Yiziphi epithets izincwadi. Epithets - kuyini? Inani tiphawulo ngesiRashiya

Uyini omunye the izintelezi eyinhloko ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu? Yiqiniso, ukukhulumisana, ukwabelana imicabango yabo, nemizwa nemizwelo nomunye ngokusebenzisa ulimi. Cabanga ukuthi ngabe kwenzekani zonke izingxoxo zethu yayiba kuphela nokudlulisela noma yiluphi ulwazi, idatha nqunu ngaphandle izici angokomfanekiso lingavumelani, okukhombisa isimo sethu lokho obekushiwo. Kwakuyoba khumbuza lo imishini zokuxhumana ukuthi ukuxhumana inhlanganisela ezahlukene abathandekayo futhi amaqanda, kodwa esikhundleni izinombolo - amagama ningathwali iyiphi Umbala ngokomzwelo. Imiva yokukhuluma ibaluleke, hhayi kuphela empilweni yansuku zonke kodwa nasendaweni izincwadi (futhi nakhu "kubalulekile"). Ngiyavuma, kunzima ukucabanga inoveli, inkondlo nobe indzaba, ukuthi ungasebenzisi izincazelo engokomfanekiso nezinye izindlela yokukhuluma wobuciko. Yingakho enkulumweni yethu, kokubili nendaba ebhalwe phansi, kukhona epithets ezibalulekile. Kuyini lokhu? Yilokho kusiza ukwenza amagama nemisho esetshenziswa ezimibalabala ngaphezulu, ngokunembe kakhudlwana adlulisele izici ezibalulekile futhi baveze isimo sethu sengqondo maqondana nabo. Ngokulandelayo, sithatha sihlolisise lo mqondo, ichaze indima kanye nencazelo tiphawulo enkulumweni bese uyazama zokuhlukanisa kubo ngokwenjongo yakhe futhi isicelo ethize.

Umqondo zinhlobo epithet kanye nezinhlaka zayo

Asiqale neqiniso ukuthi simelela ukuqonda ngokuphelele futhi ezijulile igama elithi "epithet": okungukuthi, lokho sakhiwo, indlela yokusebenzisa ezimweni ezithile.

Umlandzi njengoba tichasiso

Kusukela Greek "epithet" lihunyushwa ngokuthi okuthile "isicelo" noma "Ukwengezwa" ekujuleni kwenhliziyo. Kuyinto. La mazwi ekhethekile ekhululekile nini umphelelisi omunye, uyinto (into noma isihloko). Ngokuvamile lesi sakhiwo "definition + ibizo", lapho lo epithet - yencazelo ngokuvamile kuba isiphawulo (kodwa hhayi ngempela). Isibonelo elula: a melancholy abamnyama, obumnyama, emahlombe enamandla, ushukela izindebe, kushisa ngokwanga merry imibala, njll ...

Kulokhu, tichasiso - tichasiso sikwazi ukudweba isithombe oluphelele mayelana ethile nodaba: hhayi nje ukukhumbula izikhathi ezadlula kanye "black", wokucindezela esingangeneki; hhayi nje kiss, futhi "hot", inkanuko, enikeza injabulo - ncazelo kwenza bazizwe ngokujulile lokho afuna ukudlulisela umbhali, ukuzwa noma ukubona ezinye emizweni nemizwelo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izingxenye inkulumo njengoba epithets

Nokho, indima epithets ungadlala hhayi kuphela isiphawulo, ngokuvamile "indima" isenzo nezandiso, emabito netabito, ngisho nesifiso sokuthandana kanye ngamazwi esithi imishwana (okungukuthi, akukho nelilodwa izwi elifanele, futhi inhlanganisela yawo). Ngokuvamile kuba lezi titfo tenkhulumo uvumele ngokunembe kakhudlwana futhi ayidlulisela ngokucacile isithombe bese ukudala simo esifanele kuka wawuyokwenza ke Lizinga.

Cabangela izibonelo ukusetshenziswa njengoba izingxenye ezihlukahlukene yokukhuluma tiphawulo:

1. Tandziso. Isiphakamiso zingabantu izimo. Izibonelo "utshani iqhakazile kumnandi" (Turgueneff); "Futhi kamunyu okhalazayo, futhi ngomunyu uthele" (Pushkin).
2. Amabizo. Batinikela izici okwenyanga into. UMthetho njengoba izicelo noma isilandiso. Izibonelo: "Oh, Umama iVolga cab yebo ukuhlanekezela run!" (Ukuqina); "Ilungelo entwasahlobo, Thixo wethu!" (Pushkin).
3. Izabizwana. Njengoba tiphawulo ayesebenzisa lapho uveza ngezinga eliphakeme kunawo wonke kwanoma yiliphi isu. Isibonelo: "... ukulwa ... lokulwa uthi iyiphi ngaphezulu!" (Lermontoff).
4. ISidlo. Isibonelo: "... Mina, umxhwele, ukwazi wentambo elengayo ..." (Vimba).
5. umfutho ohilelekile. Izibonelo: "Ishidi ka ukukhala nokudansa eminyaka athule" (upende); "... ... Hack abalobi abangenalutho ngolimi, kodwa amazwi, hhayi ukukhumbula nokuzwelana" (Saltykov-Shchedrin).
6. Tandziso esithi nangamazwi esithi imishwana. Izibonelo: "... ukudlala Fihla futhi afune, isibhakabhaka zehla zivela elisophahleni" (Pasternak); "... romp nokudlala, Imoto yayisikhahlameza ..." (Tiutchev).

Ngakho, tichasiso okukhulunywa kungase kungabi kuphela tiphawulo, kodwa futhi kwezinye izingxenye zenkulumo, uma zisiza ukuba adlulisele nangokunembile baveze izakhiwo ezichazwe lodaba.

epithets ezimele

Akuvamile, kodwa kukhona izimo lapho esebenzisa inkulumo elisetshenziswe embhalweni ngaphandle kwamagama eziyisisekelo, epithets umathanda ngaphandle izincazelo echaziwe. Isibonelo: "Into eyinqaba futhi entsha looking abhala emakhasini izincwadi ezindala" (Vimba). Lapha epithets "ongaziwa" futhi "musha" ngesikhathi esifanayo ukudlala izindima ezimbili - nezincazelo futhi kuchazwe. Le nqubo sici yezincwadi kufanekisa.

Izindlela epithets ngezigaba

Ngakho manje esinayo banombono ocacile i migomo ebaluleke ngemcondvo etemibhalo njengoba epithets. Kuyini futhi kanjani ukuyisebenzisa, siye sibuyekezwe. Nokho, ukuze uthole ukuqondisisa okungcono zalesi simo kubalulekile ukwazi ukuhlukanisa futhi uhlukanise tichasiso ngemibandela ethile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi injongo eyinhloko futhi ebaluleke kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwalezi esebenzisa inkulumo njalo kuza into eyodwa - ukuchaza, ukuchaza into kwezobuciko noma mkhuba, zonke tiphawulo kungenziwa labizwa. Basuke zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ngokuvumelana nemingcele ahlukahlukene, okuyinto thina xoxa ngezansi.

Izinhlobo epithets kusukela umbono zofuzo

Iqembu lokuqala uhlukanisa tiphawulo ngezigaba kuye umsuka zofuzo:

• Ulimi Evamile (zokuhlobisa);
• Folk izinkondlo (njalo);
• umbhali ngabanye.

Ulimi ezivamile, esibizwa nangokuthi adorning yini izici ezichaza izinto nezimpahla zabo kanye nemiphumela. Izibonelo: .. Beautiful ulwandle, kwathula elibulalayo, amafu leaden, ukushaya ukuthula, njll Ngokuvamile siwasebenzisa enkulumweni yansuku zonke, ukuze adlulisele kangcono isimo Wachaza izenzakalo / kuncike futhi imizwa yethu interlocutor.

izinkondlo Abantu, noma unomphela, epithets - Lawa ngamazwi noma ngesimo sobuso lonke ukuthi eminyakeni siqine izingqondo zabantu ngoba amanye amagama athile. Izibonelo: indoda okahle, obomvu intombazane, inyanga ekhanya bhá, endle nabanye.

Ngamunye-kumbhali epithets - liwumkhiqizo ingqondo okudala umlobi. Okusho ukuthi, ngaphambi igama noma ibinzana alisetshenziswa inkulumo ngalowo mqondo, futhi ngenxa yalokho abazange epithets. Bathandana kakhulu izincwadi, ikakhulukazi izinkondlo. Izibonelo: "umuntu tysyacheglazogo ukwethemba ..." (Mayakovsky); "Ukuthopha umgexo esobala", "ubuhlalu ngokuhlakanipha osemqoka" (Pushkin); "... i motif okuphakade phakathi nokuphila" (Brodsky).

Epithets, esekelwe isingathekiso futhi tiga tenkhulumo

Zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu tiphawulo kungaba nezinye izizathu. Njengoba ngokuvamile tiphawulo okwenyanga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa amagama ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, kuye ngohlobo izwi ephathekayo (okuyinto lo epithet) bungabonakala:

• ehilela;
• tiga tenkhulumo.

epithets ehilela njengoba isivele kucace kusukela isihloko, ngokuyisisekelo ube singathekiso. Izibonelo: "amaphethini ukukhanya", "isiliva ebusika" (Pushkin); "Kuyadabukisa, ubungani udabuke," "Kubuhlungu, kuveza umngcwabo" (Hertz); "Amasimu Oyinyumba" (Lermontov).

epithets tiga tenkhulumo esekelwe umqondo metonymic ngokomfanekiso kwegama elithi. Izibonelo "ashisayo hleba yayo ukunwaya" (Umunyu); "Birch, ulimi onamileyo" (Yesenin).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, tiphawulo ukuthi zisekelwe noma Metonymically umqondo ehilela ukubamba kanye nezinye izakhiwo tropes: ngokuhlanganiswa hyperbola, samuntu nezinye izindlela izincwadi.

Izibonelo: "imicibisholo Loud ezinamaphiko, byas ngemuva, wezwa / I ticondze kunkulunkulu uthukuthele: yena bamasha, efana ebusuku" (Homer); "Izrugivalsya, ncengani, cut / Umqansa othile ukuluma emaceleni. / Esibhakabhakeni abomvu, njengoba Marseillaise / ukudikiza, kwelanga okolevaya" (Mayakovsky).

Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa epithets ngisho licace, namandla, baveze ngokunembe kakhudlwana bezibona ezinye izenzakalo / izinto wombhali kanye badlulisele lezi imizwa kubafundi noma kubalaleli bakhe umuntu.

Epithets ngokuya ukuhlolwa kombhali

Umlandzi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu kuye indlela lapho umlobi obonakaliswe kokuhlaziywa kwamathenda umkhiqizo:

• ezibukwayo;
• indlela abazizwa ngayo.

Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka ngiwo asetjenziswako ukuveza izici futhi ugxile ezinye umehluko omkhulu, uphikisana izakhiwo ngaphandle inkulumo wezilinganiso kombhali sakhe. Izibonelo: "... esigayegayeni ekwindla Nokho engadini ghostly obala nokubusa" (Brodsky); "Kocingo iphethini yensimbi yakho / ilangabi okwesibhakabhaka kanye Punch" (Pushkin).

tiphawulo ekhululekile efanayo (njengoba igama libonisa) ukunikeza abafundi ukuzwa sengqondo lombhali, ke ngokucacile echazwe kokuhlaziywa nto noma izenzakalo. Izibonelo: "ukukhanya lutho futhi dim" (Vimba); "Inhliziyo - ucezu abandayo yensimbi" (Mayakovsky).

Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi lokhu sigaba kunalokho okunemibandela, njengoba ngokuvamile epithets olungokomfanekiso futhi umbala ngokomzwelo futhi kuwumphumela bezibona nombhali izihloko ezehlukene.

Ukuvela ukusetshenziswa epithets ezincwadini

Nayo ukuthi epithets anjalo esikhathini izincwadi, asikwazi uthinte udaba ukuziphendukela kwaso esikhathini. Basuke njalo othola ushintsho zomlando kanye ngamasiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, epithets ziyahlukahluka kuye geography (nendawo yokuhlala) abantu owabadala. imfundo yethu, futhi ikakhulukazi izimo zokuphila olutholwa izenzakalo kanye izenzakalo, isipiliyoni - konke lokhu kuthinta izithombe ezidalwe inkulumo futhi baqonde okushiwo lapho bebembeke.

Epithets futhi Russian Folk art

Epithets - onjani izithombe temdzabu? Ngezinye ngendlela efanele usaqala ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo epithets ngokuvamile elichaza noma yikuphi Izakhiwo lezinto, futhi isehlane kubo kubalulekile izici, ukhiye. Uphiko ngokomzwelo futhi ukubonakaliswa sengqondo into echazwe uthuthela ngemuva noma ngingekho ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, epithets ethandwa kwahluka ihaba izinto zobujamo kanye izenzakalo. Izibonelo: yehlathi eliminyene, nabo okuhle, ingcebo eningi futhi nokunye.

Epithets we Isiliva Ubudala postmodernism

Nge kwesikhathi futhi elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni imibhalo epithets kwakuya kuba nzima, bona guqula isakhiwo sabo sengqondo sashintsha indima yabo imisebenzi. Okusha njengezindawo Ngolimi olusankondlo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukusetshenziswa epithets kubonakala ngokukhethekile endleleni izincwadi Isiliva Age. Impi, ushintsho ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe kanye ezihlobene izinguquko emhlabeni ziye zaholela izinguquko bezibona emhlabeni yomuntu. Ababhali kanye izimbongi waqhamuka yokusesha amafomu amasha etemibhalo. Yingakho - ukuvela inqwaba "abangane" (ie copyright) amagama ukubhidliza komkhuba ubudlelwane morpheme nohlaka, tinhlobo letinsha amazwi nezindlela ezintsha yokuxuba kubo.

Izibonelo "ubuthongo curls emahlombe iqhwa elimhlophe" (Ant); "Laughers ... ukuthi uhleko hleka ukuthi smeyanstvuyut smeyalno oh usmeyalno elihlekayo yakho!" (Hlebnikov).

Baningi izibonelo ezithakazelisayo ukusetshenziswa kwamagama engavamile futhi izinto isithombe kungatholakala imisebenzi Mayakovsky. Lokho kuphela le nkondlo "Lo violin kanye okhanyayo kancane," lapho "sigubhu ... washelela luvutha Kuznetsky washiya", "iziphukuphuku ipuleti vylyazgivala", "Helicon mednorozhy" into ebizwa violin, nokunye. D.

Okumangalisayo isicelo iziphawulo izincwadi postmodern. Lokhu kuthambekela (okuyinto eyaphakama 40 bese kokusa enkulu in the 80s) umelana okwangempela (okwangempela sezenhlalo ikakhulukazi), wambambezela eRussia kuze kube sekupheleni 70s. Abamele postmodernism wenqabe imithetho nokulungisa athuthukile amasiko abantu. Emsebenzini wabo imingcele ephakathi ngokoqobo kanye eqanjiwe, ngokoqobo futhi art kuthiwa lisuswe. Yingakho - inani elikhulu amafomu ngamazwi ezintsha kanye namasu, ukusetshenziswa nelukuluku futhi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu epithets.

Izibonelo: "Mina iqhakazile diathesis / Inabukeni igolide" (Kibrit); "Igatsha lase-ngomuthi ... inuka creosote, uthuli Umpheme ... ebusuku tiptoed emuva ensimini futhi ulalela ukuhamba izitimela kagesi" (Sokolov).

Imisebenzi ngenkathi postmodernism ligcwele izibonelo zalokho epithets izincwadi besikhathi sethu. Umuntu kumelwe amane ukufunda abalobi ezifana Sokolov (isibonelo ethulwa ngenhla), umugqa, Levin, Sorokin et al.

Inganekwane futhi epithets alandisa

It unendima ekhethekile yezinganekwane we epithets. Temdzabu imisebenzi kusukela ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene nabantu ezahlukene zomhlaba eqhukethe izibonelo ukusetshenziswa epithets. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Russian Folk yezinganekwane libhekene ukusetshenziswa njalo ibanga epithets nezincazelo, echaza ubunjalo ezizungezile. Izibonelo "ensimini okumsulwa, ukhuni amnyama, izintaba eziphakeme"; "Emazweni Ezikude, esifundazweni sase-Far Far Away" ( "Finist - Bright Falcon," Russian Folk indaba).

Kodwa ngenxa yezinganekwane Iranian, isibonelo, libhekene asinazo izithombe Oriental, ecebile ezihlukahlukene epithets inkulumo ezihlotshisiwe. Izibonelo: "... a Sultan zenzisa futhi bahlakaniphe kangakanani, nge okungavamile ukuhlolisisa lokumba izindaba isimo ..." ( "The History of Sultan Sanjar").

Ngakho, ngo-isibonelo elisetshenziswa temdzabu epithets zibangelwa izici zamasiko umuntu azalwa nalo lokuhlaziya isizwe esithile.

Epithets epics nezinganekwane ukulandelana kwamakhosi ezizwe ezihlukahlukene zezwe

Ngesikhathi esifanayo i-Izinganekwane emazweni ehlukene emhlabeni libhekene izici ezivamile usebenzisa epithets ukukhonza injongo ethile. Lokhu kalula kubonakala izinganekwane ngesiGreki, ezinganekwaneni Celtic epics Russian. Zonke lezi imisebenzi bamunye izenzakalo ehilela futhi kumnandi, wasebenzisa tiphawulo nge umthunzi negative ukuchaza izindawo okwesabisayo, imicimbi noma izenzakalo.

Izibonelo "nezinxushunxushu angenamkhawulo amnyama" (zamaGreki) "ememeza, uhleko eyesabekayo" (legends Celtic), "Idol elibolile" (bylina Russian). epithets okunjalo akuzona nje for izincazelo okhazimulayo izindawo nezenzakalo, kodwa futhi ukuze kwakhiwe umbono ekhethekile, isimo sengqondo ukuze umfundi ukufunda.

Ulimi ocebile Russian? Epithets kanye nendima yabo ulimi olukhulunywa nokulotshwa

Ake uqale nge isibonelo esilula. A inkhulumomphendvulwano esifushane imisho emibili: "? .. Hey, indodana, Ngizofika ekhaya, kanjani wena Wenzani?" -. "Sawubona, umama Ate isobho Okuhle.". Le ngxoxo ukushintshana ezomile kolwazi: Umama uya ekhaya, ingane badla isobho. Lokhu kuxhumana ongaqhubeki iyiphi imizwa, ukuma kwenhliziyo kanye akudali, kungashiwo, akasinikeli yiluphi ulwazi mayelana imizwa isimo sangempela interlocutors.

Enye into, uma inqubo yokuxhumana "angenele" epithets. Kwenza mehluko muni ukwenza? Isibonelo: "? .. Sawubona, ndodana yami amnandi Ukuya ekhaya ukhathele neligwadulekile njengoba inja Futhi unjani Wenzani?" -. "Sawubona, darling Mummy Namuhla ngineminyaka engu-kushisa, ngendlela enhle ngadla isobho, lalilikhulu!". Lokhu isibonelo impendulo enhle kakhulu umbuzo wokuthi kungani tichasiso e enkulumweni yanamuhla zibaluleke kangaka, ngisho noma kungcono ingxoxo ezivamile zansuku zonke. Ngiyavuma, ngoba le ngxoxo lula kakhulu ukuqonda, ihlala omunye the interlocutors kulokho semizwa: Umama bazokujabulela ukuthi indodana yakhe zonke kahle futhi uyajabula ngokuthi uthande isobho; indodana, kuyobe baqonde ukuthi umama wami ukhathele, futhi kuzosithinta idina ukufika kwakhe, noma ukwenza enye into ewusizo. Futhi konke epithets ngiyabonga!

I epithet ngolimi Russian: indima nokusetshenziswa izibonelo ukuba nekhono lokukhuluma

Kusukela elula hambisa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngo ukuba nekhono lokukhuluma epithets okungenani, futhi mhlawumbe ngisho nangokwengeziwe ezibalulekile. Akekho umsebenzi wokubhala kuyoba mnandi futhi ngeke bakwazi captivate umfundi uma akusiyo tiphawulo ngokwanele (okumbalwa, vele). Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi uvumele wenze isithombe licace inkulumo ngaphezulu izenzakalo ezisemfanekisweni, izihloko, epithets futhi zenze neminye izindima ematheksthi etemibhalo :

1. Gcizelela ezinye izici alandisa izakhiwo ezichazwe inhlangano. Izibonelo: "ophuzi uvumelanise", "zasendle emhumeni", "bushelelezi skull" (Lermontov).
2. Chaza ukucacisa izici evelela into (isib umbala, isayizi, njll). Isibonelo: "Izinkuni ... onsomi, igolide, onsomi ..." (Bunin).
3. Isetshenziswa njengesisekelo ekwakhiweni oxymoron inhlanganisela Ngokuphambene ngaphakathi okushiwo amazwi. Izibonelo: "umthunzi abakhaliphile" "okunethezeka wosizi '.
4. Vumela umbhali lokuveza isimo sabo sengqondo ukuze lo mkhuba kuchaziwe, anikeze imizwa yawo futhi usinike efundeka kalula. Isibonelo: "Futhi izwi lesiprofetho sithokozela, futhi sidumisa igama Russian" (Sergeyev-Tsensky).
5. Ukusiza ukwakha umbono bukhoma tesifundvo. Isibonelo: "... entwasahlobo, owokuqala ukukhala ... nokuduma endaweni sky blue" (Tiutchev).
6. Yakha isimo ezithile ukuze abangele isimo esingokomzwelo oyifunayo. Isibonelo: "... a enesizungu futhi eyisihambi emhlabeni, ehamba lonely ishiywe emgwaqeni omkhulu" (UTolstoy).
7. Ifomu abafundi isimo sengqondo esithile ukuze lo mkhuba, into noma iqhawe. Izibonelo: "ugibele muzhichische-Rube, futhi indoda ihlezi ke ihhashi ezinhle" (bylina Russian); "Onegin sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi ngabaningi ... / nabo Scientific, kodwa pedant" (Pushkin).

Ngakho, indima tiphawulo e eqanjiwe abunakuqhathaniswa. Kuyinto lamagama ekhululekile ukwenza umsebenzi, noma kungaba senkondlo, inkondlo, indaba noma inoveli, ethakazelisayo, ethokozisayo, bakwazi ntombazane imizwa ethile, kwemizwelo, ukulinganisa. Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi ngabe azikho epithets, ngabe ebekela kakhulu kungenzeka khona wema izincwadi njengenhlangano yobuciko.

isiphetho

Kulesi sihloko esiye sazama ukuphendula ngokugcwele umbuzo yini epithets ezincwadini futhi ingxoxo, sabuka izindlela ezihlukahlukene ekulinganisweni lezi izindlela yokukhuluma, kodwa futhi wakhuluma ngendima tiphawulo empilweni nasemsebenzini. Sithemba ukuthi lokhu kuye kwasiza wena ukwandisa ukuqonda kwakho i term ezibalulekile ngemcondvo tetemibhalo, njengenhlangano epithet.