Imibhalo Project - kuyinto ... imibhalo Project

Ukuthenga umhlaba eside elindelwe ngenhloso yokwakha izindlu zabo, kumelwe ujwayelene imithetho nemitheshwana elawula umsebenzi onjalo. Futhi kubalulekile ukuba baqonde iningi izinqubo nemisebenzi ezibalwe ngenhla noma okungeke ohambisana ukwakhiwa. Umnikazi impahla kumele baqonde abakushoyo abaklami abakhi ukuba zenze izinqumo ezifanele, ukuqondisa umsebenzi wabo bese uthola umphumela iphupho lakho ekhaya.

Ukuhlela kanye nomklamo

Ebhekene nazo isidingo ukuklama izakhiwo ngabanye, abantu abaningi abaqapheli ukuthi kuleli cala akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle uchwepheshe owazi indlela ukuthuthukiswa nasekubulaleni imibhalo project, ukwamukelwa yayo, ukulungiswa kanye nokwamukelwa.

Ngisho kakhulu elula indaba nanye nendlu eyakwakhelwa kuhambisana nemithetho yokutholwa ezingeni zomthetho. Ngaphezu abaphilayo yesimanje abeke nezidingo eziningi ukuze sithole induduzo, lula, isitayela kanye nokuqashelwa. imibhalo enemininingwane futhi imibhalo project, ithuthukiswe ezingeni professional, akuvumela ukuthi ukwakha ikhaya elihle futhi functional, ifakwe eliphezulu Ukushisa izinhlelo, kwamanzi kanye nenani elanele ugesi.

Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokubambisana neNhlangano Ochwepheshe kuzo zonke izigaba ukwakhiwa kwenza izinto ephephile futhi iqine.

Okufanele ukwazi mayelana namaphrojekthi "enhle"

imibhalo Project - akuyona nje uhlelo kanjani endlini ubukeka. Lokhu inhlanganisela izimfuneko ezakhiwe zokuhlala izifiso (umbhalo nezithombe) yomnikazi. Kutfutfukiswa design imibhalo kudinga onguchwepheshe ngubani wayezikhonza, eziningi ulwazi theory kanye nama-isipiliyoni esiwusizo. Ukwahluleka okuthobela nanoma olinganise emagcekeni, amaphutha noma ukweqiwa mayelana indawo izintambo kagesi, igesi amapayipi noma amanzi supply system, ongaya ikhaya nekusasa ungakhululekile noma kube yingozi empilweni yomuntu design.

Ngakho-ke, abadwebi bamapulani abakhi ne indida abanjalo bangabaphostoli amakhasimende wemibono abafuna ikhaya elihle kakhulu. Yiqiniso, bona kubalulekile ukubuka umnikazi mayelana nendlela egumbini kufanele zitholakale, neminyango, amafasitela kanye ukuvuleka, kodwa ukunwetshwa nursery, ukudluliselwa izindonga noma iwindi eyengeziwe kungase kube ngokuphambene nemithetho. Wezakhiwo wazi kangcono mayelana kungenzeka futhi abheke ukuthi kungenzeka izinhlelo ezintsha ubunjiniyela, ngalokho umthwalo kuvunyelwe ophahleni, njengoba kufanele sezithunyelwa ingcindezi esisekelweni nezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama anjalo.

Kuyini umklamo ngokwezifiso

Kutfutfukiswa project imibhalo ukuze kwakhiwe angajwayelekile noma okungezona ezijwayelekile izakhiwo zokuhlala ubhekwa yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu yokwakha izindlu ukhululekile. Ungacabangi ukuthi umklamo ngamunye - kuba inkonzo ebiza kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, kungenxa bona ngekwabo kubalulekile kulendlela, abanikazi nethuba ukusindisa Umbuso indawo zokwakha zokuhlobisa, kanye ukusebenza izinhlobo eziningi umsebenzi.

Yahlelwa kanye umakhi ngabanye imibhalo project - yikhono ibhukumaka izinto ezithile (engabizi futhi ukulethwa noma ukufakwa), miscalculation ka interchangeability futhi ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo. Nokho, uma umuntu eba ngokuzimela noma sokulungiswa iphrojekthi, ugijimela ingozi iphutha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kahle ukhethe impahla kungenzeka into efana "ibhuloho abandayo", okubangela okhushuliwe kunciphise nezindleko for amalahle isakhiwo esiphelele.

isakhiwo yokuhlala design izigaba

Umnikazi lokuqala Isiqinti esibiza ukwenza isivivinyo injongo yawo. The kungenzeka isakhiwo kufanele kubhalwe noma umkhandlu wesifunda yasemakhaya.

Ukuba khona dokhumenti, kanye nesitifiketi isimo (isiqinisekiso ilungelo bachithe umhlaba), kubalulekile ukwenza "ngokwesimo" yobukhulu bayo kanye ndawo. Kungemva kwalokho imibhalo project lingathuthukiswa. Kuyinto ukulandelana izinyathelo eziningana. Eyokuqala wabo uba indaba emfushane, okuyinto kufanele ibe izingxenye ezintathu ezisemqoka:

1. Boarding izindlu kusayithi. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze ukwazi ukwakha umbono mayelana izici ezibaluleke kakhulu: indawo amaphuzu cardinal nokubukwa panoramic, khona kanye nohlobo izakhiwo ku nasemazweni angomakhelwane isiqondiso linqoba umoya izinhlobo, ukutholakala kanye nezinga imigwaqo, umthamo ngokweseka izindawo esikhathini esizayo (emagalaji, yokupaka, zokugeza, imithombo).
2. Isithombe se-layout ingaphakathi isakhiwo. Lapha ubala linani nabantu abayobe bephila endlini, iminyaka yabo kanye indlela yokuphila. Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha, umakhi uhlela inani elidingekayo samaphansi futhi ubukhulu yezindawo eziyinhloko obusebenzayo (egumbini lokuphumula, ikhishi, amakamelo, izindlu zangasese, sigqoka amakamelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhombise balcony, masimu futhi kovulandi, uma bethanda. Leli-oda kuhlanganisa izimfuneko imibhalo project.
3. Uhlobo design olungaphambili lwesonto isakhiwo (izinto okumele isetshenziselwe kuphela Ingaphandle, kanye nohlobo ophahleni).

Yini odinga stroypasporta

Ngemva iphethini kwangaphambilini usulungile, kwenziwa i-ngeso kanye nomklamo umsebenzi senziwa, umnikazi wesayithi uthola imidwebo elandelayo:

• Indlu uhlelo, ekhomba phansi ngayinye, izilinganiso zobukhulu kanye namathuluzi endaweni amakamelo, ukubekwa silinganisiwe ifenisha, kanye endaweni ingqikithi isakhiwo.
• Wenza ngaphakathi kwendlu nge ezihlukahlukene imibono kanye nombono ukubukwa, okufanele nezinhlobo izinto, imibala kanye nenani amafasitela.
• Engxenyeni eyinhloko lesi sakhiwo. Ikhombisa ukuphakama ophahleni, ukuma isikhala ekamelweni elisophahleni, isitebhisi enyuka.
• Isikimu we plan okuyinhloko.

Ngokuvamile design onjalo imibhalo - ulwazi olwanele ukukhipha stroypasporta. Ukulethwa lokhu iphakethe e zikahulumeni buya omunye izigaba ebaluleke kakhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukwakhiwa ekhaya. Ukudidiyelwa kwama imibhalo yephrojekthi ukuthola idokhumenti olufanele luyisisekelo umklamo enemininingwane.

Bunake ukubaluleka lolu hlobo lomsebenzi, njengoba ingxoxo eningiliziwe nokuhlela okunengqondo ungakha ukhululekile ngempela, eyonga ugesi ekhaya.

Kuyini imibhalo ukusebenza kanye nomklamo imibhalo

Imibhalo Ukusebenza (imibhalo, imidwebo, incazelo) uzilungiselele esekelwe izinqumo kwiphrojekthi. Ukulungiswa № 87 esithi "Composition of imibhalo project" awukuvimbeli ukuthuthukiswa okucishe kufane nalokhu kokubili izinhlobo kwemibhalo.

Ukuthola kabanzi design Ochwepheshe ngokuvamile ekhuluma izinkinga ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhetha zokwakha zonke izakhiwo ayingxenye isakhiwo (esindayo futhi izindonga ngaphandle, ngodonga, Uphahla lwangaphakathi intercommunication, ophahleni, isisekelo). Ukukhetha kwabo kuxhomeke endleleni ukhululekile futhi ephumelelayo kuyoba lokuthumela, ukugcinwa kanye ukufakwa Izingxube izinkuni, izitini kanye nezinye izinto.
• Bala umthwalo esisekelweni: isisindo esiphezulu zeqhwa ophahleni, izindonga, iphansi, ifenisha kanye nemishini (eseduze izibalo). Ukubala of kwemigomo isisekelo, kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekile: umthwalo esindayo izindonga, emishayweni phezu iminyango namafasitela, gcizelela amabhande ukufakwa ngaphansi kophahla, izitebhisi.
• izinhlelo Ukwakhela ngoba amanzi itheku futhi esidayisa (labo izingxenye ukuthi kuzoba isakhiwo), zibonisa uhlobo uxhumano ethangeni lokubolisa indle kanye Ukushisa ibalwa kanye nokushaya komoya, kanye wahlanganyela ugesi (abonisa amandla ukukhanyisa, enethiwekhi, ukushintshwa kanye nezindawo zabo).
• Nciphisa izifiso kanye nezilinganiso olunikezwa onjiniyela kanye abaklami obunobunye nemiklamo yokwakha.

Eqinisweni, imibhalo design (GOST 21) kuhluke okusalungiswa zokusebenza ezimbalwa imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe kanye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama.

Inani ukonga for ukwakhiwa esizayo kanye nokusebenza isakhiwo

Kahle futhi ngokuphumelelayo sakhiwa project umsebenzi kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa izindleko ubunikazi into ukuthengwa izinto nokukhokhwa kwezintela imisebenzi ku ukwakhiwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inombolo ukuncipha izinsalela buthelela ezithengiwe "nge isitokwe" amabhodi, ama-tile, izitini kanye nezinye izinto.

Futhi, le dokhumenti kuzosiza ukugwema amandla izindleko kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza esikhathini esizayo. Yiqiniso, ukuze kuzuzwe ngempela ukonga eziphathekayo, kudingeka ulandele imithetho ukufakwa futhi ukufakwa izinto.

Isakhiwo imibhalo project

Ngokuvamile, izigaba ukusebenza yephrojekthi ahlelwe idokhumenti: isimemezelo inombolo 87. Isimiso somthetho (yokwakheka imibhalo project) sihlinzekela izigaba engaphezu kweyishumi ziqhubeka. Lezi zihlanganisa:

1. inothi ochazayo.
2. Isikimu, njengoba iyokwakhiwa umhlaba.
3. izixazululo Architectural.
4. umklamo Uhlelo izinqumo isikhala-ukuhlela.
5. Ukushisisa, ukupholisa, amanzi kanye nokuhlinzeka ngogesi, umoya omncane, kanye nabanye.
6. Hlela ukuthi ukuba ukwakhiwa ihlelwe.
7. Imicimbi ukubhidlizwa noma Ukudilizwa into (esimweni ezinjenge noma ukwakha kabusha).
8. Uhlu izinyathelo okumele zithathwe ukuvikela imvelo.
9. Uhlu izinyathelo zokuphepha umlilo.
10. Udaba ukuhamba ukuhamba elinganiselwe (ekhubazekile, impesheni).
11. Ilinganisela ukwakhiwa into ngayinye kanye nezinye imibhalo.

Isinqumo imibhalo project ukhonza njengesiqondiso zezingcwenti ukuhlaziya kanye ukuhlola iphepha enikeziwe kubo. Lo mcimbi kuqinisile, kungani baphendukele Uchwepheshe wahulumende nobe wangasese. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, basuke benza ukubuyisana amaphrojekthi athuthukile iziqondiso neziqondiso lobuchwepheshe.

luhlolo ezimele kanye nekahulumeni imibhalo project kubhekwe ngokulinganayo esisemthethweni. Projects evunyiwe nguchwepheshe okufanele zithathwe kwabaqaphi.

Kanjani ukuqala nokuthi nokudidiyela imibhalo project

Ukubambisana phakathi umnikazi wesayithi futhi umakhi (usonkontileka) iba sesimiso inkontileka ukufakwa kuhlu wonke amalungelo nezibopho amaqembu.

idokhumenti inkontileka kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili: lomthetho futhi lobuchwepheshe.

Esokuqala umbhalo eqondile kafushane uchaza okushiwo ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinhlangano. Kuhlanganisa:

• Chapeau.
• Isici inkontileka ndaba.
• izigaba kuhlelwe ukwakhiwa.
• Phawula izindleko amasevisi nemisebenzi.
• Isikhathi ezithile ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa imisebenzi.
• Uhlu namalungelo nezibopho abanengxenye esivumelwaneni, kanye inkomba imithwalo yabo yemfanelo.
• Imibandela yokukhokha zizokwenziwa ngaphansi kwazo.
• Uhlu force majeure.

Ngaphezu umbhalo yesivumelwano kufanele sifake design kanye nezincwadi ukulinganisela, ngaphandle kwalokho angase kuyothathwa ayivumelekile. kwesigaba Technical uchaza onjani kwezokwakha zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni amakhaya, kanye uhlobo ivolumu yemisebenzi ngokwayo.

Lapho ikhasimende futhi inkontileka abathole zifana, futhi iphrojekthi yakhelwe sinikezwa ukuba ochwepheshe nochwepheshe ukufunda.

Inqubo nokubhalisa ukwakhiwa

Isinyathelo sokuqala esibaluleke kakhulu e nokuvumelanisa supply kuba athuthukile iphrojekthi (ngokunembile, ingxenye yayo umklamo nokuhlela) wendawo igunya ukuhlela zasemadolobheni. Uma nomklami oyinhloko lokusayina imiqulu nokuvumela ukubukeka isakhiwo esizayo, kuthathwa ngokuthi le ngxenye yephrojekthi bavumelana.

Khona-ke iziphathimandla ezifanele wakhonza ngamunye kwesigaba alandelayo imibhalo design:

• Ufaka amanethiwekhi zangaphandle.
• Iphrofayela Environmental (uma uhlela ukwakhiwa luhlobo zezimboni).
• Isigaba se-imibhalo design ku Road Traffic (endabeni uma kuziwa endleleni ezokuthutha luhlobo).

Lapho isigaba zokuvunywa futhi zonke izimvume etholakala okumele agcwaliswe, iphrojekthi ithunyelwa ngokuzimisela efanele. Ngakho ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe State imibhalo project. Kube Kwenziwa yokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana zonke iziqondiso nezimfuneko: okuvikela umlilo, kwemvelo, enelanga, futhi lezo eziphathelene nokuphepha emsebenzini kanye ekusetjentisweni kwemandla ngalokuyimphumelelo. Isinqumo wamukelwa abameleli izimo eziningana:

1. Isazi Council ngaphansi Uhulumeni.
2. Glavekspertizy.
3. Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense futhi Eziphuthumayo.
4. Ministry of Natural Resources.
5. Ministry of Health wezenhlalakahle.
6. Ministry of Industry and Energy.
7. Iziphathimandla Federal.

Esimweni lapho izindleko ukwakhiwa ngokubabazekayo usekelwa of luhlolo sihlanganisa ngokucophelela ukuhlolwa ukulinganisela, inani isizinda. Lapho isimangalo wakhe, lesi sibalo livela izivumelwano ithenda kanye ikontraga iyawakha.

Uma izindlela zokukhiqiza basonta umuntu yangasese, ikhasimende angahoxisa ekuhlolweni nezilinganiso.

Imininingwane yalolu izingxoxo

Ngo inqubo kokuxhumana iphrojekthi ikhasimende noma usonkontileka libhekisela ochwepheshe for isiphetho esihle, okungaqinisekisa ukuthi semthethweni kanye nokuphepha isakhiwo esizayo. Ngokuvamile kukhona ngokungaqondi we nemibono engafani ezindabeni umthetho sisebenza phakathi abaklami ochwepheshe. Kulokhu-ke kuyadingeka ukuheha Onjiniyela kwemibhalo zokulawula ukucacisa.

Lona oda, owawuthi kukhona imvume yokwakha. Lena yindlela ukudabula umnikazi komhiaba lokufeza umsebenzi wokuvuselela izakhiwo zalo, ukubuyiselwa noma zokulungisa.

Phakathi abanikazi izindlu kukhona umbono ukuthi empeleni bagunyaze umsebenzi owawenziwa (ukwakhiwa noma ezinjenge) cishe kulula kunalokho ukuthola imvume ngendlela evamile. In practice, lokhu kuholela ukubambezeleka ezinqubweni, umbango, izinhlawulo noma ezimweni ezibucayi, kubhidlizwe izakhiwo ezingekho emthethweni.

Namuhla, kukhona izinkampani eziningi ezikhethekile ukuthi isinyathelo abaxhumanisi phakathi amakhasimende (abanikazi bomhlaba nezakhiwo) kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Njengomthetho, asesebenzisa Ochwepheshe enjalo kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa isikhathi ukuqoqwa nokuzithoba kwemibhalo, kanye kwandisa amathuba okuthi ukuxoxisana zabo eziphumelelayo zokuqhuba ibhizinisi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ochwepheshe zihlale usesikhathini izindaba zamanje, ukuthi iyiphi imithetho iyachithwa noma iyachitshiyelwa, njengoba kungenzeka ukuthola azungeze lesi noma ukuthi ukubusa.