Uxhumano olandelwayo - Iyini? Basic zenethiwekhi yezifiso

Esikhathini esingeside esidlule, inhlangano amanethiwekhi wendawo ezidinga ukusetshenziswa esiyisibopho olandelwayo lesifanele. Lokhu kukhetha kunemtselela izinhlobo amakhompyutha kungenziwa ezixhunywe kulo. Namuhla, inkinga efanayo uye cishe wanyamalala. Modern inethiwekhi TCP yezifiso IP indawo zonke ezazikhona ngaphambili. Kuyinto isixazululo jikelele ukuthi ingasetshenziswa yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza.

amagama

Uxhumano Lwesibili Logqinsi - kuyinto ulimi Kusungulwa noma iyiphi uhlelo zokuxhumana. Ukudlulisa idatha ukuhamba ukusakaza kancane nge ikhebula. Ngakho ukuthi ifinyelele ikhompyutha eziqondiwe owethulayo ngesimo idatha, idinga ezithile imithetho. Ukuthi babhalisile e Izivumelwano ezijwayelekile. Mayelana nabo ngokuvamile bathi kufanele izinga yokwakha isidleke. Kanjani ukuba sikuqonde lokhu? Kukhona ungqimba ngokomzimba, okuyinto uhlu izincazelo, isibonelo, bekungaba iyiphi ikhodi yamandla, ukushuba emithanjeni yayo, kanye neminye imingcele. Ake sithi kuba ikhebula ezinhle. Khona-ke, ngeke amaphakethe idatha ethunyelwe kuya kuye. Kodwa ezinye amakhompyutha kuzothatha nabo? Khona-ke umsebenzi ijoyina isixhumanisi idatha ungqimba, kanye unhlokweni iphakethe icacisa nekheli emshinini ngamunye - inombolo ethile ithungwe ibe ikhadi inethiwekhi. Ibizwa ngokuthi i-MAC-kheli.

inethiwekhi wokwehlayo

Xhumanisa ungqimba kuvumelana-Ethernet. Lokhu Iphakheji liqukethe iqoqo imingcele kuchazwa ukuthi ichaze uhlobo yayo. Lawa umsebenzi oqondile yalolu hlobo, futhi okuqukethwe kwabo libhekisela ungqimba inethiwekhi. Kukhona yezifiso ezimbili ezivamile: Arp, okuyinto unomthwalo ukuguqulela-IP amakheli MAC, futhi IP-protocol uqobo. Kungenzeka ukuletha isakhiwo IP-iphakethe. Yonke idatha ukuthi idluliswe ngosizo ezithunyelwe kakade ikheli inethiwekhi ethize. Iphakheji linenani ngefomethi ecacisiwe, esikhombisa uhlobo locwaningo.

I ezivamile izinhlobo ezimbili: TCP, futhi UDP. Phakathi kwabo kukhona umehluko othile owakhiwa yokuthi ngowokuqala has a degree esiphezulu nokwethenjelwa, ngoba ngesikhathi kuthunyelwa iphakethe khona ngokuqhubekayo uthumela isicelo yayo irisidi. Eyesibili inethiwekhi olandelwayo - iyithuluzi Ukugunda, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ukulalela umsakazo Inthanethi. Kusolwa ukuthumela amaphakethe ngaphandle Eqinisweni kokuhlola irisidi yabo. Uma he finyelela, uzokwazi ukulalela umsakazo, kanti uma kungenjalo - asikho isidingo e ukuhlolwa kanye nokuqapha.

Izici iphakethe ukulethwa

Iphakheji nakanjani ucacise inombolo port, okuyinto kwenziwa ukuthumela. Ngokuvamile, lokhu ipharamitha kunqunywa uhlobo olandelwayo ezingeni lokusebenza - kuncike isicelo, lapho ulwazi uqondiswa. Ungasebenzisa nezimbobo angajwayelekile kanye nezinsizakalo, akekho liyakwenqabela. I zenethiwekhi yezifiso eyaziwa kakhulu kuleli cala kukhona HTTP kanye POP3. Ungena yokwehlayo amaphakheji izidleke. I-Ethernet-iphakethe esishunyekiwe IP, TCP okwengeziwe noma UDP, bese idatha igxile isicelo ethize.

timphawu letehlukene

Uxhumano olandelwayo, ngokungafani kuya olandelwayo ukudluliswa kwedatha ungaboshwa kungaphefumuli ethile. ukuqaliswa yabo senzeka isofthiwe, ukuze ukwazi ukufaka futhi ususe noma nini.

IP TCP / IP

Lesi sivumelwano kwenethiwekhi hhayi kuphela ukusetshenziswa ku-intanethi, kodwa futhi ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza. He is ezokuthutha nakunethiwekhi ungqimba, ukuze ukuthumela idatha amayunithi. iminyaka eminingi kakhulu lalisetshenziswa amanethiwekhi Unix-like kuphela, futhi manje ukuthi inthanethi sekukhule kakhulu ngempela, protocol inethiwekhi IP iye yasetshenziswa cishe zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana kukhompyutha yakho yendawo. Okwamanje siwulimi protocol esiyinhloko iningi lamasevisi asebenza wokusebenza.

amanethiwekhi Local futhi switched

Esidala zenethiwekhi yezifiso zidinga ulwazi oluthile ethize, futhi TCP / IP isetshenziswa abasebenzisi ezinjalo, abanye babo abakaze ngisho umbonile NICs. Ukufinyelela i-Inthanethi nge- eye- noma inethiwekhi yendawo kuqinisekiswa uma usebenzisa olandelwayo efanayo. A inqubo ukulungiswa kuncike ngokuphelele ngohlobo enkompolo esetshenziswayo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi yezifiso inethiwekhi ungqimba kukhona uhluke kwabanye, futhi izilungiselelo kunethiwekhi yasendaweni noma nge imodemu, futhi, kufanele umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama athile. uxhumano Dayela-up kungcono ukufaka nge ukumisa ngokuzenzekelayo uhlelo, ehlinzekwa wumnikezeli umhlinzeki. Uma kungenjalo, kudingeka ufake zonke nemingcele ezidingekayo. Ungabuyekeza eziyisisekelo zenethiwekhi yezifiso.

I IPX protocol

Le kit yasungulwa ngu-Novell ukuze usetshenziselwe siqu okusebenza yayo NetWare. IPX ingxenye efanayo-TCP / IP, okungukuthi, sifaka amanye Izivumelwano iphakethe, kodwa inkampani bavikela-copyright layo. Nokho, i-Microsoft idale olandelwayo ukuthi iyahambisana labo eyenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza omkhaya-Windows. IPX is a protocol inethiwekhi ethi ayifane naleyo ngokuya IP sokusebenza. SPX - ithuluzi for the ungqimba ezokuthutha, okuyinto eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa exchange of iphakethe idatha phakathi imishini ehlukile.

Okwamanje, le protocol isetshenziswa kuphela ku amanethiwekhi neseva lapho inguqulo endala ye NetWare. ke livame ukusetshenziswa namanye iqoqo zenethiwekhi yezifiso. Manje inkampani Nowell adluliselwe ngokugcwele entsha jikelele olandelwayo TCP / IP.

NetBEUI

Lesi sivumelwano inethiwekhi isetshenziswa amanethiwekhi wosayizi omncane. It yethulwa ngo Windows NT 3.1, kanye nezinguqulo eziningana ezalandela kohlelo, lapho esetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalela. Izinguqulo zakamuva zezinhlelo izinhlelo salandelwa ajwayeleke TCP / IP. Lesi sivumelwano ulula, awunazo izici eziningi ukusetshenziswa emacaleni okuthuthukile. Kuyinto asihambisani ukushintshanisa kwe-data kwesango. Kungaba wusizo elula kontanga nokucindezela inethiwekhi, kodwa khathesi ngisho uvezwa njengoMahluleli ejwayelekile OS ingxenye, kuyadingeka ukusungula bebodwa ne disc.

NetBEUI - indlela elula ukwakha oqondile ikhebula uxhumano, futhi ngalo mqondo-ke is a protocol sakugcina esidingeka ekumiseni inethiwekhi Yesikhashana-Windows 9X izinguqulo.

okutholakele

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula izikhathi ezithile. Okwamanje akukho olulodwa inethiwekhi olandelwayo. Bonke zenzelwe zokuxhumana, kodwa ngamunye wabo imisebenzi ehlukene ngokuphelele, kukhona ngebuhle nebubi ngokuziqhathanisa nabanye. Ukusetshenziswa ngamunye wabo eqala ukuba khona izimo ezithile zokusebenza, ezivame ebekwe olandelwayo. Lapho ekhetha isixazululo kubalulekile ukuba bathembele lolu khetho.