Gentry - siyini lesi. Ubani lo umnumzana? Umlando omfishane we gentry

Fans of zomlando Romanov Genrika Senkevicha lihlangane ngokuphindaphindiwe kubo into efana "gentry". Nokho, lokho okushiwo yile, kwakungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi ecacile ngendlela lasetjentiswe ngayo. Sazise ukuthi lena ibizo, futhi sibheke umlando lo mkhuba, obizwa ngalelo gama.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "gentry"

Leli gama lisetshenziswa Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wabizwa ngokuthi isigaba esihle.

Empeleni, kuba Ibizo angabhekwa lahlotshaniswa nokuba igama elithi "ukwazi", "izikhulu". Kulokhu, lo gentry - iyisici ekhethekile, ejwayelekile isiko Polish. Ngaphezu kwalokho, liye laba khona emazweni angomakhelwane (Czech Republic, Slovakia) nalabo izwe lazo esedlule beniyingxenye Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (yeBelarus, eLithuania, Ukraine).

etymology

Igama waseRussia "gentry" kwamiswa kusukela Ibizo szlachta Polish. Ke, ngesikhathi, kungenzeka aye amiswa kusukela Schlacht elithi German (a impi, impi).

version ubuye ezivamile ukuthi "sikakhokho" "izikhulu" babe igama elidala German Slacht, okusho 'zohlobo, uhlobo. "

Yikuphi zalezi zinkolelo-mbono ilungile - alaziwa. Ikakhulukazi ukuthi ubufakazi lokuqala etymology kwaleli gama Usesembozweni ukubonwa ngekhulu xv. Kulokhu, lo mqondo Kuvezwe okungenani 4 emakhulwini eminyaka ngaphambili.

Ngubani umnumzana

Uma gentry - yigama ezivamile basebukhosini kuphela, omele womuntu lalibizwa ngokuthi "wohlanga olukhulu" noma "shlyahtyanka" (uma wayengumuntu wesifazane abazalwa yizicukuthwane).

Ekuqaleni (esikhathini bokuba khona uMbuso Poland) uthole abantu izikhulu abavamile ayengakwenza ngokuyisisekelo ngoba Merit Military (endleleni, kungakho umsuka wenkulumo ethi). Ngakho-ke, phansi emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka abakhulu babedabuka ePoland futhi kwase ezifanayo indima yabo Knights European.

Ezikhathini zamuva nje abe umuntu ohlonishwayo kuba nzima kakhulu, naphezu nezigigaba ekhazimulayo enkundleni yempi. Kulokhu, ngoba cishe wonke umlando gentry ukuba abameleli bayo ababenomthwalo wemfanelo ukuvikela izwe.

Ngokwezazi-mlando Polish, emashumini eminyaka XVI-XVIII. kwakukhona ngaphezu izinhlobo kweshumi we gentry. Basuke izigaba ezahlukene: ku endulo, umcebo, khona noma ukungabi khona isibonakaliso, noma ezweni abalimi by imvelaphi, indawo yokuhlala, nokunye ...

Naphezu izinhlobo eziningi izikhulu - kuba njalo elite umphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ngisho abampofu gentry abangenamihlaba kwadingeka amalungelo kakhudlwana futhi amalungelo kunabaningi ovamile ocebile.

Njengoba abaningi yezikhulu Commonwealth babempofu, ingcebo eyinhloko yawo wonke amakhaya Aristocrat kwaba udumo lwakhe i godnośc (nobukhulu). Ukuvikela kwabo, ngisho umnumzana nabampofu babengathola inselelo wohlanga olukhulu ocebile.

Kukhona akulona iqiniso ukuthi zonke izicukuthwane babe ngempela Katolika. Lena inganekwane, kodwa umbuzo inkolo sibaluleke kakhulu Commonwealth, phakathi izikhulu zawo zazilotshiwe abameleli izinkolo yobuKristu ezahlukene.

Indaba yezikhulu

Njengoba lokho igama elithi "gentry", kufanele sinake umlando lesi simanga.

Eyokuqala Knights nezicukuthwane uvele ekhulwini XI. Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, isihloko yizicukuthwane ezikutholile inkonzo yezempi. Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngalezo zinsuku, ubani kungawufinyelela wezempi wamukela knighthood. Futhi lo mthetho usebenza ngisho izigqila.

Ngenxa le nqubomgomo ekhulwini XI. lenqwaba yabakhulu, abazange namabhantshi izikhali futhi umhlaba ngokuba ekunakekelweni umphakathi.

Kusukela ngo XII. gentry - ifa ifike. Kule nkathi izicukuthwane Polish kancane kancane baqala ucindezela phansi ekuphathweni yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi. Ngakho ukuze uthole izwe, base amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, abalimi cishe ayeyizigqila, wayencisha emiphakathini yasemakhaya self-ukuphathwa, futhi ethula serfdom.

Isimo ne somphakathi womuzi kwakungelona ngcono kakhulu. Njengoba Burgers abanokuthula zase, azisetshenziswa njalo izingxabano zempi, izicukuthwane bancishwa amalungelo abo okuba nomhlaba. Futhi ezicukuthwaneni njalo ekhokhwa intela abahlali basemadolobheni okunyantisayo liphazamisa kuzo zonke izindaba zabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, le umkhakha isimo neze athuthukile.

Golden inkululeko

Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo incazelo "gentry" futhi "wohlanga olukhulu", yaloko lokumele kufundvwe mayelana umqondo ezifana "gentry sokubusa ngentando yeningi" noma Złota Wolność (Golden Liberty).

Ingqikithi isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona (okuyinto kwamiswa uMbuso Poland bese kwanda kuwo Rzeczpospolita) kwakuwukuthi cishe njalo wohlanga olukhulu iqhaza kuhulumeni.

Nakuba ngokusemthethweni kuleli zwe babenezinkinga kwenkosi, nguye kuphela e-Europe, wakhethwa. Futhi ukhetha Ukudla (ephalamende eyayakhiwa gentry abacebile, sifana yesimanje ye-US Senate e isakhiwo), kanye endaweni yenkosi angasho cishe zonke izicukuthwane abacebile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni endulo.

Inkosi yasePoland, wakhethwa ukuphila, kodwa izikhulu wayenelungelo elingokomthetho ukukhulisa ukuvukela kwakhe (rokosz) futhi ukuhambisa engadingeki esikhundleni sakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilungu Ukudla ngamunye kwadingeka ilungelo ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela, ngakho iningi imithetho Commonwealth akalithabathanga inkosi futhi ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Naphezu kwesimo sayo lesichubekako, Golden Liberty futhi leli qembu ezimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuxabana njalo khona futhi kudingeke zilwe abakhulu abacebe for amandla. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII. izwe liye sithambe kangangokuba incotjwa uthi ezintathu angomakhelwane: Russian Empire, Prussia nase-Austria.

Ukuncipha kanye ukunyamalala izikhulu njengoba ikilasi

Ngemva Rzeczpospolita lashabalala ku XVIII leminyaka., A ingxenye enkulu layo lalibuswa Empire Russian. Iziphathimandla entsha wakuthola kudingekile nokulinganisa kanye Russian gentry yezikhulu. Kodwa kwathi izikhulu Polish kwaba eningi (mayelana 7% abantu sebebonke yasePoland, kuyilapho eRussia - 1%).

Ukuze wehlise senani, phakathi nalo lonke ikhulu XIX. eMbusweni wethula imithetho ehlukahlukene eqine ezidinga isiqinisekiso gentry uhlobo incwadi ethile yasendulo. Nokho, ukuqoqa lonke ulwazi olufanele bahluleka zonke izicukuthwane. Ngenxa yalokhu, cishe ingxenye yabo bayiswa isigaba abavamile.

Le nqubomgomo ndini iye yabangela ukuphela wavukela eziningi, okwenza kukhule isimo yezikhulu wangaphambili kuphela.

Ngemva kwezenzakalo-1917 endaweni ezwe elaliyi-Russian Empire futhi Commonwealth babe imizamo ukubuyisela izikhulu njengoba ekilasini futhi abuye abuyele kulo amalungelo walo wangaphambili futhi inkululeko. Nokho, kwakunzima ukuba kuzuzwe lokhu, futhi ngo-1921 zinyanga gentry amalungelo ePoland, Ukraine futhi Western Belarus awabange esaba khona, kanye ekilasini uqobo.