Isitayela Scientific yokukhuluma: izibonelo umbhalo. inkulumo izitayela: Art, Isayensi, Elementary

Enkulumweni yakhe, abantu basebenzisa zonke izitayela ezahlukene inkulumo kuye onjani emphakathini banayo ukuxhumana. Yingakho umbuzo kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izitayela ezahlukene.

Uyini izitayela yokukhuluma?

izitayela yokukhuluma kukhona uhlelo izindlela kwezilimi esebenzisa inhlangano, abanale ngokomlando futhi asetshenziswa kunoma yimuphi umkhakha lokukhulumisana sebuntfu, imphilo yayo nomphakathi: emkhakheni wezobuciko ngamazwi, isayensi, ubudlelwane ibhizinisi, mass imisebenzi ze, zokuxhumana kwansuku zonke. Kule ndaba, isiRashiya Kwehlukanisa okulandelayo inkulumo izitayela: Art, Isayensi, ibhizinisi okuxoxa, lesibonwa kanye esemthethweni. Kulokhu, zonke izitayela, ngaphandle eyayivame, kucatshangwa ukuthi bookish.

Kulesi sihloko, sicabanga ngazo zonke izitayela yokukhuluma, nge ukunakekelwa okukhethekile izokhokhwa isitayela yesayensi, isetshenziswa imisebenzi yesayensi, izincwadi, izinkulumo at izingqungquthela. isitayela Scientific kudinga ukusetshenziswa imithetho elawula kakhudlwana kunamanye, ngoba kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amagama ligcwaliswa inkambu ewumngcingo yolwazi. Ngakho Kuwufanele iphawule ngokukhethekile ku isitayela yesayensi yokukhuluma. izibonelo umbhalo ngaphezulu akuqonde.

Izici inkulumo izitayela

Ukuvela ezihlukahlukene izitayela lwenkulumo ezihlukahlukene kulingane kokuqukethwe yokukhuluma, kanye nezinjongo zayo zokuxhumana, okungukuthi orientation yekuchumana. Kuyinto umgomo yokuxhumana ngokuvamile balawule imithetho ukuze ukhethe isitayela kule noma ukuthi isimo.

Ngamunye isitayela obusebenzayo yokukhuluma inezici yayo ejwayelekile, has imigomo yayo lucebe, kanye nokwakheka kwawo syntactic, okumele igcwaliseke ngezinga elithile ngamunye izinhlobo. Ngakho, ngamunye izitayela enezinto eziningi izici. Siza ukuze zibonise izibonelo zonke izitayela yokukhuluma kanye nencazelo emfushane izici.

Ibhizinisi isitayela kungenziwa kunqunywa amagama professional, izincazelo afanelekayo asetshenzisiwe Amagama namazwi, futhi sibonga klishirovannosti izinsiza zolimi. Ngokwesibonelo: I Mironova alevtina Vladlenovna, sicela ukungithumelela leli holidi ezayo.

Isici esiyinhloko isitayela lesibonwa ubhekwa imiva yakhe kanye ulwazi. Ngokwesibonelo: ukutholakala Amazing! Taras kusukela edolobhaneni Matroskina wasungula izidakamizwa elibanga izikhukhukazi ukuze baphathe amaqanda esiliva!

Isitayela art iyona ezinonileyo zonke ukuhlukahluka ulimi kazwelonke, ngale ndlela, ukwamukela ukusetshenziswa izincazelo ezahlukene nemishwana ukwakha isithombe acacile nangenakulibaleka. Lesi sitayela kuthuthukisa inkulumo yethu futhi usiza Ukukuqonda kahle lokho okulotshwe imidwebo, zonke ukuzizwa nesipiliyoni. Ngokwesibonelo: ikhwele zompheme wendlu yakhe, wabona ukuthi inkantolo waqala ukusondela othile. Wayazi ukuthi sibuyisela ethandekako, ubulokhu elinde khona iminyaka eminingana.

isitayela Esangxoxo iyahluka kwenye bonke abanye kalula yayo futhi ungakulungele. Ngokwesibonelo: Sawubona! Cabanga nje, izolo mina ngaya emcimbini othile wahlangana Pasha. Lowo Kade nginitshela balikhulume lonke ngenyanga!

Ukusebenzisa amazwi eyayivame futhi eyayivame, ukwehluka lucebe,-syntax lula, ukusetshenziswa sebuso, kunyakata kwemtimba, ukuhlolwa ngokomzwelo okwenzekayo - zonke lezi zici ukhombise indlela levamile yokukhuluma.

isitayela Scientific yokukhuluma: Izici eziyinhloko

isitayela Scientific somlayezo futhi uchaze imiphumela imisebenzi yesayensi. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zikhona izindawo eziningi zesayensi, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izici ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ukuthi ziwusizo isitayela yesayensi ngokuvamile:

• ngokulandelana okunengqondo letikhetfwe etheksthini lephelele;
• odwe simiso ubudlelwano phakathi zonke izingxenye imisho;
• isifiso kombhali buyingqayizivele, ukunemba nangamafuphi ngamazwi.

Uma unombono ngazo zonke izici eziyisisekelo, ngeke kube nzima ukuze ubhale umbhalo noma ukunquma isitayela yesayensi yokukhuluma. Isampuli yombhalo kule isitayela sizosisiza sonke ukuba siqonde okuningi ngokuqondile:

"Kusukela 2009, inkampani NCC lucwaningo ukucutshungulwa amakhadi Visa, Union Ikhadi MasterCard, futhi ukhiqiza ikhadi kuhlanganiswe Maestro / NCC. Futhi ngo-2008 inkampani waklonyeliswa isihloko International yokukhokhelana, okuyinto kwelulwe kakhulu uhla amasevisi ayo."

"Nikeza umbiko 4 FSS NRMM kufanele ukutshala umphathi noma accountant abakhulu. Ukwahluleka okuthobela nanoma umlamulajuqu ukuhanjiswa umbiko inkampani lapho sibhekene umqondisi walo bazohlawuliswa e emalini ebekiwe ngumthetho. "

Substyles isitayela yesayensi yokukhuluma

Njengoba wazi, izitayela enkulumweni kakhulu ezingavamile ngefomu yabo elicwengekileyo. Ezimweni eziningi, kuba nokwaziswa inyunyana yabo, okuvamise ukuthi kube yimbangela sub-izinhlobo. Ngu sub-izinhlobo isitayela yesayensi yilezi:

• isayensi kanye ibhizinisi;
• ezesayensi kanye lesibonwa;
• isayensi ethandwa;
• Science and Technology;
• isitayela zemfundo nesayensi yokukhuluma.

izici Umbhalo isitayela yesayensi ezingeni silulumagama

Zonke izici eziyinhloko ukuthi kukhona esivela isitayela yesayensi yokukhuluma, ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: ezingeni silulumagama,-syntax futhi ezingeni morphological.

Ezingeni yesayensi isitayela silulumagama has izici ezilandelayo:

• saturation amagama athile isayensi;
• Ukulisebenzisa ngokuqondile kanjena izwi, ngaphandle izingathekiso ehlukahlukene utibone;
• ukusebenzisa imishwana kanye amagama incazelo abstract: inombolo, umthetho impahla; futhi ukusetshenziswa kahle emabito ngamazwi: ukusetshenziswa, ukucutshungulwa nocwaningo;
• ukusetshenziswa kunalokho ezimele emagama nemisho ukuthi ukhombise ukulandelana kanye uxhumano imicabango: Ngakho-ke, ngokuphambene nalokho, Ngakho-ke, okokuqala kunakho konke, okokuqala kunakho konke, ekuqaleni.

Zonke lezi zici ezisiza ekuboneni isitayela lucebe yesayensi yokukhuluma. Sample umbhalo tetfulo okubonakalayo isitayela yesayensi zimi kanje:

"Kolwelwesi - yisishiso ulwelwesi lwamafinyila odongeni esiswini. Izimpawu kolwelwesi zihlanganisa :. Ubuhlungu esiswini emva kokudla noma elingenalutho isisu, isicanucanu, uhudo, ukuqunjelwa noma ukuhlanza, njll Ngesisekelo luhlolo endoscopic isisu sitholakale. "

"Okubaluleke kakhulu ngale kwezomnotho kanye yemvelo nenqubo emazinga: ukuqina, ukumelana zonke izimo ezikhulayo (sezulu, izinambuzane nezifo, inhlabathi), isikhathi isitoreji kanye transportability."

izici morphological isitayela yesayensi yombhalo

Ezingeni morphological, kufanele ugcizelele izici ezilandelayo ukuthi kukhona esivela isitayela yesayensi yokukhuluma:

• ukusetshenziswa emabito, participles, nesivinini zabo;
• ukusetshenziswa ezingavamile kwesabizwana esithi "Mina" nokuthi "thina" ngemisebenzi netento ifomu lokuqala nelesibili elisebunyeni;
• ukusetshenziswa izakhiwo engeyena umuntu ongokoqobo nanini-siqu embhalweni.

Izici kombhalo yesayensi ezingeni syntactic

Futhi ezingeni syntactic has isitayela yayo elinganiselwe zocwaningo inkulumo, linikeza lesi sitayela abe nezici ezilandelayo:

• ekusebenziseni njalo izinkomba nezingcaphuno;
• ekugwema ukusebenzisa imisho yisibabazo noma ukusetshenziswa ivelakancane;
• ukusetshenziswa amagrafu, imidwebo, amafomula ezahlukene;
• sebenzisa imisho lemagalagala ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinyunyana izenzakalo izingxenye isiphakamiso.

Izibonelo yesayensi imibhalo isitayela

Siza ukukhomba izici ezihlukile ayichaze isitayela yesayensi yokukhuluma, izibonelo umbhalo:

"Inkinga lokweba idinga isinyathelo okufika ngesikhathi nokufanele phezu ingxenye lebhizinisi - okungukuthi, ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi ezengeziwe zomsebenzi ukuqeda ingozi engahle ibe khona umhlaseli."

"Ngokusekelwe imiphumela ucwaningo iyiphi idatha uvezwa [2] isicelo futhi kuboniswe Fig. 3, it lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi izinguquko short-term in the ijika funa nomthelela ezingeni intengo. "

Izinhlobo isitayela yesayensi

Zonke imibhalo yesayensi kumele ethulwa ngesimo imikhiqizo siphelile, futhi isakhiwo yayo kumele babhekane yonke imithetho uhlobo.

Zonke izinhlobo zingahlukaniswa zibe zamabanga aphansi naphezulu, kuye ngokuthi ngubani nombhali embhalweni. Futhi, iqembu ahlukene tematheksthi zemfundo nesayensi angawodwa.

I izinhlobo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa izincwadi, iphephabhuku izihloko, zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele, izincwadi, ukubuyekezwa, imibiko, ucwaningo, imibiko yocwaningo, tetfulo tetemlomo engqungqutheleni nabanye. Lezi izinhlobo angabhekwa eyinhloko, ngoba zadalwa ngumlobi okokuqala.

umbhalo Secondary kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha izifushaniso, ema-eseyi, iziphakamiso, amanothi ahlukahlukene, izichasiselo. Le misebenzi basonta yesibili, ngoba zisekelwe imibhalo ekhona. Ngo emalungiselelo ematheksthi enjalo ngokuvamile kwenzeka Imininingwane ekunqandeni ukunciphisa ivolumu yonke umbhalo.

Ngu izinhlobo sub-izinhlobo zemfundo nesayensi kuzomele sifake izinkulumo, kulomhlangano nezethulo, amaphepha okuhlolwa anemibuzo, izifushaniso okuthunyelwe. Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo zonke izici eziyisisekelo esivela isitayela yesayensi wonkana, kufanele kuqashelwe.

Njengoba kwavela isitayela yesayensi

Umsuka wegama isitayela yesayensi kuchazwa intuthuko yazo emkhakheni wesayensi isayensi, emikhakheni ehlukene ulwazi lomuntu. Ekuqaleni, isitayela inkulumo, ezesayensi kanye nobuciko, ayeseduze kakhulu futhi efanayo. Kamuva, kwakukhona ukuhlukana kwazo yesayensi art isitayela, njengoba ngolimi lwesiGreki yaqala ukubonakala zonke izinhlobo amagama esayensi.

Kuthandwa isitayela ososayensi e Yempucuko. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi ngakho konke ososayensi wazama ukwethula umsebenzi wabo eduze ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa ifomu olujiyile, wazama yini ukususa embhalweni incazelo ngokomzwelo futhi kwezobuciko, ngoba ziphikisana reflection abstract-okunomqondo nemvelo.

Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona izingxabano mayelana isethulo ukwaziswa kwesayensi yizazi ezehlukene. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Kepler kubhekwe umsebenzi ngokweqile kwezobuciko uGalileo, Descartes futhi kaGalileo isitayela kokwethula amaphepha isayensi "fictionalized". Isibonelo sokuqala ngolimi lwesayensi esikhathini esizayo ubhekwa yesitatimende Newton.

Ukuthuthukiswa isitayela yesayensi ukuthonywa isiRashiya. isitayela Scientific yokukhuluma laseRussia laqala ukukhula kwawo ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII. Phakathi nale nkathi, abahumushi abalobi izincwadi zesayensi eqala ukudala amagama ayo. ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo lesi sitayela ezenzeka esikhathini kwesigamu ngekhulu XVIII yesibili ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi Lomonosov nabafundi bakhe. Ukwakheka sokugcina isitayela yesayensi Russian ezenzeka esikhathini kwesigamu sibonga XIX leminyaka nomsebenzi yesayensi ososayensi esikhulu okwesibili.

Kulesi sifundo, zonke izitayela inkulumo babebhekwa njengabantu. Zibonelo zibonisa ngokucacile umehluko phakathi kwabo, futhi incazelo eningiliziwe isitayela yesayensi kuyokusiza ukuba kalula ulisebenzise ngenkulumo yakhe.