Insimu futhi endaweni ingqikithi yaseTyumen: incazelo kanye namaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

YaseTyumen, endaweni zensimu okuyinto ngobukhulu eRussia bekulokhu futhi uhlala isikhathi, omunye ezifundeni asekelayo yezwe. Naphezu kwezimo ezinzima sezulu, it is asathuthuka ngokuya kwezomnotho, ukwakha isitshalo, nokwanda kwemiphakathi. Yiqiniso, esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko impumelelo esifundeni esisenyakatho - linothe kakhulu kwezokumbiwa. Esikhathini amathumbu we izifunda ezizimele we yingxenye ebalulekile uwoyela negesi izinqolobane kuleli zwe.

Isifunda amaqiniso omlando lasendulo

Ukuhambisa endaweni yesimanje yaseTyumen waqala phezulu (ngasekupheleni) Paleolithic eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 43 edlule. Leli qiniso liqinisekisa nokuthola isimanga kule Baygara emzaneni - nadpyatochnaya (talus) ithambo hominid. Ubukhulu bayo imayelana 4.5 kuya 5 cm, futhi yayingaphansi omdala eneminyaka engu-eminyakeni 20-50, owayehlala kule ndawo eminyakeni engu-43 000 edlule. Kusolwa ukuthi hominids ingeyamakhosi Sapiens uhlobo lwe-Homo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yaseTyumen endaweni mikhulu, futhi abavubukuli indawo "zululeka" isiqinisekiso zokuhlala ekuseni ala mazwe. Ngakho, iminonjana lokuqala uhlalwe umuntu (izinsalela nemizana kanye amangcwaba) kuye kwatholakala lweLake St Andrew futhi Tours. Bangabakhe Sargatka isiko ezazikhona eminyaka 7-6. BC. e. Ngo nenkulungwane yokuqala waqala Izindawo labantu abayimizulane: isizwe Ugrian futhi Samoyed, ngubani kwathathelwa indawo abantu abakhuluma Turkic kuya eningizimu. Ezize ne izizwe zabomdabu bomdabu, bona elakha isizwe esisha, ngokukhethekile, Mansi futhi Khanty, Selkup, Nenets.

Ngo 13-16 eminyaka ogwini Tyumenka laliyinhloko-dolobha Tyumen Khanate Kerayit futhi AmaTatar. Kwaba selikhonza we medieval isimo esempumalanga Golden zidlamlilo. Ngemva nokuqeda yokugcina ku Khanate ehlukile, eSiberia asungula inyunyana wokuqala - Grand Duchy of Tyumen. Yena salandelwa le Khanate laseSiberia ku 1420 sika, nenhloko-dolobha yalo e Kashlyk.

Conquest yeSiberia

Okwamanje, endaweni ingqikithi yaseTyumen (kuncike izifunda ezizimele) kuyinto 1.464.173 km ^2, bese wabelana lokhu sengonyama of the Western eSiberia. Territory aba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala endleleni eya Russian East. Ukuze kokufika kwabo ngekhulu le-16. Bakhandwa eyayihlala Nenets abantu (abelusi), Hunt ehlathini abazingeli nabadobi Mansi. Isibalo izizwe kwaba mayelana 8 futhi 15-18 izinkulungwane. Abantu ngokulandelana. Esikhathini eningizimu babehlala izizwe Turkic bebonke ngokuthi "AmaTatar".

Kukholakala ukuthi kusengaphambili Russian eSiberia baya sasivumela ngokuthula. Kunalokho, lingabantu ababekade kwangena ezindaweni ezintsha, kuka sanqoba. ukuthuthukiswa Active eMoscow, esise-Ural, Trans-Urals waqala ngemva kokuwa Novgorod e 1478, kodwa kuze kube ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16 ukuthi kungagcini ezimbalwa kuphela imikhankaso yimpumelelo. ESiberia Khanate ngaqina emzimbeni futhi kwaba usongo amazwe empumalanga. Ngemva kuhlaselwa abahwebi abacebile stroganoff ubunikazi 1573, ihlelwe Kuchum, kwathiwa tho lamabutho eliholwa Ataman Ermak. Yena ngokoqobo wayivula kanjani indlela eya eMpumalanga ngenxa Muscovites, ukunqoba eSiberia ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho kokusebenza. Kancane engaphansi kwekhulu liye enamathiselwe ngokuphelele isimo Russian.

indawo kanye endaweni yaseTyumen

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, endaweni yaseTyumen kuyinto 1.464.173 km ^2, esifundeni lifaka ngobukhulu, ngemva Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) kanye Krasnoyarsk Territory. It osuka empumalanga uya entshonalanga, namakhilomitha enyakatho kuya eningizimu kuyinto 1400 km ne-2100 km ngokulandelana. Tyumen Region itholakala engxenyeni ntshonalanga emathafeni eWest laseSiberia Plain. Enyakatho iphuzu - cape Skuratov ku yonke iNhlonhlo Yamal, eseningizimu - e Sladkovsky District, entshonalanga - umthombo komfula Severnaya Sosva, empumalanga - eSifundeni Nizhnevartovsk. Ingxenye yendawo is wageza ngasemanzini we Kara Sea, omunye kutshengisa Krasnoyarsk Krai, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, saseTomsk kanye Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic naseKazakhstan. Igama layo yesimanje esifundeni wathola 14 Agasti, 1944.

division Political

izifunda ezimbili ezizimele lisendaweni: Yamalo-Nenets futhi Khanty-Mansiysk. Ngo-1993 bamukela isimo, akhiwa kwezihloko RF, kodwa ngokusemthethweni namanje ingxenye yaseTyumen. Acindezela nge lingakanani: 769 250 km ² futhi 534 801 km ^2, ngokulandelana. Endaweni yaseTyumen ngaphandle izifunda ezizimele ingenkulu kakhulu - 160 122 kuphela km ^2.

Isifunda sinezindawo emadolobheni 29, ezinkulu kunazo zonke kubo: Tyumen (720 575 keli.), Surgut (348 643 keli.), Nizhnevartovsk (270 846 keli.), Nefteyugansk (125 368 keli.), Novy Urengoy (111 163 abantu). , Noyabrsk (106 631 keli.). Vala uphawu 100 000 Tobolsk (ngenhla) futhi Khanty-Mansiysk. Phakathi kwemizi ubuswa encane - kuze kufinyelele abantu abayizinkulungwane 50 .. Area 38 ihlukaniswe ezindaweni 480 usebenza komasipala.

Isimo sokukhululeka ngokwenkolo engxenyeni esenyakatho yesifunda

Ngenxa yokuthi yaseTyumen endaweni likhulu, isimo sezulu kwezinye izindawo kungase ezihluke kakhulu, kokubili yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Nsimu enkulu etholakala arctic ehlane zone, ihlathi-emathafeni nezimfunda, ehlathini, asemaqeleni namahlathi okuxubile. Le ndawo libhekene kwezimo ezimbi zezulu ezingxenyeni eziningi. Ezindaweni eNyakatho Ekude zihlanganisa Yamalo-Nenets, Berezovsky futhi Beloyarskii izindawo KhMAO-Yugra, asele amayunithi nezokuphatha yokugcina kanye Uvat wesifunda akhiwa kubo.

Esikhathini North esifundeni obusa Arctic (polar) nge negative unyaka wonke sezulu izinga lokushisa komoya. Okunqumayo budebuduze naleli Sea Kara futhi eyiqhwa abandayo, inala emifuleni, emaxhaphozini nasemachibini amaningi. Ukuze sezulu Arctic elinesimo eside ebusika (izinyanga 8.), A Ehlobo esifushane kakhulu, imvula ongaphakeme futhi imimoya enamandla. Isilinganiso lokushisa lonyaka alivumi, mayelana -10 ° C ebusika, embundwini ephansi iqinile ngezithuba -70 ° C. Le ndawo esifundeni Tyumen elise lezi izimo zezulu, esingaphezu kwengxenye yesamba (uqaphele ibalazwe elingenhla, AO ukubopha).

Isimo sokukhululeka ngokwenkolo ngumgogodla futhi eseningizimu nesifunda

EMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu yaseTyumen kuncike sezulu esikahle, kwakheka okuyinto ukuthi aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. It libhekene ukuhlukahluka njalo futhi okuphawulekayo umfutho womoya, izinga lokushisa emoyeni, izinguquko ovunguzayo isiqondiso. Konke lokhu kuwumphumela yomsebenzi omkhulu zasezindaweni. Isimo sezulu esipholile senza has ezine zonyaka evelele: ebusika kanye nasehlobo (enkulu), ekwindla kanye entwasahlobo (Intermediate). Winter setha unomphela iqhwa ikhava. Climate kungase kudingeke lamadigri kobukhulu ziyahlukahluka kusuka imnene abukhali-ezwekazini. Ngakho, ubude besikhathi lokushisa air ingezansi 0 ° C izinsuku 130 ngonyaka esifundeni dolobha. Le ndawo eningizimu yaseTyumen cishe 1/3 ye yonke insimu yabo.

amaminerali

YaseTyumen has izinqolobane of hydrocarbon, okuyinto ebonakalayo embulungeni yonke. Kuyinto ezibilinini zayo ingxenye ebalulekile igesi wezwe namafutha. Umthamo isamba ukuhlola imishini lalingaphezu kwezigidi 45 cubic metres ^3. Amafutha ikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ob negesi eNorth. Nge inqubo ephathelene ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha esifundeni. Imali evelele kunazo zonke futhi obuningi hydrocarbon - kuyinto Fyodorovskoye, Mamontovskoye, ob, Samotlorskoye igesi - Yamburgskoye, Urengoiskoye, Bear. Peat, asebenza ngebhethri isihlabathi, sapropel limestone kanye gem amatshe Kwasetshenziswa, nsimbi metal (chromite ithusi, phambili).

Amanzi kanye ihlathi izinsiza

Isifunda ine isitokwe umxhwele emanzini bagxila emifuleni eyinhloko - Irtish kanye ob (sinokubaluleka imikhumbi) Tobol, Lakeland Uvat, endaweni Black et al Area Tyumen e sq M.. km elalihlala ehlathini, ilingana u-430 000 (kumahekthare ayizigidi ezingu-43). Ngokusho le nkomba, ke lifaka lwesithathu phakathi kwazo zonke izifunda zezwe. Esikhathini eningizimu kukhona iziphethu ezishisayo, lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi zokhahlamba kusuka 37 kuya 50 ° C, they possess izakhiwo balneological futhi athandwa kakhulu izakhamuzi zendawo hhayi kuphela kodwa futhi izivakashi ezivela ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane.

YaseTyumen labantu

Ngemva kokufunda ngalokho indawo yaseTyumen kule simo izifunda, yikulu kangangani, umuntu angabona Sikhombisa ukuthi labantu kufanele kube eminingi. Nokho, kufanele lisenze Ukuchitshiyelwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima zezulu lapho kunzima kakhulu ukuphila. YaseTyumen elinabantu abantu 3,615,485 (kusukela ngomhla ka-2016, kuhlanganise izifunda ezizimele) angawi ngisho phezulu amabili we isilinganiso ezifundeni Russian ngenxa yokubalwa kwabantu okugcinile. Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eseneminyaka endaweni yesithathu. ephansi kakhulu ukwanda kwabantu - 2,47 abantu square kilometre. Iningi labantu lihlala emadolobheni amakhulu - 80,12%, okuyinto ngempela okunengqondo, njengoba eyiqhwa nezimfunda ukusinda emizaneni kude nemizana nzima.

Njengoba ukubunjwa kazwelonke, iningi labantu, ngokwezinto yokubala abantu 2010 - i-Russian (69.26%). On inombolo lesibili nelesithathu eliphakeme Tatar (7.07%) nesi-Ukraine (4.63%). Bashkirs Ngisho kancane futhi Azerbaijanis, 1.37% kanye 1.28% ngokulandelana. Ezinye izizwe ukwabelana kuka-1%. Abantu bomdabu enyakatho: Nenets, Khanty futhi Mansi emelelwa 0,93%, 0,86% kanye 0,34% ngokulandelana.