I izici eyinhloko processor ikhompyutha

Igama elithi "kudivayisi Computing" Manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi zonke wesikole. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba ngisho amahora zingatholakala izakhi kwezinhlelo zekhompyutha. Ikhono ukwenza izibalo olunikezwa chips ekhethekile ngezinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganisa ka transistors - izilimi. izici eziyinhloko microprocessor (CPU), ikakhulukazi, lunquma isivinini imisebenzi yayo. Yingakho abanikazi computer kubaluleke kangaka ukuqonda ngale ndaba.

Lamuhla sitawubuka iziphi izici eyinhloko wokugaya ukunikeza izincomo ukukhetha imodeli kahle bebodwa. I "idatha" elithi kuhlanganisa kokubili izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ukuqaliswa ezakhayo. I izici eziyinhloko iprosesa -, ngaphezu kwakho konke, amandla akhe; enanini lama-elementi abamelwe; ijubane ukusebenza njalonjalo.

Igama elithi "kancane" libhekisela inani Imininingwane ukuthi zingahlungwa umjikelezo (operation eyodwa) ngayinye. idijithi kanambambili ibizwa kancane. 8 izingcezu akha elilodwa ibhayithi. Modern CPUs bangase baphathe kusukela izingcezu 32 kuya ku-64. Izinhlobo ezikhethekile izilimi kungabuye libhekene iyiphi enye idijithi (4, 128 et al.). Manje ubuchwepheshe bama-computer uya esetshenziswa-64-bit ne-computing.

Ukukhetha CPU, ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele acabangele main izici processor. Noma yimuphi umnikazi ikhompyutha uyazi ukuthi ukusebenza kwaso sonke isimiso sezinto buvezwa ijubane iwashi microprocessor. Ezimakethe ungathola onobuhle ezifanayo ukuthi zihluka kuphela imvamisa wokusebenza. Imvamisa iwashi ngokungaqondile kubonisa isibalo imisebenzi aphansi eyenziwa IC per unit isikhathi (ngokuvamisile imizuzwana). Khetha iwashi ngokwezifiso, is ke kusetshenzwe by kagesi (sanda). Njengoba sikhuluma imvamisa, kusobala ukuthi lokhu ipharamitha ulinganiswa megahertz (MHz) kanye gigahertz (GHz). Ngakho, ezinye izimo ukuba alingane, umfuziselo nge imvamisa 3 GHz ngokushesha ukwedlula 2.5 GHz.

izici eziyinhloko processor kungukuthi ukhathele kancane ukujula imvamisa. Lapho ekhetha CPU kuyadingeka ukuba banake inani cores. Umqondo "multi-core" esanda kutholakala, nje phambi kwesinye isizukulwane abasebenzisi. Njengoba kungenakwenzeka ngokwenyama unomphela ukwandisa isivinini iwashi imodeli ngalinye elisha, abakhiqizi sinqume ukuze uhlangane ku iphasela single izilimi ezifanayo eziningi. Kwakukhona multi-core CPU. Ngemva kokusho lokhu, ngendlela ekhethekile nokwandisa isimiso, ngakho manje-ke, kunengqondo ukuthenga imodeli multi-core kuphela. Eqinisweni, omakhalekhukhwini ngisho abaningi usuvele usebenzisa ezimbili-core izilimi.

Ngesikhathi ukusebenza yokugcina ngezinga elikhulu kuthonywa ubukhulu isilondolozi. Ngokungafani ezivamile inkumbulo amamojuli, isilondolozi transistors ngqo ibekwa izindlu efanayo nucleus. Lokhu kunika amandla ngesivinini ukushintshanisa kwe-data. Zikhona amazinga amathathu isilondolozi: L1, L2 futhi L3 (efakwe ohlwini ngokulandelana usayizi okwandisa). Kukholakala ukuthi ukwanda ngamunye wabo ngu-20% kuholela ekwandeni e isivinini ngo-50% .Naprimer, uma ngasekuqaleni L2 256KB kubhekwe umxhwele, akekho manje uzomangala multi-megabyte isilondolozi lesibili level. Ukukhetha CPU, kufanele ayethanda kumuntu oyisibonelo semali inkumbulo isilondolozi. Qaphela ukuthi L3 alisetshenziswa on zonke izinhlobo (ngenkathi sigcina high speed izibalo).

Isici elilandelayo - isici izakhiwo. Kunqunywa lonjiniyela, in the sebhithi ukubizwa ngokuthi igama ikhodi emgqeni - Liano, Sandy Bridge, njll Ngokwesibonelo, isizukulwane esisha ngasinye Processors umenzi esifanayo has a isivinini ephakeme (ceteris paribus) ..