibindi, ubuchwepheshe, umsebenzi, ukuqala, izingane ezinjalo zibekwa icala, njengoba ngokuvamile othisha nabafundisi bazisa lezo zimfanelo zezingane njengokulalela, ukuqaliswa okuqinile kwemithetho.
• Ingane enekhono, abazali abadala nabafundisi ngezinye izikhathi babeka ithemba eliphezulu kakhulu. Ingane, ezama ukungacasuli abantu abadala, ivame ukusebenza imisebenzi ebekiwe, nakuba empeleni angathanda ukuziveza ngokuhlukile.
• Ngokuvamile izingane ezinjalo ziba yizicucu embuthanweni weontanga zabo.
• Izingane ezijwayele ukukhetha abangane zidala kunabo, kepha esimweni esinjalo, izingane azikwazi ukubona amathuba abo ngokugcwele ngenxa yokungafani okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni ngokomzimba.

Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza nezingane ezinamakhono ku-DOW futhi isikole sidinga ulwazi lwe-psychology, indlela eyodwa, ukunakwa nokuphendula.

Izici zomsebenzi wokufundisa ngezingane ezinamakhono

Yiqiniso, kunezici ezikhethekile zokusebenza nezingane ezinesipho. Emphakathini kunombono wokuthi abantwana abanjalo abadingi ukuqondiswa nokulawulwa komuntu omdala. Eqinisweni, kuyahluke kakhulu. Izingane ezinethalente zidinga usizo oluqhubekayo lwabaqeqeshi abakhulu. Ngakho-ke, izingane ezinesiphiwo enkulisa abasaqondi "isimo" sabo, abantu abadala ababekelwe zona. Ngaphansi kokuqondisa ngqo komfundisi singakwazi ukuthuthukisa, ukudalula ama-horizons amasha we talente lasenkulisa. Ngaphezu komsebenzi ngamunye ngezingane ezinjalo ngaphakathi kwezingxenye zeDOW, ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono ezinsana zasenkulisa ezinesipiliyoni kwenziwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko.

Ukusebenza nezingane ezinamakhono ekilasini ukuthola indlela efanele kumfundi, ukuba ngumlingani omkhulu, umsizi ekusetshenzisweni kwamaphrojekthi awakhiwe.

Izici zokusebenza nezingane ezinamakhono nazo kumele ziqhubeke nokuthuthukisa amakhono abo kumongo wemfundo eyengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, lesi simiso kuze kube yimanje asiyona indlela eyisizayo yokufundisa izingane zesikole, kodwa isiqondiso esizimele esizimele esisebenza ekuboneni nasekuthuthukiseni amakhono abantwana.

Ezincwadini ezingokwengqondo nokufundisa, amasu alandelayo okufundisa izingane ezinesineke ahlukaniswa:

1. Ukujulisa ulwazi.
2. Ukufundwa kwento yokuqeqesha ngesivinini esheshayo.
3. Ukudalwa kwezimo eziyinkinga ngesinqumo esizimele sezingane zabo.
4. Ukucebisa ukwaziswa.

Ukusekelwa kukahulumeni kwezingane ezinesipho

Umbuso unesithakazelo ekufundiseni izingane ezinamakhono anekhono. Ngakho-ke, ngokucabangela izici ezingokwengqondo nezokufundisa ngokusebenza nezingane ezinezintandokazi, uhlelo oluhlosiwe lwe-Russian Federation "Izingane ZaseRussia" lakhiwa. Okuqukethwe kwalo kufaka phakathi i-subprogram ethi "Izingane Zinezingane", okuhlose ukudala izimo zokuhlonza nokuthuthukiswa kwezingane ezinamakhono ezingeni likahulumeni. Imisebenzi elandelayo yenziwa ngaphansi kwalesi sigaba:

1. Wonke ama-Olympiads aseRussia ngezihloko ngabanye.
2. Ama-Olimpiki, imincintiswano, imincintiswano ekuhlaleni kwemfundo eyengeziwe.
3. Izinguquko zokudala emakamu ezempilo, izikole zasehlobo zabantwana abanamakhono.

Izingane ezinezinwele zezwe

Singasho ngokuziqhenya ukuthi iRussia icebile ngamathalenta. Izingane zivikela inhlonipho yezwe emincintiswaneni yomculo kanye nobuciko bomhlaba jikelele, iqhaza emincintiswaneni yezemidlalo yomhlaba jikelele, ukhulume emidlalweni yochungechunge kanye nezinkomfa zesayensi.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesimiso sombuso, iphrojekthi yokudala i-encyclopedia "Izingane Eziphephile ZaseRussia" yasetshenziswa. Kule ncwadi kubalwe amagama abafana abazihlukanisa emkhakheni othile womsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo zemfundo ezakha izimo ezihle kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amakhono abafundi nazo zaphawula. Futhi kubhalwe encwadini ethi "Izingane Eziphethwe I-Gifted of Russia" amagama othisha abahlonishwayo ngisho nabaphathi bezobuciko.

Ngakho-ke, ukuhlonza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezingane ezinesipho kuwumsebenzi obalulekile emphakathini wezwe. Phela, ukuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo emphakathini wanamuhla ophucukile kusezandleni zabantu abanamakhono, abanokwakha abanekhono lokucabanga okungavamile.