Isikhungo lwezezimali - ke ... Incazelo

Imali ukubonakaliswa bawo abahlukahlukene, bekulokhu futhi kuyoba ngesisekelo ubudlelwane kwezomnotho emazingeni micro Macro. isikhungo lwezezimali - kuyinto ngokuzimisela ohlelweni malini ezweni noma ezimakethe zomhlaba jikelele wezimali.

Umqondo izikhungo zezimali

Imali, futhi, kuncike ku-trade, nabathengisi abangekho ngemali. isikhungo lwezezimali - umenzeli kwezomnotho (ngokuvamile ibe inhlangano engokomthetho), ezisebenza emakethe yezimali ngaphansi kwelayisensi futhi ukufeza izinkonzo lapho enika ukubolekisa, ukuthengisa izibambiso nezinye ukuthengiselana ezihlobene kumiswa lokungena nokuphuma kwemali.

Imisebenzi izinkampani zezimali

Eqinisweni, izinkampani zezimali sokulamula ngokuba ukuhanjiswa izimali. izimpahla zabo zamanje yilezi ezifakwa wathola okwesikhathi amaholo athile ayevela labantu kanye zomthetho izinhlangano, okuyizinto ke ezicashe ukubolekisa 'wazithengisa' kwabanye ababambiqhaza of ubudlelwano credit. Yiqiniso, lena imodeli bakudala ka mshini ukusebenza abaxhumanisi zezimali, kodwa isimiso kusenzima ezivamile, ushintsha kuphela esikalini, ifomu abahlanganyeli. Ngakho, zokuthenga ngesikweletu babe imisebenzi elandelayo:

• Angenele ukwakheka kanye nokusebenza kwimakethe kanye izibambiso.
• Ukusabalalisa kabusha imali ngesimo imali ukonga sabantu, okungukuthi, izinguquko zabo zibe izimali utshalomali.
• Wazisa abahlanganyeli ubudlelwane kwezomnotho kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali.
• Ukuhlola kanye ingozi ukuncishiswa.

izikhungo zezimali Modern, izinhlobo zazo kanye nemisebenzi

Ezinye kokuhle abahlanganyeli ubudlelwane yemali, kanye izici amasevisi abo avunyelwe zokuhlukanisa wabayisa amaqembu amaningana. Ezingeni kunoma isiphi isimo yesimanje kungaba amafomu alandelayo weemali:

1. Amabhange - kucocisana inhlangano, inzuzo okuyizinto kakhulu izimpahla ketshezi: imali (cash electronic) kanye izibambiso.
2. Non-ebhange credit izikhungo - ngokungaqondile ehilelekile ukuhanjiswa imali. emkhakheni wabo womsebenzi kunalokho a yokuphathwa kwezimali ezikhethekile kakhulu ka yemali engenayo yekhasimende.
3. izinkampani Lokutshala Izimali - enze ukuhlolwa izingozi kwezomnotho kanye ukuhlonza izindawo ezikhanga kakhulu lokutshala imali.
4. Credit Izinyunyana - ukuhlinzeka imali kanye kwinsizakalo yokubolekwa kumalungu omphakathi. Ihlukile izinkampani commercial ukuthi musa balwela ukwenza inzuzo

Amabhange, izici zabo nezinhlobo

Banking isikhungo sezezimali - umlamuleli, esiza "ukuthengisa" imali noma umkhiqizo / service, ukuhlinzeka amasevisi zokweluleka emkhakheni ukutshalwa kwezimali. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu amabhange:

1. Bank ezezimali siqu - kuba ukusungulwa kwezohwebo ukuhlinzeka ukubolekisa ngemali labantu noma opharetha kwezomnotho ngenkokhelo isilungisiwe. Inzalo emalini ebolekwe ekhokhwa kumakhasimende bakha isihloko eyinhloko izimali ngamabhange. Izindleko yalezi zinkampani credit card kukhona zenzalo yokuzigcina ezifakwa (amaklayenti utshalomali). It ezifakwa emabhange yakha ingxenye enkulu kokusebenza ebhange.
2. Bank ngezimali yokuthengisa. Izikhungo yalolu hlobo isikhungo sokulamula ukudayisa izimpahla sesikhathi eside izitolimende. Kulesi siphakamiso, hhayi ebhange ngokwayo wenziwa ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla kanye inkampani zokuhweba. Ibhange kuphela ophethe udaba lokuthenga yokukhokha.
3. Ibhangi lokutshala izimali - ilungu izinhlelo zezimali zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe. amaklayenti akhe angamalangabi izinhlangano ezingokomthetho ngisho uhulumeni. Injongo eyinhloko ye-isikhungo izimali ukuheha utshalomali emikhakheni eyehlukene yomnotho, kanye Ukulamula kabusha ibhizinisi ukuthengiselana nge izibambiso.

Ukuhlukaniswa ngamabhange phezu okufana ezihlongozwayo Kuthi kabi amandla akhe, kusukela izikhungo kakhulu abolekise ukumboza zonke izindawo ezaziwayo: ngezimali kanye nokutshala yokuphathwa kwezimali.

Non-yasebhange izinhlangano credit

Non-ebhange credit izikhungo - kukhona ukulibona kwezentengiselwano ezingasetshenziswa ngesisekelo ilayisensi ukwenza imisebenzi ethile yasebhange. Umgomo we operation kuyehla kube isiphetho imisebenzi, kusukela izakhiwo ezinjalo zinamandla kakhulu esingaphansi yasebhange yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali. Izibonelo leli qembu izinkampani zihlanganisa:

• Izinkampani zemishuwalense. Umgomo we operation kuyehla kube elikhiphe izikweletu esetshenziswa amakhasimende imali yokukhokhela izindleko ezingalindelekile, uhlu okuyinto kubekiwe inkontileka. Ukuze uthenge lezi debenture amakhasimende ukukhokha premium umshwalense. Umehluko phakathi ukuqhutshwa umshuwalense futhi izinkokhelo nge izimbuyiselo umshwalense (uma enjalo kuzokwenzeka), kanye nezindleko zokuphatha lenkampani eyenza inzuzo UK.
• Sempesheni phezu esithile ukuqoqa izimali ezivela kumakhasimende, ukudala ukuqongelela kokusebenza. Lapho kokufinyelela eminyakeni ewu umhlalaphansi imali zanqwabelana iklayenti uncika izibonelelo nyangazonke. Kulokhu, ummangalelwa inikeza akhawunti siqu isitoreji, eveza kuphela inani iminikelo, kodwa akukuniki ilungelo lokusebenzisa kubo ngokugcwele. Inani isinxephezelo kubalwa okusekelwe ifomula ezivamile futhi inomkhawulo isikhathi. Sempesheni usebenze njengoba kokubili izinhlangano engxenyeni kahulumeni zezimali eRussia, futhi njengoba inkampani commercial yangasese.
• Pawnshops abasebenza emkhakheni ezezimali siqu futhi ukukhiqiza loans ezincane umthengi. Le mali ikhishwe ngebheyili kuphela ubucwebe kanye impahla eyigugu izinto, okuyinto esimweni non-sokukhokhwa kwesikweletu kufanele ziyothathwa bese wadayiswa endalini. Ngaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi esithize ekuvumelwene le pawnshop unelungelo ukulahla impahla eyisibambiso, inhlangano ubophekile ukuba aqinisekise ukuphepha kwezingane ezihlukunyeziwe izinto. Income kulokhu hhayi kuphela inzuzo kusuka imigexo ithengiswe, kodwa futhi phezu inzalo emalini ebolekwe oluvelele, ukuthi, ikhasimende kufanele ubuyele hhayi kuphela isamba semalimboleko kodwa amaphesenti esinqunyiwe.

izikhungo Investment

Investment isikhungo sezezimali - isikhungo ngokukhethekile edonsa nokutshalwa kwezimali abaphendulayo (zimali). into wokusisa izibambiso (amasheya, amabhondi, amanothi promissory). izindleko ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isimo emakethe wamanje. Izinhlobonhlobo leli qembu izinhlangano:

• Brokers futhi wabenza - abaxhumanisi ku ukuthengiselana of ukuthengwa nokudayiswa izibambiso, benza umsebenzi wabo ngesisekelo ilayisensi.
• izinkampani Lokutshala Izimali - bakha umphakathi enamalungu ukwethemba ukuphathwa utshalomali inkampani yabo. Ubuhlobo obunjalo ngenxa amaphothifoliyo utshalomali zimali ngabanye lusenza sikwazi ukunciphisa ingozi zero.
• Investment Isikhwama - umlamuleli phakathi umbolekisi futhi obolekayo, futhi uhluke wabathengi owandile wokuthi ikhipha izibopho zayo, nesinedolo izindawo kuncike azimele nezinqubo zemininingwane yezinye izinkampani. Imali etholakala ukudayiswa izibambiso yayo imali tibuyiselwa ukuthengwa izibopho nezinye izinhlangano. Umehluko phakathi ukudayiswa kanye ukuthengwa Central Bank futhi yesikhwama engenayo, bakha inzuzo ekupheleni konyaka wezimali ngesimo izinzuzo basakaza phakathi kwamalungu alo.
• Stock Exchange - yokuhweba ngamasheya, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, bona futhi ukhiqiza futhi inikeza izimo ukuthengiselana nge ukwabelana namanothi promissory.

ngesikweletu nezinyunyana

Credit ama cooperatives, ziphakathi kwezinye zezinto ze-non-yasebhange izinhlangano credit, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi inhlangano esinjalo asisho ukuthi akudingeki ekulandeleni inzuzo, kungase kwenziwe isibaluli iqembu ehlukile. Umgomo we operation isekelwe Union zezimali mutual ilungu-kuzifunda.

A ezihlukahlukene credit izinyunyana kukhona Isikhwama mutual, okungase eyasungulwa iqembu ngabanye nezinhlangano kwi Isici esisodwa esifanayo, ezifana indawo. Credit izinyunyana, kanye ngamabhange, ukubolekisa ngenzalo futhi uthathe ezifakwa ngesimo imali. Umahluko owokuthi ukuthi lezi zinsiza ziyatholakala kuphela amalungu abazimisele ukubambisana nabo futhi iphesenti lamalimboleko anikezwe lwabelwe phakathi abahlanganyeli ngokulingana iminikelo yabo.

MFIs udinga ukudala

Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, okuyinto eyenzeka 30s kwekhulu elidlule, lapho kuwa emakethe yesifunda European ngenxa seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, ukwehluleka emazweni amaningi lokube igolide, usizi eziningi eemfundeni kanye nephasi loke esikhathini post-yimpi kwakungamadodana izimfanelo ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo olulodwa eyodwa lwemali ukulawulwa ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso.

Ngakho, ngo-1944, ngenxa izinkulumo, okuyinto belithanyelwe amazwe 29, kwanqunywa ukwakha uhlelo olusha yemali - International Monetary Fund (MFIs). I-International Bank for neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa (IBRD) lamiswa njengenhlangano isigungu.

izikhungo ezinkulu zezimali zomhlaba

Yiqiniso, ukusebenza izwe ubudlelwane yemali kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali MFIs futhi iBhange Lomhlaba akwanele. Ukuphumelela ubudlelwane yetemnotfo bunikezwa zikhungo:

• I-International Development Association (ida), ukubolekisa oluvelele amazwe asathuthuka ku ngaphansi kwezimo ezimvunayo.
• International Finance Corporation - engxenyeni ezimele isekela amazwe.
• International Investment Isiqinisekiso Agency - ulawula ukugeleza utshalomali emazweni asathuthuka.
• Bank for International Settlements - ihlela ngamazwe exchange zezimali kanye angaphandle ukuthengiselana phakathi emabhange central lamazwe ahlukahlukene.

Kanye global zezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba jikelele wezimali futhi zesifunda:

• I-European Reconstruction and Development Bank - idonse izimali European Economic Area, kanye lucwaningo imisebenzi akhawunti.
• imisebenzi yasebhange esifundeni European - European umphakathi ngokwezimali.
• European Investment Bank.
• Asian Development Bank - inikeza ukubolekisa ethambile amazwe ase-Asia.
• I-African Development Bank.
• Inter-American Development Bank.
• INhlangano Arab States - inikeza ubuhlobo kutemnotfo lamazwe Arab.

isifinyezo

Kanye funa kudala supply emakethe umthengi, ukuba khona exchange yemali kanye angaphandle kanye nobudlelwane kwezomnotho kuphakamisa ukuvela izikhungo zezimali, izinhlobo okuyinto ziyahlukahluka kuye imininingwane yalolu nokusebenza kwabo. Ezinye zazo ukusebenza kuphela emkhakheni abolekise yangasese, kuyilapho abanye sihlinzeke izinhlelo ukuba izinhlangano ezingokomthetho kanye izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Kulokhu, isimo izikhungo zezimali, uhulumeni nokuziphendulela, usebenze Okusondele namabhizinisi abolekise kwezohwebo.