6 kakhulu izikweletu eside emlandweni, ngubani ikhokhwe kubo?

Ngenxa ubudala izikweletu impi, ukuthengwa uzibuse, izikweletu zomlando impesheni zomphakathi ngezinye izikhathi ukuba ikhokhe izikweleti zazo kusuka isimo kwesokunxele amashumi ngisho namakhulu eminyaka. Funda mayelana endala futhi engavamile kakhulu ezikweletini eside emlandweni, ezinye zazo ezikhokhelwa kuze kube yilolu suku.

British amaphesenti amane Console

Ngo-2014, uhulumeni UK umemezela ukuthi uhlose ukukhokhela ingxenye yesikweletu ubudala zomphakathi, welula emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII. Lezi izibambiso ngihlalé kusukela ukuhlanganiswa zokugcina yezimpahla isimo ngesikhathi uWinston Churchill. Undunankulu wakhipha console ngaphansi 4% ngo-1927 kuya refinance izikweletu izibopho ezisele ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.

Zomlando umbuso izikweletu

izikweletu Nokho, lezi aduduze zilandelwa hhayi kuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, kodwa futhi lesi sikweletu, okuyinto England wathatha phezu ngesikhathi seMpi YaseCrimea, le kaNapoleon Izimpi, ezizosiza indlala enkulu e-Ireland ngo-1848 futhi isinxephezelo ukuba isigqila abanikazi emva nokuqeda ubugqila. Isikweletu endala kulezi aduduze - kumasikhuphulane ngesikhathi somkhankaso ZaseNingizimu Pacific. Khona-ke, ngenxa yalokho we ukwesabela izimali ezweni nasekuqageleni ku imali stock exchange sesilahlekelwe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu. Izisulu zala lokhu kungamampunge nje babe Isaak Nyuton futhi Dzhonatan Svift.

Ngo-2014, i-Royal Shansela we Exchequer wamemezela ukuthi cishe 11.000 abanikazi aduduze futhi izibopho namanje ukuthola izinkokhelo nesithakazelo shí ezikweletini, futhi uhulumeni ayizange izame ngisho nokuzama ukuthenga emuva izibambiso iminyaka 67.

Pension abahlanganyeli kulwiwa, okuyinto has iminyaka 151

Ngokusemthethweni, US Yombango yaphela ngo-1865, kodwa nengxenye ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka, isakhamuzi yezwe namanje uthola impesheni sitholakala ababuya empini nemindeni yabo. Ayrin Triplett - indodakazi Private Moza Triplett, umlimi North Carolina, elaqala isevisi ohlangothini Confederates, kodwa ke zahlangana le Abamele izinyunyana zabasebenzi. Wakhonza njengephayona engabandlululi ngokuthi "Raiders of Kirk." Triplett isosha wasinda empini, wabuyela ezweni lakubo futhi ngo-1920, washada nentombi emncane kuka wakhe iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-50. Lapho u-Irene wazalwa, ubaba wakhe iminyaka 83. Washona ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Ngubani ongowokuzalwa North Carolina, ohlala ekhaya lasebekhulile, isivele engu-86 ubudala, futhi yena ithola isinxephezelo nyangazonke inani $ 73 ngoba inkonzo uyise. She - zinyanga ingane isosha kulwiwa, uku uhlu olusemthethweni kwemisebenzi yomphakathi. Kodwa-Irene wayengeyena umuntu kuphela abathola impesheni eside kusuka kuhulumeni, elisuka ekhulwini XIX. Abantu abayidlanzana ngaphezulu ukuthola izinkokhelo umndeni ngoba inkonzo phakathi Spanish-American War e 1898.

yokulungisa umonakalo German ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala

Ngo-1919 iMpi Yezwe I ngokusemthethweni iphelile lapho kusayinwa umthetho-iSivumelwano SaseVersailles, okuyinto eJalimane nje kuphela ubophekile ukuba kuphele konke izinhlelo ezempi kanye izingalo ukukhiqizwa, kodwa futhi akhokhe isamba yezinkanyezi, okulingana $ 400 billion.

Njengengxenye isivumelwano sokuthula eJalimane yavuma ukunqotshwa wecala ukukhulula ingxabano futhi uvumile ukukhokhela 132 bhiliyoni emamaki German ukuze indlela abaphikisi babo. Ukuze ngidambise izinkokhelo eqolo, uhulumeni German waphoqeleka ukuba uzitholele imali "ezingenalutho", okuyinto kamuva kwaholela eziningana okuzenzakalelayo komnotho German. umnikazi American necebo icebo lokuqoqa izimali ukukhokha izikweletu kanye nokugcina emnothweni German untanta, kodwa izikweletu namanje kwaholela ubumpofu kanye nokuntengantenga.

SeMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili nokubhadelwa

Lesi simo siye kwaholela ukunganeliseki ethandwa ukuthi ithuba emenza eza amandla kwe-Adolf Hitler neqembu lakhe lamaNazi. Hitler wenqaba zikhokhe imali yokulungisa umonakalo, futhi ekugcineni uqalisiwe umkhakha yezempi kuleli lizwe. Ukulungiswa Lokuqala Umhlaba evela eJalimane sesibe limbo kuze 1950, lapho iFederal Republic of Germany (eNtshonalanga Jalimane) wavuma ukuba uqhubeke ukukhokhwa izikweletu.

Ngakusasa amashumi eminyaka ambalwa, leli zwe ukukhokha lesi sikweletu ngamazwe, kodwa ingxenye amazinga isithakazelo ahlale ezingakhokhwanga ngesikhathi kokuhlanganiswa izikweletu German ngo-1990. Inkokhelo lokugcina $ 94 million eyenziwe 2010 - kusasele iminyaka ecishe ibe ikhulu namashumi emva ukusayinwa Versailles Treaty.

izibopho Esiphakade Dutch Water Council

Ezinye izikweletu ubudala namanje siphathwe Dutch lesifunda amanzi ibhodi, okuyinto ekhulwini XVII wanika izibopho enqubeni fundraising ukulondoloza kwamadamu zinsika phezu emifuleni nasemachibini yaseNingizimu eHolland Utrecht izifunda. Omunye isibopho sokuqala wakhishwa ngo-1624. Ngo-2003, i-Yale University uye wathenga isibopho esiphakade of 1648 elotshwe imbuzi isikhumba, ingxenye yesine ka-dollar ayisigidi. Bond ichonywe Museum njengoba mshini zomlando, kodwa namanje ukwenza izinkokhelo. Intengo ye-investimenti yasekuqaleni - eziyinkulungwane guilder, okulingana zamadola yesimanje 500. Ngo-2015, uprofesa Yale baya eNetherlands ukuze ukhokhelwe engu-12. Kwaba kakhulu ngendlela 153 zamaRandi.

Izinkokhelo ze kutimela Haiti

Ngo-1791, izigqila zase-Afrika kuze kube esiqhingini saseCaribbean San Domingo ivukela futhi evukela labaninizo French. Ukuvukela yaphela ngo-1804, kumiswa Republic of Haiti - kuphela isimo kwakhiwa ngenxa yokuhlubuka yezigqila. Nokho, isimo geqe kwakusala kude ezishibhile. Ngiphakathi France noma e-United States, alikho izwe uye waqaphela kutimela Haiti.

Ngo-1825, France evimbezela koloni yayo yangaphambili futhi wathembisa ukuvinjelwa kanye ehlasela. Uhulumeni wezwe abasha wayekhethwe eyodwa kuphela - ukuthenga ukuzimela okukhululwa ngokumane asayine isivumelwano ekukhokhweni ayizigidi ezingu-90 zegolide franc ukumboza ukulahlekelwa France kanye netakhamiti talo ophilayo ensimini ka Haiti. Inani ezimba Udlule umcebo republic izikhathi eziyisihlanu, yingakho izinkokhelo izivumelwano kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngo-1947.

Namuhla, izishoshovu eziningi nabezombusazwe angafuna ukubuya waseFrance ukuba Haiti engafanele ukuthatha imali. Inani elilingana yesimanje engaphezu kuka $ 20 bhiliyoni.

French annuity 1738

Kwaphela cishe emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka, France uyaqhubeka ukwenza izikweletu engavamile emndenini ummeli isiFulentshi, ezithathwe 1738. Ekhulwini XVIII, ummeli ngegama Klod Linott ubesebenza njengomshayeli Umeluleki wezezimali kuya French UMbusi Bouillon nezingane zakhe. Njengoba umvuzo ngemisebenzi emihle Lynott ebuzwa Duke ukuba asayine annuity ukuphila eziyinkulungwane livres ngonyaka, ezivumelekile uma nje uyaphila okungenani eyodwa inzalo ngqo ummeli nomkakhe. Claude Rod Lynott wazibonakalisa olukhuni kakhulu futhi annuity wahlala ekhuthele naphezu izingxabano eziningana zamazwe abahlala kuwo nezomhlaba futhi lihlale linemibhikisho. Nezikweletu isibopho basinda French Revolution, kuyanda ukuze amandla nokuwa uNapoleon, kanye nezimpi zezwe ezimbili. Ngokwe ucwaningo zezomnotho abaye eshicilelwe indaba Claude Lynott, ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, uhulumeni waseFrance beke bazama ukukhipha annuity ungakhululekile, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka-ummeli wemibono wenqaba ukuwudayisa. Nokho Izinkokhelo ezenziwa njalo ngonyaka kuze kube yilolu suku, ngenxa wenzuzo ushintsho lwemali inani izinkokhelo kwehle kakhulu futhi imayelana euro ngonyaka.