Ukuvikelwa Ukwahlukaniswa: Umgomo we operation, circuit kudivayisi. Ukwahlukaniswa Ukuvikelwa transformer. Longitudinal Ukuvikelwa umehluko imigqa

Kulesi sihloko uzofunda ukuthi umehluko Ukuvikelwa, kanjani imisebenzi, yini eye omuhle izimfanelo. Futhi, uzofunda iziphi amaphutha difzaschity nezintambo zikagesi. Futhi, uzothola lokujwayela esiwusizo wesifunda Ukuvikelwa amadivayisi kanye nezintambo zikagesi.

uhlobo Ukwahlukaniswa yokuvikela okwamanje kubhekwe kakhulu futhi fast. Uyakwazi ziqinisekise ukuthi ziyakuvikela lokhu avela ezifundeni ezingu-interphase. Futhi ngalezo izinhlelo ukuthi sebenzisa earthed hlangothi, it kalula ukuvimbela nesenzakalo esisodwa isigaba amaphutha. uhlobo Ukwahlukaniswa yokuvikela okokuvikela izintambo zikagesi, ephezulu amandla motors kagesi, Transformers, ugesi.

Sekukonke kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili difzaschity:

1. Njengoba voltages silinganise nomunye.
2. Kusukela lwamanje circulating.

Kulesi sihloko, zombili lezi zinhlobo difzaschity ukufunda konke ngabo angabhekwa.

Difzaschita usebenzisa imisinga afundwa

Isimiso wukuthi imisinga uqhathaniswa. Noma uma sikubeka ngokuqondile, kukhona Ukuqhathanisa nemingcele ekuqaleni kwalesi sakhi, okuyinto avikelekile, futhi ekupheleni. Kwakuvamise leliqhinga ngesikhathi ukuqaliswa uhlobo longitudinal futhi transverse. Eyokuqala isetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha ukudluliswa umugqa owodwa, motors kagesi, Transformers, ugesi. Longitudinal Ukuvikelwa umehluko imigqa uvame kakhulu umkhakha lanamuhla amandla. Eyesibili uhlobo difzaschity kusetshenziswa izintambo zikagesi ezisebenza ngokulinganisa.

Longitudinal Ukuvikelwa umehluko imigqa kanye namadivayisi

Ukuze enze uhlobo longitudinal yokuvikela, kubalulekile ukusetha efanayo both qeda we transformers zamanje. izinkampani yesibili kwabo kumelwe axhumene ochungechungeni esebenzisa izintambo ezengeziwe kagesi ukuthi kumele lixhunywe ukushintsha wamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele lezi udlulisela zamanje ehlangene Windings yesibili ngokulinganisa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile futhi khona sangaphandle short circuit ku Windings eyinhloko kokubili transformers ayozithola wamanje efanayo, okuzoba alinganayo kuwo womabili isigaba nokubaluleka. Ngokusho ikhoyili kagesi edluliselwe zamanje kuyokwenzeka engaphansana nje kwengu-ukubaluleka kwayo. Kungaba ukubala ifomula elula:

Mina _r = mina ₁ -I _2.

Ngokuthi transformers zamanje zisekelwe luqondane ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, eshiwo ngenhla umehluko zamanje uyakwazisa eduze noma ilingane no-zero. Ngamanye amazwi, mina _r = 0, kanye nokuvikelwa akusebenzi ngalesi sikhathi. Ngo wiring asizayo lebhokisi Windings yesibili Transformers, kukhona kwegazi zamanje.

Isikimu uhlobo Ukuvikelwa umehluko longitudinal

isifunda enjalo inikeza isivikelo umehluko amanani ngobukhulu alinganayo imisinga okuyinto egeleza transformer wesifunda yesibili. Kulesi sisekelo, singaphetha ngokuthi circuit ukuvikelwa ibizwa kanjalo ngoba isimiso isinyathelo. Esikhathini indawo yokuvikela ikhumbule ukuthi isabelo phakathi transformers zamanje amanga ngqo. Esimweni lapho kukhona emfushane wesifunda, lapho sikagesi ekupheleni zone ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale emazombezombe transformer Solenoid zamanje mina ₁ notshwala. It is ithunyelwa wesifunda yesibili transformer, okuyinto ogibele phesheya umugqa. Okumele kuqashelwe yokuthi secondary emazombezombe umelane eliphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, lamanje cishe akusho engena kulo. Ngokwalesi simiso usebenza umehluko Ukuvikelwa busbar, ugesi, transformers. Esimweni lapho mina ₁ kungaba esilingana noma mkhulu kunami _r, Ukuvikelwa iqala ukusebenza, esikhiqiza kuvulwa iqembu contact ukushintshwa.

Dlala Ukuvikelwa wesifunda nombonisi wesifunda

Endabeni isekhethi ngaphakathi endaweni evikelwe, kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ngokusebenzisa edluliselwe kagesi ageleza a alinganayo zamanje ukuba isamba Imisinga ngamunye emazombezombe. Kulokhu futhi ivala, kokuvula inkinobho oxhumana. Zonke izibonelo ezingenhla nicabange ukuthi yonke imingcele yomsebenzi transformers ayafana ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokho, mina _r = 0. Kodwa lokhu siyilungiselelo elihle, empeleni ngenxa umehluko elincane ukusebenza amasistimu magnetic imisinga eyinhloko, izinto zikagesi zihluke nezinye, ngisho kohlobo ngalunye efanayo. Uma kunomehluko izici transformers wamanje (lapho lwenteke umehluko okhombisa Ukuvikelwa design), ubukhulu bale yesibili wesifunda imisinga kuzohluka, ngisho noma kuyinto yokuqala nse. Manje kudingeka sicabangele indlela umehluko Ukuvikelwa yohlelo zangaphandle short circuit emigceni amandla.

Kwangaphandle short circuit

Uma sangaphandle short circuit ngokusebenzisa edluliselwe kagesi kuyoba difzaschity zamanje unbalance. Inani layo kuxhomeke ekutheni zamanje odabula wesifunda transformer eyinhloko. Ezimweni ezivamile umthwalo lincane, kodwa uma iphutha zangaphandle uqala ukwandisa. Inani layo futhi kuncike isikhathi ngemuva kokuqala isekhethi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, seqiwe kufanele lokuzuziwe nezikhathi ambalwa okuqala ngemva circuit isiqalo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ezifundeni eyinhloko transformers uthatha zonke iphutha mina.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi le yokuqala isekhethi mina yakhiwa ezimbili izinhlobo zamanje - DC futhi AC. Zibizwa ngokuthi izingxenye aperiodic futhi ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukwahlukaniswa lesivikelo kangangokuthi ngesikhathi kuba khona kwathishelanhloko losebenta zamanje DC ingxenye kumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuba ngokweqile ukugcwaliswa kazibuthe kohlelo transformer. Ngenxa yalokho, umehluko ezingaba phakathi unbalance kwandisa ngokucijile. Lapho wamanje isekhethi iqala ukuba wehlise, kunciphe ukubaluleka kwengosi kuba unbalance kohlelo. Ngokwalesi simiso kwenziwe umehluko Ukuvikelwa transformer.

Ukuzwela kwama izakhiwo zokuzivikela

Zonke izinhlobo difzaschity okusheshayo. Futhi azisebenzi ebukhoneni amaphutha zangaphandle, ngakho udinga ukukhetha udlulisela kagesi, banikezwe esiphezulu kungenzeka ukungalingani wamanje ohlelweni lapho kukhona zangaphandle short circuit. Kuwufanele benaka yokuthi lolu hlobo Ukuvikelwa etholwe ezwela eliphansi kakhulu. Ukuze wandise ke, kumele uthobele ezihlukahlukene izimo. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuba usebenzise i-transformer zamanje wesifunda ogama kazibuthe ukugcwaliswa ingekho lapho wesifunda eyinhloko notshwala wamanje (kungakhathaliseki inani layo). Okwesibili, kuyatuseka ukusebenzisa izinto zikagesi bystronasyschayuschegosya hlobo. Badinga ukuba exhunywe kwi-Windings yesibili izakhi ezikhiqiza nokuvikeleka. edluliselwe kagesi exhunywe kwi-transformer bystronasyschayuschemusya (lamanje ukuvikelwa umehluko iyona enokwethenjelwa kakhulu) kuhambisana yesibili emazombezombe. Isebenza ngakho Ukuvikelwa generator noma transformer umehluko.

ukuzwela Ukwandiswa

Ake sithi, uma sangaphandle short circuit. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuvikela izifunda eyinhloko transformers ezinye notshwala zamanje, ehlanganisa izingxenye gqwa aperiodic. "Izingxenye" Same bukhona unbalance zamanje ogeleza udlule eyinhloko izinkampani we bystronasyschayuschegosya transformer. Uma lokhu DC ingxenye wamanje kakhulu ematisa core. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuguqulwa zamanje ingekho kuyilapho wesifunda yesibili. Lapho Damping ingxenye aperiodic kuyinto ukwehla okukhulu saturation wesifunda kazibuthe kanye wesifunda yesibili kancane kancane siqala ukuvela inani elithile zamanje. Kodwa esiphezulu zamanje unbalance ezingeni kuyoba ephansi kakhulu kunalokho ngokungabi bikho bystronasyschayuschegosya transformer. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuzwela zingandiswa ngekubeka Ukuvikelwa ukubaluleka lwamanje engaphansi noma elingana nenani esiphezulu ukungalingani umehluko ezingaba khona.

izimfanelo ezinhle Ukuvikelwa umehluko

Phakathi nezikhathi lokuqala ukugcwaliswa kazibuthe unamandla kakhulu, ushintsho akuthathi indawo. Kodwa ngemva damped DC ingxenye, i-gqwa ingxenye iqala okuguqula yesifunda yesibili. Kuwufanele benaka yokuthi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, i-edluliselwe kagesi kwabangela futhi kuveza Ukukhipha kwe-circuit evikelwe. yizinga eliphansi kakhulu ushintsho cishe isigamu isikhathi sokuqala isikhathi kubambezela isenzo yokuvikela wesifunda. Kepha akusimina kodwa idlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni esisebenzayo Ukuvikelwa wesifunda.

Ukwahlukaniswa Ukuvikelwa transformer akusebenzi ezimweni lapho kukhona ukulimala circuit kagesi liyisivikelo zone. Ngakho-ke, ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi kanye selectivity ayidingekile. isikhathi isivikelo zokhahlamba kusuka imizuzwana 0.05 ukuze 0.1. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu yalolu hlobo difzaschity. Kodwa kukhona esinye inzuzo - ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu ukuzwela, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa i-bystronasyschayuschegosya transformer. Phakathi izinzuzo ezincane Kuhle kokusho, ezifana malula futsi nokwethenjelwa eliphezulu.

izakhiwo omubi

Kodwa kokubili longitudinal futhi transverse Ukuvikelwa umehluko has nezihibe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngeke ukuvikela wesifunda kagesi ngaphansi isenzo wangaphandle izifunda okufutshane. Futhi-ke ayikwazi ukuvula wesifunda kagesi lapho zihlatshwa overloads eqinile.

Ngeshwa, kungenzeka Ukuvikelwa kwabangela lapho lilimele asizayo wesifunda kagesi lapho ukuxhumana yesibili emazombezombe ikhiqizwa. Kodwa zonke izinzuzo difzaschity afundwa zamanje uphazamisa la maphutha ezincane. Kodwa ziyakwazi ukuvikela emigqeni amandla ngezinga elincane kakhulu, hhayi ningi than ikhilomitha.

Avame kakhulu elisetshenziswa ukuqaliswa Ukuvikelwa izintambo, okuyinto anikwe amandla ezihlukahlukene Amadivayisi kunesidingo sokuba ukusebenza izitshalo amandla, ugesi. Kuleso simo, uma ubude zikagesi okungukuthi kakhulu elikhulu, isibonelo zabambalwa amashumi amakhilomitha, ukuvikeleka wesifunda ke okungukuthi kakhulu kunzima ukwenza ngoba kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izintambo nge kakhulu ezinkulu cross-section for ohlanganisa kagesi edluliselwe kanye transformer yesibili emazombezombe.

Esimweni lapho ukusetshenziswa izintambo ejwayelekile, umthwalo phezu transformers wamanje kungaba kukhulu kakhulu, kanye ukungalingani zamanje. Kodwa ukuzwela, uphansi kakhulu.

Ezakhiwe sidlulisele izifunda ububanzi

Imigqa amandla kudala kakhulu esetshenziswa isikimu lapho edluliselwe zokuzivikela kokuba umklamo ekhethekile. Nayo ungakwazi ukuqinisekisa izinga evamile yozwela kanye amakhebuli uxhumano ukusebenzisa ejwayelekile. difzaschita transverse kwabangela ngokuqhathanisa samanje imikhakha emibili izigaba futhi sobukhulu.

Difzaschita elisetshenziswa ngesivinini zikagesi, lapho voltage ageleza kule ububanzi obuyizinkulungwane 3-35. Volt. Lokhu kunikeza isivikelo lwesigaba RS. Difzaschita kwenziwa njengendlela-isigaba ezimbili ngenxa yokuthi yegridi nge eshiwo ngenhla yokusebenza voltages hhayi lusekelwe kokungathathi hlangothi. Noma kokungathathi hlangothi exhunywe endaweni ngokusebenzisa ikhoyili arc ukucindezelwa.

wire Asizayo Ukuvikelwa design izifunda

I-transformer zamanje zitholakala ezindaweni ezisondelene kuqhathaniswa eduze komunye nomunye. Ngenxa yalokho, lo izintambo asizayo kukhona esifushane ubude. Uma usebenzisa izintambo ezincane ubukhulu ku transformers zizothinteka umthwalo iphansana. Ngokuqondene unbalance zamanje, kubuye kube ezincane. Kodwa ngezinga elithile ukuzwela kakhulu. Uma ukhubaza difzaschita umugqa kuba wamanje, ukubambezeleka isikhathi futhi akukho selectivity. Ukuze kuqedwe ubala, oxhumana asizayo unqamule imigqa wesifunda.

Transverse isiqondiso difzaschita ngamaketanga

Transverse Ukuvikelwa isiqondiso kabanzi lisetshenziswe ukuthuthukiswa yemigqa nhlelo zokusebenzisa ngokulinganisa. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ukushintshwa umugqa ezifakiwe. Iphuzu eliyinhloko liwukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuvikela umugqa ezinjalo imiklamo usebenzisa izifunda elula. Isizathu - akunakwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ezingeni evamile selectivity. Ukuze uthuthukise selectivity, kubalulekile ukuba ngokucophelela ukukhetha isikhathi sokubeka izingcwecwe elangeni. Kodwa endabeni ye transverse isiqondiso difzaschity ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi akudingekile, selectivity impela high. Uneziqu izitho main:

1. amandla isiqondiso. Ngokuvamile isicelo amandla isiqondiso edluliselwe ezimbili ngendlela isinyathelo. Ngezinye izikhathi, i-pair of umehluko Ukuvikelwa edluliselwe nge senzo eyodwa emaceleni, letisebenta at amandla ezahlukene emigqeni.
2. Qala-up - njengoba umthetho, endimeni yakhe we edluliselwe nesivinini esiphezulu zamanje ngangokunokwenzeka.

Umklamo uhlelo yokuthi emigceni lokufakwa transformer wamanje Windings yesibili ixhumeke wesifunda wamanje circulating. Kodwa zonke Windings zamanje axhunyiwe ochungechungeni ke ukuxhuma kubo ngezinceku babashayeli esengeziwe transformers zamanje. Ukuze usebenze ukuvikelwa umehluko okhombisa, voltage lisetshenzisiwe edluliselwe usebenzisa busbar izinhlelo. Ukuthi benza ukufakwa yonke isethi. Uma ubheka isikimu ukufaka izifunda yesibili transformers futhi udlulisela zokuzivikela, kungenzeka ukuba bafinyelele esiphethweni ukuthi kungani libizwa ngokuthi "iqondiswe eziyisishiyagalombili". kumiswa yonke Uhlelo ngu amasethi amabili. Ekupheleni kwe-line ngamunye ingenye isethi ukuthi ukwazi samanje Ukuvikelwa umehluko of yokudlulisela imigqa.

Ushayela edluliselwe owodwa esigabeni

Voltage lisetshenzisiwe edluliselwe ephambene isigaba ngalokho okudingekayo ukuze uvale Ngokuvumelana umonakalo. Ngo operation evamile (okuhlanganisa nalapho zangaphandle short circuit) we Windings edluliselwe sihamba unbalance zamanje kuphela. Ukuze uvimbele ezithothene uyisicefe, udinga ukuba ukuziqalela edluliselwe yokusebenza yamanje mkhulu ukungalingani zamanje. Cabanga ngomsebenzi ukuvikelwa imigqa emibili.

Ekuqaleni a isekhethi ezonini ekupheleni komugqa wesibili ezinye zamanje ageleza. Kuwufanele benaka yokuthi:

1. Inkinobho inhlamvu icushiwe.
2. On the ingxenye eyodwa amandla substation edluliselwe kuvula inkinobho oxhumana.
3. Kusukela ohlangothini yesibili ye-esiteshini futhi iza off the line esebenzisa ukushintshwa.
4. Torque edluliselwe amandla siqondiso ezimbi, ngakho-ke, oxhumana zivulwa.

Isivikelo edluliselwe Windings emgqeni wamanje lokuqala ishintsha indlela motion (isihlobo emgqeni wokuqala) ngesikhathi short circuit. Amandla edluliselwe imigqa ubambe iqembu contact kule sikhundla evulekile. Ishintsha kusukela kokubili ezincane zivulwa.

Ukuvikelwa komugqa ohlukile nje kuphela kungasebenza ngokujwayelekile kuphela uma zombili imigqa isebenza ngokufanayo. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi omunye wabo uvaliwe, isimiso sokusebenza kwesivikelo sokuhlukana siphulwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ekuvikelweni esikhathini esizayo kubangelwa ukuguqulwa komugqa wesibili ngesikhathi se-circuits ezimfushane zangaphandle. Kulesi simo, iba yindlela ejwayelekile yokuqondisa, futhi ayinaso ukuvezwa okwesikhashana. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, ukuvikelwa okuphambene phakathi kokukhipha komugqa owodwa kukhishwa ngokuzenzakalela ngokuphula isiphakeli se-block-contact.

Izinhlobo ezengeziwe zokuvikela

Amaphethelo okuqalisa okuqala okudluliselwayo kumele abe mkhulu kunezilinganiso ezingalingani ngesikhathi se-short circuit yangaphandle. Ukuze ugweme ama-alamu amanga lapho omunye wemigqa ekhonjisiwe futhi esiphezulu esisele sigcwalisa ukudlula kwamanje, kufanele kube mkhulu kunokwehlukana kwekhono elingalingani. Uma kukhona uhlobo oluqondisa isiphambano emgqeni, ama-degrees engeziwe kufanele anikezwe.

Bazovumela ilayini elilodwa ukuthi livikelwe uma lixhunyiwe ngokufana. Ngokuvamile, zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukulwa nokugqithisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi se-short circuit yangaphandle (kulokhu, ukuvikelwa kokungafani akuphenduli). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-dopzaschita igcinwe ukuhlukanisa (lapho kwenzeka ukuthi le nqabayo yenqabe).

Ngokuvamile, ukuvikelwa kwamanje, okungaqondisiyo nokungaqondisi kwamanje, i-cutoffs, njll kuyasetshenziswa. Ukuvikelwa okungafaniyo okuhlukile kunokwakhiwa, okuthembekile kakhulu futhi kuye kwasetshenziswa kabanzi kumanethiwekhi amanethiwekhi nge-voltage yama-volts ayizinkulungwane ezingu-35. Yile ndlela ukusebenza ngayo ukuvikelwa kokuhlukanisa, isimiso sokusebenza kwayo silula, kodwa usadingeka ukwazi okungenani izinto eziyisisekelo zobunjiniyela kagesi ukuze uqonde zonke iziqili.