Ngubani Maria Montessori? izindlela Montessori kwezemfundo

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu kugujwa nemikhuba ephambili ifilosofi Maria Montessori, indlela umsebenzi walo akaphelelwa ukuhlobana kuze kube yilolu suku. Ukuphumelela lefundo kuqinisekiswa imiphumela ucwaningo lwesayensi. Izinkulisa kanye nezikole, letisebenta ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, zingatholakala emhlabeni wonke. Abafundi izikhungo kusimangaze amakhono abo engqondo nawokuxoxa lokudala, kanye nemikhuba emihle.

Montessori imfundo - izingane indlela elisekelwe ekwethembeni, inkululeko kanye nethuba lokuveza imizwa yazo. Umlayezo ayisihluthulelo lefundo: "Ngisize ukukwenza mina."

Okokuqala, njalo futhi yonke indawo

Maria Montessori wazalwa ngo -August 31, 1870 edolobheni Italy Chiaravalle. Emndenini wayewukuphela kwengane kuphela futhi abathandekayo. Ubaba kaMariya, Alessandro Montessori, efana umndeni yezikhulu Italy. igama lomama Renildoy. Egameni lakhe sasekhaya wamzalela igama Stoppani - umkhaya lasendulo, elimalungu alo babe abantu abafundile kakhulu. umzalwane Umama, u-Antonio Stopani, ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu ukuze isayensi waklonyeliswa lesikhumbuzo e-Milan. Ngaleso sikhathi Renilda ukuthi sasivumela abafundile owesifazane, kodwa, ngeshwa, it was destined isiphetho umqaphindlu futhi engasekho. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe yasiza indodakazi yakhe, njengoba ayengakwenza, ezama ukubeka kulo uthando ulwazi ukuzimela.

Ngesikhathi uMary engu-12 ubudala, umkhaya wakubo wathuthela eRoma, entombazaneni ithuba kangcono zithola imfundo engcono. okuhle ikakhulukazi zanikwa ngesayensi kanye mathematics. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo zithiyo, intombazane okunenjongo wangeniswa ngaphakathi esikoleni sokufundela amakhono abafana, futhi kamuva - Faculty of University of Rome. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, waba udokotela wokuqala nowesifazane, udokotela ohlinzayo e-Italy.

Clever, isishoshovu, futhi umane enhle

Njengoba umfundi Maria ngenkuthalo wabalwela amalungelo abesifazane. Wakhethwa uyisihambeli International Congress of Women, owawusedolobheni Berlin. Le ntombazane wakwazi ukuthola ukulalela nokuzwa, ubugagu yingcweti kahle. Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu, yena njalo wabheka enhle, futhi wayengenayo ukukhululwa kusukela abalandeli.

wehlelwe usizi ngokuqondile

Ngo-1896 waqala ukusebenza njengoba umsizi emtholampilo waseRoma University ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi yi uSanti de Santes. Lapho bahlangana Giuseppe yakhe ayithandayo Montesano. ukuphila Siqu amaNtaliyane akusebenzanga. Kwadingeka ngenze isinqumo esinzima phakathi ukwaziswa okulethwa yizinzwa bese isayensi. Yena wakhetha ukukhonza uJehova. Lapho ebona ukuthi ukhulelwe, khona-ke, ngenxa yokwesabela akhuza imvelo Katolika, wanquma ukuthumela ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana ne umzanyana emaphandleni eduze eRoma. Kukhona inganekwane ukuthi uMariya wahamba nendodana yakhe ukubhekana nezingane zabanye abantu, kodwa eqinisweni akusiyo.

Iningi izingane ngaleso sikhathi zazifunde abafundisi, Italian akenzanga lutho iphikisana amasiko. Umehluko lana wukuthi lezi ingane yathola babehlala nomkhaya aphethe. Mary wachitha isikhathi nendodana yakhe ngempelasonto ezingaphezu kuka unina isilinganiso ngaleso sikhathi. Montessori owethulwa indodana yakhe umphakathi, kuphela lapho eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala. Mario esaphila owasiza futhi wasekela unina waba esikhundleni sakhe, futhi ngemva kokufa njengomhlatshelo wakhe babamba iqhaza elikhulu endleleni imfundiso Montessori.

Ukusebenza nezingane

Umtholampilo isifika emhlanganweni wawo wokuqala ne izingane, okwadingeka amathuba elinganiselwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, lezi zingane kungukuthi aphathwa ngayo, futhi wafundisa lutho, basuke nje kubhekwe idiots bese uzama bazivikele umphakathi. Ngemva ukwamukelwa of rebyatnya ukudla kukhasa esitezi angenalutho kanye eqoqwe imvuthuluka lwesinkwa, bese ukumkhafulela amabhola kuyo. Isimo, lapho kwakukhona abantwana abagulayo ubusuku nemini, akazange neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni noma eyenga ukuba umsebenzi ozuzisayo. Maria isikhathi eside ukuwabukela futhi sifinyelele eziphethweni, okuyinto Waba isiqalo zokuvakashela uhlelo lokufundisa adalwe Montessori.

Indlela ukunikeza izingane njengoba iziguli kanye imvelo enempilo asathuthuka. Imvuthu kufanele anikezwe isikhala lapho basuke bagxila lonke ulwazi emhlabeni. Ngokucaca, tiniketwe ngokusebenzisa amazinga enkulu impumelelo yomuntu. Njalo izinyane aye yonke indlela ukuba nomhlaba ophucukile emuva eminyakeni zasenkulisa. uhlelo Pedagogical of Montessori yakhiwe ngendlela ehlangabezana nezidingo (nezikhathi ezibucayi) e kwengane.

nezikhathi ezibucayi

ukuthuthukiswa Ingane indlela Montessori is ngaphakathi accordance nga ngezikhathi isikhathi lapho izingane nje futhi ngokwemvelo azibonayo amakhono athile kanye nolwazi. Lona umnyombo walokho isikhathi ebucayi. Sici Its ukuthi kwenzeka kanye ekuphileni futhi sidlule phakade, kungakhathaliseki ingane kade isikhathi ukuyisebenzisa noma cha. Ngokwesibonelo, kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi 0 kuya eziyisithupha kukhona ukuthuthukiswa sezinzwa kanye kumiswa yokukhuluma. Amakhono okusebenzelana nabanye oshaka futhi liguquguquke kuze kuphele isikhathi kusukela eminyakeni emi-2 kuya ku-6. Fundisa ingane enhlanzekweni nokuhleleka kudingeka kuze iminyaka 3.

Nge nezinye izinkathi ebucayi ingatholakala emibhalweni uthisha Italian futhi Innovator. Abazali nothisha ngeke usithonye okuvela futhi ubude balezi nezikhathi. Noma kunjalo, udinga ukudala imvelo ngomntwana kusukela materials yokufundisa noma okuthiwa zone yentuthuko proximal.

izwe Adult - ezweni lwemidondoshiya izingane

Montessori uthisha yethulwa imfundiso yokuthi izingane esingesihle ukuphila emhlabeni omdala. Njalo izinyane azizwa khona efana Lilliputian e Gulliver zwe. emhlabeni wethu ingane egcwele iziyaluyalu, lapho indoda encane ayinakho amalungelo siqu isikhala ukhululekile. Giants, abantu abadala bajwayele zinonya, engenabulungisa futhi azinaso isineke. Ziyisijeziso Ungalandela iphutha elula efana vase eliphukile, futhi ngoba ingane nje ukuhlola izwe futhi unelungelo lokwenza amaphutha.

Thishela wayechaza ukuthini kubazali nothisha ukuthi abantwana - akusiyo ithoyizi ezandleni zabo. Kuyadingeka ukuba acabangele izithakazelo zabo kanye nezidingo. Ukuze uveze imvuthu, kubalulekile ukwazi futhi ukuqonda umntwana kumele babuke kuye. Futhi lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ingane, owayebizwa inkululeko. Ingane owayehlezi etafuleni, limane nje ukulahlekelwa okusheshayo kwezinhloso zenzuzo, ngeke ubone. Buka ubuntu njengoba kubonakala, kungaba kuphela uma ingane kuyinto abanothando ngempela obakhathalelayo.

Isiyalo inkululeko ngesikhathi esifanayo

Ngaphansi umqondo wenkululeko ngemisebenzi uthisha Italian kufanele abaqondanga ukuyekelela, futhi kutimela intando ingane umuntu omdala. Futhi lokhu kungafezwa ngokufundisa izingane ukusevisa ngokwabo futhi ufunde entsha ngaphandle usizo lwabadala.

Maria Montessori indlela kafushane:

• Njalo izinyane ekhetha ngokwayo umsebenzi. Ingane ifunda ukulalela "Mina" yakho yangaphakathi, ukuze siqonde ukuthi unguMuntu nentshisekelo ngalesi sikhathi.
• Ukunciphisa usizo omdala. Kufanele kube khona kuphela ezimweni lapho kid yena ecela ke. Ukwenza ukuzimela ingane ukuzethemba, funda ngokwanele ukuhlola impumelelo yomuntu siqu.
• Izingane zikhula futhi aqeqeshiwe endaweni ihlelwe ngokukhethekile. Indaba didactic kumele litholakale ngokukhululekile zonke ingane. Kukhona imithetho ukuze babonwe zonke.
• Imfundo yezingane bobudala obungefani eqenjini efanayo. Kuhle izingane amadala kanye kwabasebasha. abafundi Small basondela ngabadala, kanti guys omkhulu ukusiza imvuthu.
• Indaba ukuqeqeshwa yakhelwe ukuze ingane angathola futhi alungise amaphutha abo.
• Ayikho engcono abafundi embi kakhulu. Izimpumelelo wengane kungenziwa kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa nemiphumela odlule.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenzisa indlela Montessori ekhaya noma ezikhungweni zemfundo, yonke indawo kukhona imithetho efanayo:

• Ngasebenza - Uyakwehliselwa ngemuva.
• Ukusebenza indaba kwenzeka ngesikhathi ingubo ngabanye.
• Ikilasi abakwazi ukwenza iphuphu umsindo, ukuhambisa buthule. Izingane lefundziswa kanye buthule baphathe izihlalo.
• nokuhlalisana Ngokuvamile ehloniphekile: inkululeko yakho iphela lapho enye iqala esikhaleni somuntu siqu.

uhlelo nebubi

Abalandeli lefundo ziye zaphawula izinzuzo elikhulu ezicela kusukela indlela Montessori. Izibuyekezo izingibe zingatholakala ingasaphathwa njalo.

Ebuntwaneni ngaphandle inganekwane. UDkt Montessori babekholelwa ukuthi inganekwane uhlanekezelwe umbono engokoqobo. Ngemva Gingerbread Man ngeke sisaphuma, nezilwane ayikwazi ukukhuluma ulimi lwabantu. Uhlelo ligxile logic kanye rationality, eba Nenkabazwe kwesokunxele ingane yena wayencike iziphetho, enze izinqumo futhi baqikelele izenzo. izincwadi Funda amasu awukuvimbeli, kodwa weluleka uthanda izindaba izindaba zangempela.

Ayikho enqabelo. Ezemfundo indlela Montessori engabondli abakubo enqabelo nezinhlawulo. Ngo enkulisa noma esikolweni, ingane ayikwazi ulalele uthisha, ukuba angadli amapuleti zabanye abantu, sizungeze ikamelo ngesikhathi ikilasi, ukusebenzisa phansi ihholo. Thishela ilungelo lokwenza imibono yakhe, ngoba umntwana kumele yena uqonde ukuthi lokudlela - kungcono embi, ezingeke ubuhlungu ezinye izingane. Thishela angabuka lokungenani okwenzekayo. odokotela bengqondo Domestic musa batusa ukusebenzisa ngaphambi esikoleni Montessori indlela. imfundo pre-school ezweni lethu kufanele sifake umqondo yokulalela. Izingane ngemuva kokuphela engadini ohlelweni ezintsha madolonzima ukuthatha esikoleni nge imfundo classical. abafundi Ikusasa belulekwa ukuba "kabusha kufundiswe" e sabaqalayo evamile, ngoba umfundi angeke umane uhlale ekilasini. Anakho bengazi ukuthi ukulalela uthisha.

nokuklanywa isikhala

Wenza umnikelo omkhulu emfundweni yezingane uDkt Montessori. Indlela ukuthi iye yathuthukiswa sihlinzekela division isikhala, lapho behileleka izingane, phezu indawo. Kukhona emihlanu kuphela. zone Kid ekhetha bahlanganyele futhi uphethe ke nje akuthandayo.

• Area of practice. Kukhona izinto zangamalanga, okuyinto abadala kufanele ubhekane nsuku zonke. Kid ngaphansi kokuqondisa uthisha kungaba nisela izimbali, ukugeza, yensimbi yensimbi samanje bese bethunga. Ezemfundo indlela Montessori uhlinzekela izinsiza self-service. Ezigcemeni ithuba itafula, ukuhlanza ngemva kokudla kwakusihlwa, geza Sula izitsha.
• Thinta Zone. Nangu impahla ofundiswa ukunquma izici lezinto: umbala, ijamo, ubungako, isisindo.
• endaweni Ulimi. Kukhona izinto didactic imfundiso eKufundza neKubhala.
• Mathematics zone. Khona-ke izinyane ukufunda izibalo, inombolo yezinto ezitholakala ezibonelweni zezibalo. Umsebenzi ne "igolide impahla".
• Isikhala ndawo. Nazi amabalazwe, Globes, impahla sokutadisha sezulu kanye konke sisethulela izingane elalibazungezile.

Amakilasi izingane zasenkulisa usebenzisa Montessori indlela abasebenza ngayo izinto ezithile. Ake sibheke kubo.

Kutfutfukiswa sensor ubuchwepheshe:

• Kwizimele nge izinkintsho. On ke kukhona izingwegwe, izinkinobho, bensimbi, izintambo zezicathulo. Nale ingane Simulator ifunda ukuba agqoke ngokwakhe.
• isitebhisi Brown. Kuyasiza izingane uzwelane imiqondo omkhulu, encane, amafutha, mncane.
• Pink Tower. Okusikhumbuza mbhoshongo zezingane. Ufundisa ucatsanise tintfo letingemadayimenshini lamatsatfu komunye nomunye ngosayizi.
• boom Red. Ingane ithola bajwayelane lwati lwa "eside", "elifushane".

Sihlakulela inkulumo:

• Izinhlamvu iphepha umphumela velvet noma isihlabathi zokuhlobisa.
• Metal amathebhu efomini ezakheke ehlukahlukene Jomethri asetshenziselwa ukulungiswa isandla uhlamvu.

ikhono Mathematical:

• induku obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kufaka izinduku 10. Ngu ukuxhaphaza kwabo, ingane igcina ifundile izibalo eziyisisekelo futhi imisebenzi zezibalo.
• Libhokisi nge nokwakha uthi lokuphotha.
• umzimba-Jomethri.

imfundo ekhaya

Iseluleko abazali abafuna ukusebenzisa indlela Montessori ekhaya:

• Dala i-indodana noma indodakazi yabazali ukhululekile ephilayo imvelo. Ingane kumele bakwazi ukukhuphuka noma uthole phansi imibhede yazo, ugeza ngaphandle kosizo, hung izimpahla zabo ikamelwana noma ingwegwe, efanelekayo ukukhula kwayo.
• Nikeza yakho amathuba ingane ukusiza abadala ngemisebenzi yasendlini. Fundisa ukugeza inkomishi, ukuthenga lokwela amancane umshanelo, ake amanzi izimbali. Kid idinga ukwazi ukuthi ngayithola yemfanelo yasekhaya. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokucacile lelipelwe ohlelweni lwakhe uDkt Montessori.
• Indlela kusekelwe nenkululeko senzo. Ungagxambukeli ingane.
• Hlukanisa band nursery ngokuvumelana nenqubo. Nikeza yakho izinto ingane sekufundzisa amakilasi. Ziyakwazi ngempela eqolo, ngakho abazali kufanele ucabange ukuthi bangenzani ngezandla zabo. Namuhla singathola eningi imibono kanye nemihlangano yokufundisa ukwenziwa zokuqeqesha.

ukunikela Uhlelo akusho izingane lwamaphethini yomsebenzi, kodwa umane odlulela ingane esenzweni futhi inikeza anhlobonhlobo izinto.

isiphetho

Yezefundo usebenzisa nokufundisa indlela Maria Montessori, ingafaniswa iplanethi sezingane ezincane ehlukile, lapho kukhona izinqubo zawo ezimisiweyo futhi akukho ukuyekelela indawo. Kodwa ngenkathi izingane zifunde ukuba baqonde imizwa nemizwelo yabo, bathole amakhono ukuphila futhi ukubhekana nezindaba zasekhaya. Akekho futhi lutho kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa amakhono zabantu ezincane kangaka. ukunikela Uhlelo akusho izingane lwamaphethini yomsebenzi, kodwa umane odlulela ingane esenzweni futhi inikeza anhlobonhlobo izinto.