Izitayela ulimi nendlela yokukhuluma izitayela. izitayela ulimi Functional

Olwandisekayo Lwesitayelashidi - iyona ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto abakhonza omunye ohlangothini ukuzwana nabantu. Bonke babe ezinye izilungiselelo ezivamile: ngenhloso noma ukusetshenziswa isimo, kwindlela zikhona, futhi iqoqo izinsiza zolimi.

Wona kanye umqondo welithi lisuselwa lesiGreki elithi "stilos", okwakusho ukulala lunamathele incwadi. Ngenxa isiyalo yesayensi uthethe ukuma e isitayela eko kwekhulu lamashumi amabili. Phakathi kwalabo abaye kahle uphenyo izinkinga stylistics, kwaba M. V Lomonosov, F. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. nzulu ikhokhelwa izitayela ngabanye obusebenzayo D. E. Rosenthal, VV Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina nabanye.

Five izitayela yokukhuluma ngolimi Russian

Functional ulimi izitayela - ezithile kwenkulumo uqobo, noma zinhlobo bezehlalakuhle, silulumagama ethize kanye lolimi, okuyinto zivumelana-scope ne-ndlela yokucabanga.

NgesiRashiya, basuke ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe emihlanu izinhlobo:

• Elementary;
• ibhizinisi esemthethweni;
• umcwaningi;
• isikhulumi;
• Art.

Amazinga kanye imiqondo ngayinye incike inkathi zomlando ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII silulumagama eyayivame futhi bookish kwahluka kakhulu kokweNkosi. isiRashiya waba etemibhalo ukubonwa ngekhulu XVIII, sibonga kakhulu emizamweni M. V Lomonosova. Modern isitayela ulimi waqala ukuthatha ukuma ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ukuzalwa izitayela

Ngo nenkathi lasendulo kwakukhona izincwadi esontweni, ezincwadini zebhizinisi futhi zemihla. ulimi kwansuku Spoken ayehlukile kuzo kubo ngokuqinile ngokwanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amadokhumenti yasekhaya futhi ibhizinisi abe kuningi abafana ngakho. M. V Lomonosov ukwenze ukushintsha isimo eziningi umzamo.

Wabeka isisekelo imfundiso lasendulo, siphakamise izitayela okusezingeni eliphezulu, ongaphakeme futhi phakathi. Ngokusho kwakhe, ulimi etemibhalo Russian kwamiswa ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ahlangene ncwadi futhi ezahlukeneyo eyayivame. Wathatha njengesisekelo amafomu stylistically hlangothi futhi ukubonakaliswa komusa nenye, wavumela ukusetshenziswa izinkulumo zabantu futhi evumela kuphela ukusetshenziswa komhlaba Slavonicisms elaziwayo elincane futhi eziqondile. Ngenxa M. V Lomonosovu ke ekhona izitayela ngolimi lwesayensi agcwaliswa.

Ngemva kwalokho, A. S. Pushkin anikeza ugqozi ukuqhubeka isitayela. Umsebenzi wakhe yabeka isisekelo isitayela art.

Ama-oda eMoscow guqula zikaPetru zazingekho umsuka ulimi olusemthethweni-ibhizinisi. I lasendulo lwemilando, izintshumayelo kanye nezimfundiso kwakheka isisekelo isitayela lesibonwa. In the version tetemibhalo, laqala ukusetshenziswa ziyahlangana ukubonwa ngekhulu XVIII. Kuze kube manje, wonke 5 ulimi izitayela ahlotshiswe bha futhi kufanele zenyathi yabo.

yasendlini Yokukhuluma Esangxoxo

Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, lesi sitayela yokukhuluma esisetshenziswe ekuxhumaneni kwansuku zonke. Ngokungafani wonke amagama anzima futhi sigodzi, kusekelwe isichazamazwi etemibhalo. nobukhulu bayo - isimo lapho kungekho ubudlelwane ecacile esemthethweni phakathi kwezinhlangano. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke, wasebenzisa amazwi ikakhulu hlangothi futhi nemishwana (isib, "blue", "ihhashi", "washiya"). Kodwa ungasebenzisa amagama akhulunywa nge Umbala ( "cloakroom", "ukuntuleka kwesikhathi").

Ngaphakathi olukhulunywa emithathu zenyathi: obihodno-umthengi, ibhizinisi-obihodno futhi epistolary. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama ukuxhumana yangasese. Colloquially, ibhizinisi - inketho ukuxhumana esimweni esisemthethweni. Elementary futhi esemthethweni izitayela ulimi ibhizinisi (esifundvo nobe inkulumo ungobunye isibonelo) ngomqondo othile, lokhu zenyathi lihlukaniswe phakathi kwawo, njengoba singasho sithi, futhi kukhona futhi lapho.

Ukuxhumana okungekho emthethweni evumela ukwazana, inkulumo kothando encishisiwe, kanye amagama tijobelelo kuhlola (isib "domische", "bunny", 'siziqhayise "). Esangxoxo isitayela ekhaya kungaba elikhanyayo kakhulu nentamo ngenxa ukusetshenziswa phraseology kanye amagama umthunzi ekhululekile ngokomzwelo ( "nokunensa", "blizehonko", "nabo", "abangcwele", "yubchonka").

Kabanzi ukusikeka ezahlukene - "abanelisi", "ambulensi", "Ubisi olujiyile". ulimi olukhulunywayo kulula ukudlula incwadi - okungalungile ukusetshenziswa participles futhi emabito, imisho multipartite eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuvamile, lesi sitayela kuvumelana tetemibhalo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo has izici zayo siqu.

isitayela yesayensi

Yena, kanye ibhizinisi esemthethweni, ufuna zilandelwe ncamashi lapho ukhetha amagama namazwi ngokucijile unciphise kwenkululeko kuvunyelwe. isitayela Scientific of isiRashiya ayikuvumeli lwesigodi, ijagoni, izinkulumo eyayivame, amagama olwalusikisela ngokomzwelo. Ifeza sphere isayensi umkhakha.

Njengoba injongo imibhalo yesayensi - ukwethula ocwaningweni, amaqiniso inhloso, ke kufuna ukuba Ukwakheka yabo futhi amagama asetshenziswa. Ngokuvamile, ukulandelana isethulo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

• isingeniso - isitatimende yenkinga, izinjongo, udaba;
• main okuyingxenye - zokufuna kulandzelana nekuhlunga ongakhetha, udonsela umbono, ubufakazi;
• Ekugcineni - impendulo yombuzo we umgomo.

Umkhiqizo kule uhlobo yakhiwa futhi ngokunengqondo, wawuhloselwe ezimbili izinhlobo zolwazi: amaqiniso, bese, njengoba umlobi we ekuhlelweni kwabo.

Scientific ulimi isitayela kwenza bekholelwa kulokho imigomo, isiqalo anti-, bi-, quasi-, amandla emimoya -skeleton isijobelelo, ukusebenzelana, -Alukho-e (amasosha omzimba, okuguquguqukayo, supernova, ukuphila umzimba, imifuziselo, cloning). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibandela musa aziphilele ngawodwa abe yizinto - akha inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi ubudlelwano kanye nezinhlelo: kusukela jikelele kuya ethile, kusukela wonke izingxenye, uhlobo lwe / zinhlobo ungubani / bahlukene, nokunye.

nenqubo ebalulekile efana umbhalo - umnqopho kanye nokunemba. Umnqopho Ungafaki ngokomzwelo icala ulimi, isibabazo, ubuciko izifenqo, okungalungile lapha ukuhola indaba ngendlela yokuba kukhulume. Ukunemba ngokuvamile lihlotshaniswa namagama. Njengoba umfanekiso, ngcaphuno kusukela encwadini Anatoliya Fomenko, "Izindlela sokuhlaziya Mathematical tematheksthi zomlando."

I degree of "eyinkimbinkimbi" umbhalo yesayensi kuncike ngokuyinhloko izethameli eziqondiwe nenhloso - whom kuhloswe umkhiqizo, indlela ulwazi oluningi mhlawumbe ube laba bantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyokwazi ukuqonda lokho kithi kusengozini. Kuyacaca ukuthi esehlakalweni esinjalo, efana isifundo isikole isiRashiya, yekukhuluma, kanye inkulumo izitayela kudingeka elula, futhi inkulumo for senior izifundo esikoleni esiphakeme ngeke ivumelane ne amatemu eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi.

Yiqiniso, uNkulunkulu omkhulu kulingisa nezinye izinto - isihloko (ngolimi lobuchwepheshe isayensi eqinile futhi ngokomthetho edlula humanities) uhlobo.

Phakathi lesi sitayela kukhona izidingo esiqinile sokubhaliswa somsebenzi wokutlola: iziphakamiso yenkosi futhi zobudokotela, zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele, ema-eseyi.

Substyles umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama kanye inkulumo yesayensi

Ngaphezu ucwaningo langempela, ukwaba Izinhlobo ezingaphansi engokwesayensi-zemfundo nesayensi-ethandwa. Ngamunye isetshenziswa ngenjongo ethile kanye ababukeli ethize. Lezi izitayela ulimi - izibonelo ezahlukene, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, okufanayo ekuxhumaneni ukubukeka notshwala.

Ucwaningo noQeqesho ngaphansi izinhlobo - uhlobo ekhanyayo isitayela eziyisisekelo, lapho izincwadi ezibhaliwe kulabo abaye nje yaqala ukuhlola indawo entsha. Abamele - emabhukutifundvo izikole zemfundo ephakeme, amakolishi, esikoleni (high school), ingxenye zokuzisiza, nezinye izincwadi, yakhelwe Wabasaqalayo (ngemuva kwalokhu - ngcaphuno letfolwe Psychology izikole lasetulu: abalobi Slastenin V Isayev AI nabanye, "Pedagogy Incwadi .. ").

Scientific-ethandwa sub-izinhlobo - kulula ukuyiqonda ukwedlula ezinye ezimbili. Inhloso yayo - ukuchazela izilaleli amaqiniso eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi icubungula ulimi elula futhi kuyaqondakala. encyclopedia abahlukahlukene "101 Empeleni mayelana ..." eyabhalwa kuye.

ibhizinisi esemthethweni

kakhulu ehlelekileko 5 izitayela isiRashiya. Isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi States kanye nezikhungo nomunye futhi izakhamuzi. Ingabe wokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu emsebenzini, ezinhlanganweni, emkhakheni service, ngaphakathi ekusebenziseni nezibopho zabo ezisemthethweni.

Esemthethweni ibhizinisi isitayela libhekisela incwadi-sokulotshwa, isetshenziswa imibhalo imithetho, imiyalo, izivumelwano, izenzo, amandla ommeli futhi imibhalo efanayo. Ifomu temlomo isetshenziswa izinkulumo, imibiko, zokuxhumana kohlaka ubudlelwane.

Izingxenye isitayela olusemthethweni

Emkhakheni jikelele lakhomba inani sub-izinhlobo:

• Legislative. Isetshenziswa ngekukhuluma noma ngekubhala, emithethweni, iziqondiso, izinqumo, imiyalelo, izincwadi achazayo, izincomo, imiyalelo, imibono zezinto ezibaliwe nokusebenza. Ngemlomo umsindo ngesikhathi mpikiswano ephalamende nezikhalazo.
• Sombuso - likhona amafomu nendaba ebhalwe phansi, esetshenziswa indictments, izinqumo, ukuboshwa ezigunyaza, ukwahlulelwa, izikhalazo, izenzo zenqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenziwa wezwa ngesikhathi mpikiswano zokwahlulela, zezingxoxo reception izakhamuzi 'nokunye. D.
• Administrative - ngokubhala yaqaphela oda, izimiso, izinqumo, izivumelwano, abasebenzi kanye umshwalense izivumelwano, izincwadi ezisemthethweni, izicelo ahlukahlukene, babesebenzisa ucingo olubhalwayo, ethanda, imemorandamu, autobiographies, imibiko, amarisidi, imibhalo. Ifomu ngemlomo ngaloko lokusandza kwenteka zokuphatha sub-izinhlobo - Ama-oda, izindali, izingxoxo kwezohwebo, izinkulumo at reception, izindali, imihlangano, njll ...
• Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba. Lokhu akhicite imibhalo zingatholakala ngesimo izivumelwano, yesigodi, izivumelwano, izivumelwano, yezifiso, amanothi siqu. Ifomu ngomlomo - a Communique, amamemorandamu, izitatimende ngokuhlanganyela.

Isikhulu sebhizinisi isitayela isethi imishwana esetshenziswa ngenkuthalo inselele Izinyunyana nemabito ngamazwi:

• esekelwe ...
• ngokuvumelana ...
• ngesisekelo ...
• ngenxa ...
• ngenxa ...
• ngenxa ...

izitayela kuphela ulimi ibhizinisi yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni olusemthethweni ube nohlobo ecacile futhi isakhiwo. Kulokhu, isicelo, CV, memo, identity ikhadi, isitifiketi somshado kanye nabanye.

Ukuze isitayela libhekene ithoni hlangothi elandisayo, ngqo izwi ukuze, imisho lemagalagala, ukushaya emhloleni, banganhlanhlatsi, ukuntula kwabanye. Kabanzi amatemu ekhethekile, izifinyezo, uhlu lwamagama akhethekile phraseology. Esinye isici esivelele - a ujabule.

publicistic

Functional izitayela elulwimi eyinqaba kakhulu. Lesibonwa - iyathinteka. Isetshenziselwa phambili ekukhulumeni kwabezindaba, izincwadi zomphakathi kanye amaphephabhuku, ngesikhathi zezombusazwe, lokwentiwako zokwahlulela. Ngokuvamile lingatholakala ku amasampuli nomsakazo nomabonakude izinhlelo, ticashunwa temaphephandzaba, omagazini, amapheshana, imibuthano.

Ukufunda senzelwe ababukeli, ngakho lapho lengatfolakali imigomo ethize, futhi uma kukhona, bafuna ukuba kubonanwe ubuso uchaze etheksthini lefanako. It ongagcini nje ngokuba wenkhulumo nalokubhaliwe - liyatholakala nasemiBhalweni izithombe, ifilimu, ingcaca kanye olungokomfanekiso, waseshashalazini, amadlingozi futhi ifomu ngamazwi-zomculo.

isitayela lesibonwa kolimi has imisebenzi emibili esemqoka: ulwazi kanye nethonya. Umsebenzi wokuqala - ukudlulisela kubantu amaqiniso. Okwesibili - ukudala umbono ofanele, ukuthonya umbono izenzakalo. umsebenzi Imininingwane kudinga idatha yombiko uthembekile futhi olunembile Sinesithakazelo hhayi kuphela umbhali, kodwa futhi umfundi. Njengomkhulumeli waqaphela ngokusebenzisa imibono siqu umbhali, izingcingo zakhe esenzweni, futhi indlela isethulo.

Ngaphandle ethize lesi sitayela esithile, kukhona ulimi ezivamile izici jikelele: ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, ekhululekile futhi tebuciko.

umsebenzi yekuchumana

Ukuxhumana - kwamakhamera ocingo inkinga jikelele ngolimi, esizibonakalisa zonke izinhlobo kanye izitayela yayo. Kasibili zonke izitayela ulimi nendlela yokukhuluma izitayela ezingafaneleki umsebenzi yekuchumana. Ngo-journalism imibhalo efanayo futhi ukusebenza zenzelwe ababukeli, ngempendulo yaqaphela ngokusebenzisa izinhlamvu amakholi wefoni abafundi, etingcocweni tesigungu, izingxoxo. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi umbhalo wawucacile futhi kulula ngabafundi ukuba baqonde.

umsebenzi ekhululekile

I lesibonwa umbhalo obonakalayo ukuthi ingubani umlobi wayo, okungase ukuveza isimo sabo sengqondo ukuze izenzakalo, ukwabelana umbonwabo. I izinhlobo ezahlukene nombhali ngezinga ezahlukene inkululeko - emotionality ejwayelekile encwajaneni noma inkulumo show impi, kodwa Akuwona wonke umuntu osamukelayo e inothi ulwazi noma wezindaba ukukhululwa.

Isengezo akufanele eqele ngalé silinganisela ngendlela enengqondo - kubalulekile ukuhlonipha imithetho namasiko inkulumo futhi ukubonakaliswa imizwa alikwazi inhloso kuphela.

Umsebenzi yobuhle

Kuzo zonke 5 izitayela tenkhulumo isiRashiya, lo msebenzi ikhona kuphela ezimbili. Ngo etemibhalo imibhalo sobuhle bayo linendima ebalulekile ye-journalism indima yayo kakhulu ukubuyeka. Nokho, ukufunda noma ulalele eziklanywe kahle, kahle wacabanga, umbhalo olinganiselayo nicer okuningi. Ngakho-ke, kuyinto efiselekayo sinake izinga yobuhle kunoma yiziphi izinhlobo.

Izinhlobo of journalism

Ngaphakathi isitayela main secrete eziningi izinhlobo kakhulu esetshenziswa:

• inkulumo oratorical;
• iphamflethi;
• indzaba;
• nokubika;
• lampoon;
• izingxoxo;
• iphepha nabanye.

Ngamunye wabo usetshenziselwa ezimweni ezithile: leli pheshana ngokuthi uhlobo imisebenzi yobuciko kanye lesibonwa ngokuvamile aqondiswe ephathini ethile, into social noma isimiso sezombusazwe ngokuvamile, umbiko - umlayezo ngokushesha nokungakhethi endaweni yesehlakalo, isihloko - uhlobo ngawo kumbhali it ihlaziya izenzakalo ezithile, amaqiniso, futhi ubanikeza ukuhlolwa futhi achaze.

art isitayela

Zonke izitayela of ulimi nendlela yokukhuluma izitayela eshiwo ngokusebenzisa ubuciko. Linikeza imizwa nemicabango nombhali, kuthinta umcabango yomfundi. Lisebenzisa amathuluzi nezinye izitayela, ukuhlukahluka kanye ukujula ulimi, libhekene izithombe, imizwelo, inkulumo igxile. Isetshenziselwa ezincwadini.

Isici esibalulekile salo lesi sitayela kuba aesthetics - nakhu, kunokusebenza journalism, isici esidingekayo.

Kunezinhlobo ezine izinhlobo izitayela nobuciko:

• amaqhawe;
• lyrical;
• Drama;
• kuhlangene.

Ngayinye yalezi izizukulwane has indlela yayo ukuze isibonisi mcimbi. Uma sikhuluma yeqhawe, kuzoba indaba ikakhulukazi ezinemininingwane ngendaba noma umcimbi lapho umbhali yena noma omunye wabalingiswa bazothatha isinyathelo Indzima yemlandzi.

Ukulandisa lyrical igxile umbono wokuthi umcimbi kwesokunxele umlobi. Nazi nakho main, kwenzekani emhlabeni kwangaphakathi.

indlela Ukusangana limelela isifundo esithile esenzweni, bembonisa lalizungezwe ezinye izinto kanye nemicimbi. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela lezi izizukulwane ezintathu basonta V G. Belinskomu. Ngesimo 'emsulwa ", ngasinye salezi akuvamile. Muva nje, abanye abalobi ukuhlonza olunye uhlobo - kuhlanganiswe.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, amaqhawe, lyric, izindlela obuvelele incazelo ngezehlakalo kanye izifundo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo: inganekwane, izindaba, indzaba lemfisha, inoveli, ODE, idrama, inkondlo, amahlaya nokuningi.

Isitayela bokubeka ulimi has izici zayo siqu:

• Kusebenzisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezinsiza kwezilimi nezinye izitayela;
• ifomu, isakhiwo, ulimi, amathuluzi akhethiwe ngokuhambisana umqondo kanye umqondo wayo;
• ukusetshenziswa izibalo eziqondile yokukhuluma, eyenza umbhalo Kunemibala futhi eziqanjiwe;
• kubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi ngenxa yobuhle.

Kukhona kabanzi indlela (allegory isingathekiso ukuqhathanisa synecdoche) kanye izibalo sitayela (okuzenzakalelayo epithet, epiphora, hyperbola, tiga tenkhulumo).

Yobuciko isithombe - isitayela - ulimi

Umbhali noma yimuphi umsebenzi, hhayi kuphela tetemibhalo, udinga indlela ukuxhumana umbukeli noma umfundi. Njalo ifomu art onezinto ayo yokuxhumana. Lapha futhi kukhona trilogy - i kwezobuciko isithombe, isitayela kanye nolimi.

Isithombe - indlela ejwayelekile emhlabeni futhi ukuphila, esashiwo umculi usebenzisa ulimi abayikhethile. Kuyinto isigaba ethile jikelele ubuciko, uhlobo incazelo zomhlaba ngokwakha izindawo aesthetically ezikhona.

indlela yobuciko ubizwa nangokuthi iyiphi mkhuba, ukusungulwa ngumlobi emsebenzini. nencazelo yalo kwembulwe kuphela ukuxhumana nge umfundi noma umbukeli: ukuthi bayobona umuntu ubona incike wakhe imigomo, ubuntu, isimo esingokomzwelo, isiko kanye namanani, lapho ephakamisa.

I element of uziqu-zintathu "isithombe - isitayela - Ulimi" yesibili kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso wesandla ethile eziyizici umsunguli wawo noma umnikezi ngenkathi inhlanganisela izindlela namasu. Ngo ubuciko, kukhona imiqondo emithathu ehlukene - isitayela inkathi (ihlanganisa inkathi yomlando isikhathi, okubonakala babe izici ezivamile, ezifana kwesikhathi uVictoria sika), kazwelonke (ngaphansi kwakhe ukuqonda izici obuvamile nesizwe esithile, isizwe, isibonelo, isitayela Japanese) kanye ngabanye ( sikhuluma umculi, omisebenzi yakhe babe izici ezingekho esivela nezinye izinga, isibonelo, Picasso).

Ulimi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo yobuciko - uhlelo amathuluzi ezibukwayo yakhelwe ukukhonza ngenhloso yombhali ukudala imisebenzi, ithuluzi ngokudala isithombe kwezobuciko. Lwenza ukuxhumana phakathi ngomdali izethameli, ikuvumela ukuba 'ukupenda "isithombe ne esiyingqayizivele kunazo izici isitayela.

Uhlobo ngalunye nokusetshenziswa okunobuhlakani be lokhu izindlela: kupenda - umbala, ebaziwe - ivolumu umculo - buviyoviyo, umsindo. Bebonke bakha izigaba zintathu - isithombe nobuciko, isitayela, ulimi, usizo zokusondelana UMBHALI ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi kubo wadala.

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi, naphezu umehluko phakathi kwabo, izitayela musa yakha ahlukene, izinhlelo avaliwe kakhulu. Bayakwazi njalo interpenetrate nomunye: hhayi kuphela ukusetshenziswa bokubeka ulimi kuchaza ukuthi ezinye izitayela, kodwa ibhizinisi esemthethweni inamaphuzu eziningi zesayensi (zenyathi zombuso zomthetho nge nemigomo yalo obuseduze nalabo eyala zesayensi) mutual.

Ibhizinisi silulumagama lingena lulwimi lolukhulunywako, futhi okuphambene nalokho. buka lesibonwa yokukhuluma eduze okwakuthandelene ngemlomo nangekubhala ngokubhala ne kwenkululeko kukhulunywa kanti ethandwa isitayela yesayensi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo samanje ulimi neze into ezinzile. Kunalokho ukusho ukuthi zilingana ashukumisayo. Ilokhu kukhona imiqondo emisha, Dictionary Russian eyayihambisana izinkulumo ukuthi zivela kwezinye izilimi.

Ukudala letisha amazwi ngosizo labo ekhona. Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe futhi ngenkuthalo kunomthelela kwandzisa isitayela yesayensi yokukhuluma. imiqondo eminingi evela endle yesayensi art wathuthela isigaba imigomo lehlelekile, yilezo noma ezinye izinqubo kanye izenzakalo. A imiqondo yesayensi kufakwe inkulumo evamile.