Indoda Nenhlangano: Izimpawu Zomuntu Emphakathini

Inhlangano yinto engokoqobo yokuthi asikhethi, asiyikudala futhi ayikwazi ukulawula, kodwa iyasilawula, futhi ngezinga elithile isilawula. "Izimpawu zomuntu emphakathini - kuyini?" - ubuza. Impendulo yalo mbuzo inikezwa yilo ngxenye. Uzocelwa ukuba uqonde le nkinga eyinkimbinkimbi, ukuziqonda ukuthi kungani kunjalo, futhi kungenjalo, nokuthi ngabe singashintsha yini.

Yini umphakathi?

Izici zomuntu emphakathini zinzima kakhulu futhi ziningi. Umphakathi uhlobo oluyinkimbinkimbi, olwakhiwa njengamahlelo onke ahlukene, ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwezinxenye eziningi ezihlukanisiwe. Ngokuphambene, kuhlanganiswa ngenxa yokusebenzisana nokuxhasana kwabantu abahambisana nemigomo yabo yemvelo ekuziphatheni. Izici zomuntu emphakathini, ngokuzimela kanye nemvelo yomuntu zihlobene.

Thina, ngabanye, izidalwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemvelo yomuntu kubonakala kumthethosisekelo wayo owenziwe ngezindlela eziningi, izidingo ezahlukene ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwezici zayo eziningi kukhona izinto ezinjengokuzondla, ukuncintisana, isidingo sokuxhumana, umuzwa wobulungiswa kanye nokoma inkululeko. Noma kunjalo, ukuziphatha kwethu kungenangqondo, ngoba, naphezu kokuthi umuntu unesizathu, ubukhulu bezidingo zakhe kusenza silandele ukusimama kokuncintisana, ukuncintisana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyadingeka yini iqiniso nelokucabanga. Izici eziningi zomuntu, ngaphezu kwalokho, zinomqondo ophikisanayo, ophikisanayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kufanele sisebenzise umzabalazo ohlala njalo futhi ongenakuqhathaniswa, isibonelo, phakathi kwesifiso samandla nenkululeko, ukulingana nobulungiswa.

Njengoba ubunzima bezinto eziyimvelo zanoma yiziphi izenzakalo zemvelo, umphakathi njengento evumelana nazo zihambisana nezakhiwo zomhlaba wonke kanye namaphethini okushintsha, okuvamile kuzo zonke izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zakhiwo namaphethini angalandelwa kuwo wonke amazinga wesistimu, aqala emndenini futhi aphethwe ngamaqembu ezwe, jikelele. Izimpawu zomuntu emphakathini kufanele futhi zicabangele izici eziningi.

Izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibonakaliswa ukuthi ziyizona ezingezansi, okungukuthi, ukusabela kohlelo lonke njengalokhu aluhambisani nokusabela kwezitho zalo futhi akukwazi ukuchazwa njengesamba sabo. Ukungalingani kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlotshaniswa nezakhiwo ezimbili: ukungaqiniseki kwabo nokungaqondakali. Izinqubo ezinjalo zingenakulinganiswa, ngoba ukuziphatha kwabo konke kuhluke ekutheni iziphathamandla zezingxenye ezizimele ziziphatha kanjani. Eqinisweni, uma ubudlelwane bombiko bukhona, ukuziphatha kwayo yonke kuphazamisa ukuziphatha kwesigaba esiyingxenye, futhi ngokufanayo. Njengoba umphakathi uthinta umuntu, akekho umuntu ongasuswa kulo. Umphakathi, njengazo zonke izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, zisebenza njengento eyodwa futhi azikwazi ukulawulwa ngabanye. Abantu bangayithonya kuphela futhi babambe iqhaza kwimicimbi ehlukahlukene eyenza uhlelo, kodwa abakwazi ukuyilawula.

Izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi azikwazi ukubikezela. Ezinkambisweni ezingekho ezincane, ushintsho oluncane ezimweni lungabangela izinguquko ezinkulu ezingalindelekile. Okufanayo okwenzeka emphakathini. Izenzakalo ezehlukene, izenzakalo zivame ukuholela ezingalindelekile, ezingalindelekile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela engathandeki.

Esinye isizathu sokungaqiniseki kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi zivame ukufaka isici sengozi, kanye nesici esijwayelekile somuntu emphakathini. Isibonelo singaphakanyiswa kanje: njengehlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi sizobe simelela ikholoni yezintuthwane. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi zonke izintuthwane ziyahamba ekufuneni ukudla ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi ikoloni ithole ukudla okungcono. Emphakathini wesintu kukhona nesici sengozi. Amasiko, isibonelo, anethonya elikhulu emiphakathini yomphakathi, kodwa angakhiwa ngokuguquka okungazibandakanyi futhi okungahambi kahle kwemicimbi.

Ukwakhiwa kwesistimu

Izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuvamile, ayinayo incazelo eqondile, akunakwenzeka ukusho lokho okubizwayo. Ukufaniswa komuntu emphakathini kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, ukuyihlaziya, siphoqeleka ukwakha imodeli elula. Esikhathini esizayo, sizocubungula imodeli yomphakathi esekelwe ebuhlotsheni obukhona bezikhungo, amasiko kanye nezomnotho, kanye nokuxhumana kwabo kanye nomthelela emvelweni wabantu.

Isakhiwo somphakathi

Ngamunye wemikhakha yomphakathi (imiphakathi yezomnotho, yamasiko, izikhungo kanye nemvelo) iyimbumbano eyinkimbinkimbi eyakhiwe ngokuhlanganisana nokubambisana kwezakhiwo ezilula. Ukuhleleka kwezenhlalakahle nezomnotho kubangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi, ubudlelwane bezenhlalakahle nemisebenzi yomuntu siqu. Isici sezikhungo sihlanganisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezizimele. Amasiko inhlanganisela yolwazi nobuchwepheshe, ukubuka umhlaba kanye namagugu. Imvelo yomuntu nayo yakhiwa kusukela ekusebenzisaneni kokuzalwa kwesintu nokuthuthukiswa kwayo kumuntu othile. Ngakho-ke isici somuntu emphakathini sibizwa ngokuthi igama elikhethekile elithi "umuntu ngamunye".

Njengazo zonke izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, umphakathi awunakulinganiswa. Lokhu konke okuyinkimbinkimbi akukwazi ukunciphisa kunoma yiziphi izici, uhlamvu lomuntu emphakathini alubonakali lo mphakathi wonke. Noma yikuphi ukuchazwa komphakathi kusukela ekubukeni kwesici esisodwa, kungaba isiko, isimo somuntu, umzabalazo wamandla noma izikhungo ezihlukahlukene, akuphelele. Kufana nazo zonke izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kufanele kuthathwe njengokusebenzisana kwezilinganiso ezihlukene, ukwakha konke okukodwa nokungenakulinganiswa.

Futhi, njengamanye amasistimu afanayo, izingxenye zalo ezikhona azikho eceleni, ngokuzihlukanisa, kodwa kufanele zibhekwe ngokuhlobana kwazo zonke ezinye.

Isakhiwo se-Hierarchical

Isici esiyinhloko senhlangano yabantu yentando yeningi yisakhiwo sawo sokuzibusa. Zonke izinhlobo zenhlangano yenhlalakahle, ezivela emphakathini wabathelisi kanye nabazingeli emiphakathini esethuthukile kakhulu, zibhekene nokusabalalisa okungalingani kwamandla nobukhosi. Akuwona wonke ama-hierarchies afanayo. Abanye banamandla okuhlukaniswa kwamandla kanye nokuhlukaniswa kweklasi. Abanye, njengomphakathi wabathengisi nabazingeli, bangabonakali kancane, baningi ngentando yeningi, futhi mhlawumbe banakho abaholi abangunaphakade. Kodwa bonke banezinto ezifanayo: ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kuzo kuhlale kungalingani. Kukhona njalo umkhakha ovelele, kungaba amadoda, abaholi, imindeni, abaphulukisi, njll.

Isizathu sezinto eziphilayo sokuba khona kwesihlalo sobukhosi sisezintweni zethu zokuncintisana. Ukuncintisana kungenye yezici eziningi zobuntu. Futhi eziningi zezici zayo ziphikisana futhi zincintisane. Isibonelo, ngokwemvelo yethu asifisi nje kuphela emncintiswaneni, kodwa nokuxhumana. Lokhu kungukuthi, ngokwemvelo kufanele sixhumeke futhi sihlobaniswe nabanye futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sincintisane nabo. Ukuncintisana kwabantu kusishukumisela ukuba sihlele zibe izakhiwo ngokusatshalaliswa kwamandla okungalingani. Isikhundla sobukhosi kulokhu kuyisici esingenakugwemeka senhlangano yomphakathi.

Umsebenzi womphakathi

Ngokungafani nezilwane noma amakholomu okuziphatha okuhambisana nomsebenzi okwenziwa, umphakathi wonke awunayo indima ethile.

Kodwa-ke, nakuba lokhu kungadingekile, kwezinye izimo, izinhlelo zomphakathi zinomsebenzi obhekene ikakhulukazi nesakhiwo sezombangazwe zesistimu. Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle ezinesakhiwo esizayo zisebenza ukuze kuzuze labo abame phezulu kwesihlalo sobukhosi, ngokubambisana nalabo abangaphansi.

Umqondo wokuthi umphakathi ukhona ukuze kuzuze wonke umuntu uyiphutha. Uhlelo lwezenhlalakahle lungasebenza kokubili okuhle nokubi kumuntu. Indlela ezosebenza ngayo esimweni esithile kuxhomeke kumicimbi yomlando engahleliwe futhi engaqondakali. Imizamo yabantu ngabanye yokuqapha noma ukuklama uhlelo ijwayele ukuholela emiphumeleni engaqondakali futhi engafaneleki njalo.

Kungenzeka yini ukuba uqhathanise ngokulinganayo imiphakathi ehlukene?

Ngokungafani nezinkolelo ezithandanayo, izinhlelo zingahlolwa ngokulinganayo futhi ziqhathaniswe ngokwezinzuzo eziletha abantu ngabanye. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izinhlelo azikho umsebenzi, ngakho-ke zingasebenzela kokubili okuhle nokubi kumuntu. Kule ndawo, ezinye zazo zilungile. Ezinye zimbi. Ezinye izinhlelo zingcono kunezinye.

Uhlelo oluhle olukhuthaza inhlalakahle jikelele. Okubi kuletha abantu ukulimala noma kubangele inhlalakahle yabanye ngenkokhelo yabanye, ngoba ukuhlukaniswa komuntu enkampanini yabanye abantu njalo kuthatha lesi sigaba.

Umphakathi ungashintshwa kanjani?

Iyini isici somuntu emphakathini? Impendulo yalo mbuzo akulula kakhulu. Siqale lesi sihloko ngokuthi asikhethi umphakathi, asidali futhi asikwazi ukuwulawula, kodwa ulawula impilo yomuntu ngamunye. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo oluzimele olulawula abantu futhi aluhambisani nokulawula kwabo? Kungenzeka yini ukushintsha umphakathi esiphila kuwo?

Isihloko esithi "indoda nomphakathi" zihlale ziheha izombusazwe kanye nezomphakathi. Njengoba u-Noam Chomsky athi, izinhlelo zenhlalo "aziqoshiwe ngamatshe." Asikho isizathu sokuba abantu bangakwazi ukuzishintsha. Kufanele sikwazi ukukhetha uhlelo lwezenhlalo oluzosebenza ukuze kuzuze abantu. Umlingiswa womuntu emphakathini uyisihloko esiphathelene nomunye wethu.

Noma kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu eziningana akulula kakhulu ukusebenzisa. Okokuqala, abantu ngabanye abakwazi ukuguqula uhlelo ngokwabo. Izenzo ezihlanganyelwe kuphela zingaholela ekushintsheni kuyo. Futhi isenzo sokubambisana kunzima ukuhlela, ngoba ukuqonda komunye umuntu, njengomthetho, kusethelwe ukuba yingxenye yesistimu, futhi hhayi ukuvukela kulo. Okwesibili, labo abakhipha okungenani bazuze ohlelweni futhi banezizathu eziningi zokufuna ukuguqula babe namandla angaphansi ohlelweni.

Umuntu kufanele abe necala elingakanani emphakathini?

Ngokuvamile, umthwalo wabantu uncane kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, uma sivame ukuqonda okungaqondakali kwemvelo yethu, futhi ikhono lokuyilawula lilinganiselwe, yini esingayisho ngendaba enzima kangaka njengomphakathi ekuphileni komuntu? Noma kunjalo, naphezu komthwalo wemfanelo onqunyelwe abantu abanakho, umthwalo wawo wemfanelo ukhona.

Izimpawu zomuntu emphakathini ngokwezinga lokuzibophezela

Laba yibo abasibo abaphezulu ekubuseni, banomthwalo omkhulu kunabo bonke. Bavame ukuba nemfundo ephakeme, impilo, amathuba, izinsiza namandla okusebenzisa ushintsho. Kodwa ngasikhathi sinye, cishe kungenzeka ukuthi bathuthukise uhlelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi bathola izinzuzo ezinkulu kunazo futhi ngaleyo ndlela bayokuphikisa ushintsho futhi ngeke basekele izinguquko eziphuka ezithakazelweni zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yokucabangela abantu abanjalo, njengombuso, inqatshelwe amandla okubaluleka nokuhlaziya okudingekayo. Uma umuntu ephakeme ekhuphuka ekubuseni, ukuqina kwakhe ukuhambisana nesistimu ukuze avikele amandla akhe.

Umuntu ophansi ezingeni eliphakeme, ubambe iqhaza lomuntu emphakathini, umthwalo omncane onomthwalo wemfanelo, ngoba ngokuvamile unesimo esiphansi semfundo, impilo, izinto ezibonakalayo, akanakho ikhono namandla okwenza izinguquko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abanjalo bavame ukuphathwa, balawulwa yibo abame ngenhla. Baphoqeleka ukuba banakekele ngokuyinhloko ngezidingo zabo eziyisisekelo nezibalulekile. Isihloko esithi "umuntu nomphakathi" kubo kunjengokungatholakali.

Isigaba somphakathi esiphakathi sithwala umthwalo ofanayo njengalabo abaphezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi. Izinga lalo mthwalo wemfanelo lilinganiselwe ngokulingana nalo, kanye nendima yomuntu emphakathini. Ukuze ugcine amandla ayo, inhlawulo yomphakathi izama ukwenza njalo ukuze i-strata ephakathi iyanelisekile (futhi ezindaweni eziphansi kuzama ukuzinakekela izendlalelo ezingezansi). Ngakho-ke, i-strata ephakathi iphinde izuze ohlelweni olukhona ngamakhono ayo, izinsiza namandla angenamkhawulo, ngakho-ke wabelane ngomthwalo wemfanelo ngenhla yomphakathi. Ngokungafani nalezi zamuva, azikwazi ukushintsha uhlelo, izendlalelo eziphakathi zizinsiza nezinsiza zalokhu. Noma kunjalo, emzabalazweni wabo wamandla bathambekele ekuvumelaneni nesistimu futhi benze ngokuvumelana nalabo abangaphezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kwesistimu. Isici somuntu emphakathini yilokho ngezindlela eziningi kunembeza wabo.

Ukunganaki akupheli emithwalweni

Ukungazi, ukungaqondi ukuqonda akuqedi izingxenye eziphezulu nezenaphakathi zomphakathi kusuka emithwalweni. Ngokungafani ne-strata ephansi, banekhono kanye nezinsiza zokuqonda uhlelo futhi basebenze kuso. Uma uhlelo lubi, ke ngokuzivumelanisa nalo, zifaka isandla ekugcineni isimo sayo esimpofu. Naphezu kokuqaphela okuhlangene ezindabeni zokulinganisa, ukulungiswa noma ukungazinaki umonakalo wesistimu, abantu ngabanye bahlala benesibopho salesi simo. Umphakathi udlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomuntu, futhi sonke sinomthwalo wemfanelo kuwo.

Emiphakathini engalingani, inselele ohlelweni ngokuvamile ayilahlwa ngabantu abavela emphakathini ophezulu noma ophansi, kodwa ngabancane abavela emgodini ophakathi okhetha ukuvikela inkululeko, ubulungisa, ukulingana kanye nezintshisekelo zalabo abangezansi, izizukulwane ezizayo kanye nemvelo. Nakuba iningi labamele abakwa-middle strata emphakathini bavame ukuvumelanisa ngokushesha ohlelweni, labo abangaziqondi, abangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nabo, futhi abanemfundo eyanele, izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemibutho banokubaluleka okuphawulekayo kuyo Ukuze inselele yena.

Izinguquko zenguquko ezibangelwa abantu abanjalo ngokuvamile ziholela ekwenzeni uhlobo oluthile lobuphathi bomunye nomunye (okuyinto kwezinye izimo ezimbi nakakhulu). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa okuqinile kwesistimu kwenzeka lapho laba bantu befika endaweni yesehlakalo bese behlanganyela enqubeni yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.