Guohua - Chinese imibala amanzi Umdwebo nangoyinki. abaculi Chinese. Ezemfundo yokudweba

abaculi Chinese baye baba nethonya elikhulu emhlabeni art kanye nemisebenzi yabo enkulu sidalwe ngomhlaka- irayisi iphepha nosilika ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka umxhwele ulimi laconic kwezobuciko.

canons Tebuciko ophilayo ifa, ababebalelwa iminyaka eyinkulungwane yomlando, khuphela isiko yefilosofi ubuTao, Buddhist ubuConfucius. Kukholakala ukuthi imvelo ifundisa abantu bakwazi ukubona ubuhle kanye iqiniso kuyinto lena isihloko Umdwebo yendabuko yamaShayina. yobuciko abahlukile ngabaculi e nangenkathi ezahlukene - kuyinto umnikelo kubalulekile art emhlabeni.

IsiShayina Painting kwesiko

Guohua - Umdwebo Chinese, okuyinto ihlukile entshonalanga izici art yamaphetheni: kwi abahle kasilika ekhethekile noma iphepha nge ibhulashi isicelo isithombe. Abaculi zisebenzisa amaminerali, imifino, imibala amanzi, inki omnyama, kanye nemisebenzi yabo, ngokuvamile ngesimo umqulu enezingqimba noma mpo.

Unendima emaphakathi phakathi kwezindawo ezehlukene art China Guohua (Umdwebo Chinese) ludabuka ezindaweni VII-VIII eminyaka BC futhi ekupheleni isitayela XIX leminyaka uthola umoya wesibili.

"Amagugu Four"

Ukuze ngokubhala imidwebo bendabuko abalobi kusebenziswe isethi elilinganiselwe amathuluzi: i-inki omnyama (noma emifanekiso), ibhulashi Chinese wenza yoboya zemvelo, iphepha nedivayisi inki ukugaya. Izingcweti eziningi namanje uthanda Umdwebo ezinombala ofanayo, bekholelwa ukuthi lalilapho "kuzoveza okushiwo nemvelo."

ukunakwa okuningi ikhokhelwa izinga wezwe izidumbu futhi esetshenziselwa tile nge black lacquer bukhanye. Masters bezihlikihla amanzi ukuthola ukuthungwa oyifunayo nokudala ezihlukahlukene shades. Njengoba waqaphela abaculi Chinese, ukufeza imiphumela oyifunayo akukwazi ngenxa ikhwalithi embi isidumbu European.

Ukuze imidwebo isebenzisa ekhethekile iphepha Xuan (irayisi) nge ukuthungwa ezithile. Kwesinye isikhathi nemidwebo wabulawelwa kasilika noma ukotini.

Inkstone ibhekwa njengeyigugu kakhulu, futhi eziningi isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye. Lezi amadivayisi, ngezinye izikhathi ezihlotshisiwe, eyenziwe jade noma ubumba Baked.

umugqa umdwebo

Uma sicabangela emidwebweni European ababethi emifanekiso ke abakwazi ukubona umugqa njengoba enjalo. Ngo Umdwebo Chinese zonke izithombe zidalwe iphethini komugqa. Loku kuyehluka isitayela yendabuko Guohua, kakhulu okusikhumbuza ekuthuthukiseni ngempumelelo calligraphy wezwe, izakhi zazo zimane abaculi imenze umsebenzi wabo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe kakhulu inqubo ibhulashi ubunikazi, okwalithuthukisa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Lapho mncane noma obukhulu umugqa abaculi usebenzisa amathuluzi efanayo Calligraphists adlulisa isikhala, ivolumu, ukunyakaza, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izindlela evamile obangelwa ukukhanya nethunzi. Ubuhle imidwebo Chinese kuyinto kahle isu elikhethekile bi-mo, ogama lakhe ihumusha ngokuthi "ibhulashi-ink". Black upende isetshenziswa irayisi iphepha, kweso amuncwa umzimba, futhi omunye ukunyakaza engeyinhle, umugqa ayilungile Ungashintsha isimo jikelele we ukucinga indikimba yendaba, ukusonta iqiniso lokuphila. Njalo unhlangothi kufanele kube eqondile futhi ecacile, ngoba akukho wokusula noma efanele isithombe umlobi ngeke ukwazi.

Su zeminwe isithombe

Okuxakayo ukuthi la Chinese Umdwebo amasu Guohua ngaso sonke isikhathi, zilotshwe ibhulashi. amakhosi ngokuvamile besebenzisa izandla zabo, ukubonisa zemigqa yawo nama Ukufiphaza upende. Abadwebi isetshenziswa nail nentaba imigqa nemivimbo ezibanzi wenziwa pad thumb yakhe.

Kulo mbhalo oqoshiwe olusankondlo

Traditional Umdwebo Chinese lihlukile European ukuthi esithombeni kukhona umbhalo oqoshiwe olusankondlo, wabulawelwa isitayela ohlotshisiwe. Ngakho amakhosi waveza isimo sabo sengqondo umkhiqizo, nezinhlamvu umphelelisi okuqukethwe yalo nisebenzise iso lengqondo. calligrapher abaziwayo, umbhali kanye umculi Su Shi, owaphila ekhulwini XI, elwela ukuba khona izinkondlo imidwebo. amalebula ezinjalo zibonisa umbono wombhali futhi ngesandla sakhe.

imiqulu

Guohua - Umdwebo Chinese, lapho kukhona okungavamile izithombe. Bona Roll induku roll futhi agcinwe ezimweni side. Ukuqamba zibhaliwe iphepha ekhethekile, hhayi kuphela inki, kodwa kuphinde kunike amaminerali nemifino izinto zokusetshenziswa. Imidwebo zisongwe, ayenzelwanga nezithameli mass, zigcinwa isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyinkulungwane, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukukhanya kanye saturation imibala. Futhi namhlanje ungajabulela obukhulu ezabhalwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka eminingi edlule, abaculi abaziwayo.

allegory

Ukudweba nemibala amanzi nangoyinki kuyinto banganhlanhlatsi ezahlukene, futhi ulimi kwezimpawu kuyaqondakala Ongoti yobuciko Chinese kweqiniso. Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo kanye imigqa esankondlo ebonisa zonyaka nenyanga, noma ikhandlela evuthayo umbukiso ebusuku.

voids Vacuous ezithombeni

Esinye isici esihlukanisa Umdwebo Chinese kusukela West, wukuthi abalobi imisebenzi abasele izindawo gcwalisiwe ezingaba azenza idiski sithombe esincane noma inkungu olumhlophe. Ngezinye izikhathi i-kweze ishiywa ukuze babe nenkululeko wahlala isibukeli emcabangweni, ngoba imidwebo Chinese - kuba emangalisayo zobuciko, okuyinto awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela ubunye umbhali kanye nezethameli.

ukuphrinta ophoqelekile

Ngu isiko, inkosi liyadingeka agqoke Umkhiqizo abomvu, ngaleyo ndlela eqinisekisa ukuthi bangobani.

Cabangela izici bendabuko ezobuciko, singasho ukuthi Guohua - Umdwebo Chinese, okuyinto ngokuvumelanayo ihlanganisa izinkondlo, calligraphy, futhi kubonakala ukuphrinta amakhono cindezela oqoshiwe.

Uhlobo imidwebo

In yendabuko Umdwebo Chinese ukuhlonza izinhlobo eziningana. Okokuqala - Shanshiev (landscape). Kukhona umqondo okwandile zefilosofi ukuthi abantu nemvelo bamunye, futhi azikho izithiyo phakathi kwazo. umsebenzi Landscape kuyinto isimo isibukeli.

uhlobo Okwesibili - huanyao (isithombe yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene). amakhosi Chinese ababheka ukuma esiphelele izilwane, amatshe, izitshalo, futhi uthumele ukuba uyini ngempela zazo ayikwazi ibonakala emazwini.

Esesithathu uhlobo - zhenu (portrait). Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo abaculi ukusebenza nabantu, wazi omunye umthetho ezingeguquleke: belingana zangaphandle ukufana umdali kumele lidlulise isimo sengqondo kanye uhlamvu, egcizelela ubuhle ezweni lakhe elingaphakathi. Zonke abaculi ngokuqinile landela lesi simiso, ngisho ngendlela efanele usaqala yentuthuko art Chinese kahle Kwesimo uhlobo safinyelela ezingeni emangalisayo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

izitayela Guohua

Kukhona isitayela ezimbili bendabuko: Gunba linqoba okwakuhlalwa kuzo lapho kusaqalwa, khangela-futhi yathi chithi saka kuleli ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Ake sihlole izici lezi zindawo.

Gunba isitayela Chinese - isitayela esithile yokudweba lapho ipende sisetshenziswa ngokucophelela (kufaka umbala) kanye sicacisa nasemininingwaneni emincane kakhulu. Inhloso esemqoka umculi - ziveza ngokunembile ngokoqobo, futhi lo mbono naturalism lihlobene eduze ithonya ubuTao. Gunba kubhekwe Umdwebo olusemthethweni zezemfundo. Imigqa okucacile isitayela abaculi ukusebenza ukuthi gqizisa ngaphakathi we-Imperial Palace.

Nokho, ngemva ukusabalala Buddhism abaculi ezweni uhlaziye umqondo, futhi indlela entsha CE Chinese libhekene ngendlela khulula umdwebo. Abadali amelela asikho isihloko zifana noma into, futhi unakekele isimo yokudlulisa. Bazama baveze imizwelo okuqotho, ezisebenza izithombe. Kukholakala ukuthi Lo-futhi - umdwebo zefilosofi futhi izimbongi, futhi ngale ndlela umsebenzi Abadali bedle isimo besikhashana.

A ezihlukahlukene CE futhi shuymo (inki omnyama kuphela isetshenziselwa lokubhala amaphethini).

Izingcweti eziningi Chinese sihlanganise ngempumelelo e amasu abo umsebenzi isitayela ezahlukene, besebenzisa amasu okuxubile. Li Keran, Qi Baishi, Fu Baoshi, Ifen Yang, Huang Binhong, Pan Tyanshou futhi amanye amakhosi bakwazile sifinyelele umsebenzi imiphumela yakhe ekhululekile, eveza isithombe bemvelo ekuthumbeni ngisho nasemininingwaneni emincane kakhulu.

"Ukufunda" izithombe

National amanzi Umdwebo imibala libhekene ulimi ngomusa engokomfanekiso, futhi abaculi basekela imisebenzi yabo ngomqondo othile. Uma baseYurophu ucabangela indwangu, abantu Chinese uwafunde. Imidwebo zigcwele isimo sengqondo esihle futhi ukunikeza umnikazi walo ajabule.

imisebenzi Chinese agcwele kufanekisa futhi kuwumfuziselo. Ngokwesibonelo, ezintabeni amele isiqalo wesilisa egqamile, namanzi - njengabesifazane amnyama. Painter sihamba uhlale lyrical, imizwa ezenzeka ngemva seduze nendalo, futhi akafuni ukuba naturalism futhi ukufana zangaphandle.

Ngokumelene okwenza landscape ngokubabazekayo izibalo womuntu miniature ukufanekisa umuntu - lena isici ezincane yonke, okuyinto kuncike ngokuphelele amandla ako. Kodwa kule art European abantu njalo uchazwa ngokuthi amandla amakhulu ukuthi ungakwazi ukulawula isimo sezulu imibono enjalo yomuntu kakhulu ezahlukene kusukela entshonalanga Umdwebo Chinese.

Flowers - indaba ehlukene. Kukhona imidwebo, okuthiwa "ezine yizicukuthwane":

• Orchid wakubonakalisa ubumsulwa;
• Chrysanthemum, emelela isizotha nobumsulwa;
• iplamu zasendle Meihua - ukuqina nokuqinisela;
• bamboo - uphawu umlingisi komuntu.

abaculi ngokuvamile zibonisa willow, okuyinto kubonisa ubuhle kanye intuthuko enkulu. Yena emelela entwasahlobo nangobuciko isifazane. Kodwa isihlahla zikaphayini - umqondo wokuthobela omunye umuntu intsha angunaphakade ukuzibamba Confucian.

Le nkulumo engokomfanekiso kucacile kakhulu abantu Chinese, futhi labo abangeke bakwazi ukuchaza le allegory, ukuqonda imidwebo kazwelonke Liyindawo nzima.

master Guohua

Hsu Pei-ezazilengisiwe sathi yingcweti kahle amakhono ayisisekelo yobuciko European futhi emsebenzini wakhe kuhlanganiswe kubo ngamasiko Chinese. ekumeni zakhe ezimangalisayo lapho umculi ngobuciko yembula izici ezingokwengqondo zabantu, ezibhekwa yobuciko yobuciko Chinese.

Ian Ifen, iyona Umamukeli imiklomelo eminingi kazwelonke, kuliragelo uyakufanelekela eminyaka yesiko athuthukile.

Gu Yinchzhi, wathola isihloko "Queen of Cats", isebenza isitayela Lo-futhi. Yena masterfully iveza izilwane, futhi imidwebo yakhe ukunika amanxusa Chinese nezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe.

Qi Bai Shi - omunye abameleli esivelele kunazo zonke isitayela. umdali Supervisory, bakwazi wasithatha izici eziyinhloko, ubhala imidwebo sokuqala, ngokuhlanganisa amakhono okukhulu ne ubuciko calligraphy nemigqa ekhululekile.

Ezemfundo yokudweba

Abantu abaningi bafuna ukufunda izimfihlo Guohua, kodwa ukuze ufunde indlela yokukwenza akulula kangako kule nqubo. Abaculi eziningi sokuzijayeza ngaphambi uthola ukusebenza, okuyinto iqhutshwa umoya ofanayo, ukugwema amaphutha.

AmaShayina bayakwazisa hhayi kuphela ubuhle bangaphandle yale midwebo, kodwa futhi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi impela, amandla namandla abo. Izitolo eziningi ukuthengisa izwe albhamu okhethekile colorings, elibonisa ukulandelana imidwebo. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa unikeza yokudweba izithelo zawo, futhi cishe ubani angakha isithombe isitayela yendabuko. Ngakho safaka zizwakale kahle futhi inakekelwe uthando art.

Izinkondlo, yazuza injalo

Mangisho ukuthi manje Guohua ugcine ithrekhi isikhathi. Wayehambe aphume nokuzabalaza ewumngcingo emasikweni kazwelonke Chinese. Ngo zobuciko zikhona izifundo ngezihloko wesimanje, futhi lezi imidwebo zigcwele okuqukethwe okusha. Vumela zivumelana zakudala, wathi "Umdwebo - kungcono izinkondlo, okwakuthatha ukuma."