Alpha, gamma, imisebe ye-beta. I izakhiwo-alpha izinhlayiya, gamma, beta

Uyini radionuclide? Ungesabi leli zwi: kusho nje isotopes enemisebe. Ngezinye izikhathi ungase uzwe inkulumo kwegama elithi "radionuclides" noma ngisho kancane etemibhalo inketho - ". Radionucleotide" Igama elithi lesifanele - kuyinto radionuclide. Kodwa lokho kusho ukubola enemisebe? Yiziphi izindawo ezahlukene emisebeni nokuthi ihluke kanjani? Konke - kusukela ekuqaleni.

Izincazelo e Radiology

Kusukela ngalezo zikhathi, abaningi imiqondo Radiology zishintshile lapho kuba ukuqhuma ibhomu lokuqala le-athomu. Esikhundleni "inqwaba yama-athomu" ukusho "amandla enuzi ngokuhlakaza". Kunalokho, le nkulumo ethi "imisebe enemisebe" kubonisa ukuthi "ionizing emisebeni". Inkulumo ethi "usizo ngokwengqikithi enemisebe" esikhundleni "radionuclide".

radionuclides isikhathi eside futhi esifushane

Alpha-, beta- kanye nenqubo-gamma-emisebeni ezihambisana ukubola i-nucleus yama-athomu. Uyini inkathi isigamu-ukuphila? nuclei radionuclides akuzona esitebeleni - ukuthi bahlukile kwezinye isotopes esitebeleni. Esikhathini esithile, khona-ke inqubo ukuwohloka enemisebe. ngaleyo ndlela Radionuclides siguqulelwa nezinye isotopes, okuyinto sasikhipha ngesikhathi alpha-, beta- futhi gamma-reyi. Radionuclides namaleveli ahlukahlukene ukuntengantenga - ezinye zazo ziwela ngaphakathi amakhulu ezigidi ngisho eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane zezigidi. Ngokwesibonelo, bonke isotopes uranium ezenzeka ngokwemvelo, kukhona isikhathi eside. Kunalabo radionuclides ukuthi ubole ngemizuzwana, izinsuku, izinyanga. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-isikhathi esifushane.

Emission alpha, beta-gamma izinhlayiya esihambisana hhayi ukubola. Kodwa eqinisweni, ukuwohloka ezinemisebe ephelezelwa ekushayweni-alpha noma i-beta izinhlayiya kuphela. Kwezinye izimo, le nqubo kuhambisana gamma rays. Pure-gamma-ray ekushayweni akuzenzakaleli ngokwemvelo. Kukhula ijubane ukubola radionuclide, ayanda ezingeni radioactivity. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ngokwemvelo kukhona-alpha, i-beta, gamma futhi delta kwamazinyo. Lokhu akulona iqiniso. Delta kwamazinyo alikho.

radioactivity nesilinganiso iyunithi

Nokho, lokho ukukala lesi silinganiso? Radioactivity Ukumeda kusivumela ukuveza ukushuba wokugoqa ngamanani. Yokukala womsebenzi radionuclide - Becquerel. 1 becquerel (BQ) kusho ukuthi 1 kwamazinyo kwenzeka 1 isekhondi. Uma lezi izilinganiso asetshenziselwa iyunithi olukhudlwana yokukala - curies (Ci) 1 Ci = 37 bhiliyoni becquerels.

Ngokwemvelo, isidingo ukufanisa obulinganako zezinto zokusebenza, isibonelo 1 mg 1 mg uranium futhi cindezela. Umsebenzi per unit kunobukhulu bendawo radionuclide kuthathwe ibizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi othize. I emikhulu isigamu-nokuphila, le-radioactivity kancane ethize.

Yikuphi radionuclides ukumela ingozi enkulu?

Lena sasivumela umbuzo inkanuko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhathi esifushane eziyingozi kakhulu ngoba ezisuke zimatasa ngaso. Kodwa ngemva kokuwa kakhulu inkinga emisebeni ilahlekelwa ukuhlobana, kuyilapho isikhathi eside bayingozi iminyaka.

Umsebenzi ezithile radionuclides ingafaniswa sikhali. Yisiphi isikhali kungaba yingozi khulu: yini eyenza imizuliswano amahlanu ngomzuzu, noma ukuthi uma ngesigamu imililo ihora? Lo mbuzo akunakwenzeka ukuphendula - konke kuncike kulokho osezingeni izikhali kunalokho likhokhelwa, ngabe ichashazi abayothola, yini umonakalo.

Umahluko phakathi izinhlobo emisebeni

Alpha, gamma ne-beta emisebeni izinhlobo akunakubangelwa "osezingeni" isikhali. Lezi kwekhabhoni inokuthile efana nokuhlukile. Iphuzu eliyinhloko - ababona yini bonke abenkosi izingozi ionizing emisebeni. Kuyini lokhu definition? Amandla of ionizing emisebeni ine amandla oluphuthumayo. Ukuthola Kwesinye athomu, bona ungqongqoze electron kanye orbit. Lapho isidoda izinhlayiya, icala kuyahlukahluka core - Ngakho kwakheka kwenziwe into entsha.

Ubunjalo-alpha imisebe

Inkolelo evamile phakathi kwabo ukuthi gamma, beta-alpha emisebeni has a imvelo efanayo. Eyokuqala kakhulu-alpha imisebe Kwatholakala. Bona akhiwa ukubola izinsimbi ezisindayo - uranium, cindezela, Radon. Kakade emva Kwathi kokutholakala-alpha imisebe, siye sacacisa yimvelo yabo. Bakhandwa flying ngesivinini helium nuclei. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu "amasethi" osindayo proton emibili neutrons ezimbili kokuba icala omuhle. Emoyeni, i-alpha ray ibangana kakhulu - akukho kuka ngamasentimitha ambalwa. Paper noma, isibonelo, epidermis ayeke ngokuphelele lesi ngemisebe.

emisebeni Beta

izinhlayiya Beta, vula elandelayo, babe electron abajwayelekile, kodwa likwazi ngejubane elikhulu. Mancane kakhulu kuka-alpha izinhlayiya, futhi ube mncane icala kagesi. izinhlayiya Beta lekgo ukungena izinto ezehlukene. Emoyeni, bona unqobe ibanga a amamitha ambalwa. Bopha kubo kwangathi izinto ezilandelayo: izingubo, ingilazi, ishidi metal elincanyana.

I izakhiwo gamma rays

Lolu hlobo lwe-emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni yesimo efanayo njengoba emisebeni ultraviolet, infrared kumbe amagagasi omsakazo. Gamma ray ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya ngemisebe. Nokho, ngezinye eliphezulu ngokwedlulele isivinini ikhasi lesikhwama sasekhaya. Lolu hlobo lwe-emisebeni lingena ngokushesha lapho ufunda. Ukuze mukela it, ezisetshenziswa phambili nokhonkolo. Gamma imisebe angahamba izinkulungwane amakhilomitha.

Insumansumane ngezingozi

Ukuqhathanisa-alpha, gamma ne-beta-radiation, abantu bacabange imisebe gamma kukhona eziyingozi kakhulu. Phela, nabo basuke akhiqizwa ukuqhuma kwezikhali zenuzi, unqobe amakhulu amakhilomitha futhi ibangela ukugula ngemisebe. Konke lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa kuhlobane ngokuqondile izingozi yokukhishwa kwemisebe. Kusukela kulokhu, uthi ke ngamandla azo eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini. Yiqiniso, alpha-, beta- futhi gamma ray ezahlukene kule ndaba. Nokho, ingozi uhlolwa hhayi ezijulile ugxile umthamo. Kulolu hlu ibalwa Joules kilogram (J / kg) ngayinye.

Ngakho, umthamo emisebeni amuncwa ingxenyenamba elinganisiwe. numerator Its hhayi ubuningi-alpha, gamma ne-beta izinhlayiya, okungukuthi amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube nzima noma soft gamma ngemisebe. Lesi sakamuva has a amandla aphansi. Eqhubeka nalo mfanekiso ne isikhali, singasho ukuthi: akusiyo kuphela ubukhulu inhlamvu, futhi kubalulekile ukuthi kuyiphi shot - a Slingshot noma shotgun.