I-IEC 61850: Amaforamu nezinzuzo indinganiso

With ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe digital ohlangothini akazange ahlale kanye abakhiqizi zikagesi. Nakuba kunezinkolo ngezigaba international ISO, ngesiRashiya yasungulwa yayo-IEC 61850 ejwayelekile, unesibopho uhlelo nakunethiwekhi ezincane.

Umlando omncane

Ukuthuthukiswa computer engakaze akathunyelwa nohlelo lokuphatha inethiwekhi kagesi. wamukela Ngokuvamile namuhla i-IEC 61850 ejwayelekile ekuqaleni yethulwa ngo 2003, nakuba imizamo ukwethula ngesisekelo salokhu izinhlelo sebephindele 60s kwekhulu elidlule.

essence yayo yangempela ukusetshenziswa yezifiso ekhethekile, ukulawula amanethiwekhi kagesi. Kususelwa kubo manje, futhi wenza ukuqapha ukusebenza lolu hlobo amanethiwekhi.

Uma ngaphambilini wagxila kuphela ngcono izinhlelo computer ukuthi ukulawula amandla kagesi, lapho umuntu eba imithetho, izimiso, yezifiso njengoba i-IEC 61850, isimo sesishintshile. Umsebenzi oyinhloko izivakashi waqala ukuhlinzeka ukuqapha ukuze kutholwe esifike eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa idivayisi.

I-IEC 61850 protocol analogue yayo

protocol uqobo kakhulu ngenkuthalo zaqala ukusetshenziswa in the 80s maphakathi. Khona-ke njengoba izinguqulo lokuqala test of ukuguqulwa esetshenziswa-IEC 61850-1, i-IEC 60870-5 izinguqulo 101, 103 no-104, DNP3 futhi Modbus, eyabonakala untenable ngokuphelele.

Futhi ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuqala kwakheka isisekelo olandelwayo yesimanje UCA2, okuyinto phakathi 90s iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Kusebenza kanjani lokhu

Ukuvula nempikiswano ukusebenza, kufanele uchaze ukuthi umthetho olandelwayo we-IEC 61850, i- "Dummies" (abantu kuphela siziqonde izinto eziyisisekelo emsebenzini nasekuqondeni izimiso yokuxhumana ngama-computer).

Iphuzu liwukuthi ngesikhathi substation noma amandla plant efakwe sekhompiyutha chip ezingaba ukudlulisa idatha ku isimo lonke uhlelo ngqo esibulalayo emaphakathi, enifeza isilawuli eziyisisekelo.

Ukudluliswa kwedatha, okubandakanya GOST R-IEC 61850 nge uxhumano ngesivinini. ukukhuluma Cishe, i-chip ekhiqizwa sesibopho ukuthobisa LAN eliseduze.

A uhlelo idatha ukuthola Das (Idatha Ukuthola System) esebenzisa okungenani ukudluliselwa-64-bit, kanye abafanele ukubethela algorithm egciniwe.

Kodwa, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, lezi zinhlelo ngempela sengozini. Sasibuka movie American, lapho kwelinye yesehlakalo sivaliwe ugesi ukuze sonke block? Nazo-ke! Ugesi Igridi Ukuphathwa Kususelwa-IEC 61850 kungenziwa esihlelwe evela kunoma yimuphi umthombo zangaphandle (lapha, kuyothiwa zaqonda ukuthi kungani). Okwamanje, ake sicabangele izidingo eziyisisekelo uhlelo.

Standard R-IEC 61850: izimfuneko zokuxhumana

Uma ekuqaleni kwake kwaqondwa ukuthi isiginali kufanele bazitike usebenzisa ucingo, nandlela enhle yokuxhumana uye wagxumela phambili. chips Embedded ukwazi ukunikeza ukudluliswa at 64 Mbps, ngokuba ukuzimela ngokuphelele bangabi ngaphansi abahlinzeki isevisi ejwayelekile.

Uma sicabanga-IEC 61850 oyinhloko "dummies", incazelo ulula: amandla chip isebenzisa nokuphathelene ukudluliswa kwedatha olandelwayo, kunokuba TCP ezivamile / IP okujwayelekile. Kodwa akugcini lapho.

Izinga ngokwawo idatha-IEC 61850 nokuxhumana evikelekile. Ngamanye amazwi, uxhumano kwi-Inthanethi, amanethiwekhi kamakhalekhukhwini, nokunye. E. Yenza ngendlela ethize. In the izilungiselelo, njengoba umthetho, enze ukusetshenziswa weseva, ngoba enjalo (siqala virtual) yiwona nephephile.

Inani kwenkululeko

Kuyacaca ukuthi ngokuvumelana nezimfuneko okudalula Standard-IEC 61850, ukufaka imishini yalolu hlobo evamile transformer idokodo ngeke isebenze (ikhompyutha chip ayikho nje indawo).

Usebenza leli thuluzi futhi ngeke nhlobo isifiso. Udinga okungenani kokuqala uhlelo okokufaka / okukhipha BIOS lifana, futhi imodeli yekuchumana elihambisana ukuthumela idatha (okungenantambo, yezintambo, futhi ukuxhumana okuphephile ngakho. D.).

Kodwa maphakathi kokulawulwa jikelele noma wendawo amandla igridi, ungakwazi ukufinyelela cishe yonke imisebenzi yamandla. Njengoba isibonelo, nakuba ayengafiki okungcono, singanciphisa ifilimu "Umhlaba core» (The Core), lapho hacker kuvimbela ukubhujiswa iplanethi yethu nge i destabilization umthombo lisebenza usinika "esikhululekile" okufana ukukhuthazwa of core eMhlabeni.

Kodwa lokhu fantasy okumsulwa, mhlawumbe ngisho isiqinisekiso olubonakalayo izidingo-IEC 61850 (nakuba lokhu lolubekwe). Noma kunjalo, ngisho ukulingisa bakudala kakhulu-IEC 61850 ubukeka ngaleyo ndlela. Kodwa bangaki izingozi besingagwemeka?

efanayo Iyunithi wesine eChernobyl amandla enuzi, uma Kwamiswa amathuluzi zokuxilonga ezivumelana-IEC 61850-1 okungenani, mhlawumbe, kwakungeke yamila. Futhi singakwazi ukufuna ukuvunyelwa kuphela izinzuzo zalokho okwenzeka ngo-1986.

Kushisa bhé kule ndawo - kuba yokuthi izenzo ube nemfihlo. Ezinsukwini zokuqala, izinyanga noma iminyaka izimpawu ukugula ngemisebe kungenzeka kubonakaliswe, ingasaphathwa isigamu-izimpilo uranium futhi plutonium salokho namuhla, bambalwa abantu unake. Kodwa nokuhlanganiswa okufanayo Geiger zokubala e sokuphehla amandla kungaba kakhulu ukunciphisa ingozi ukuhlala kule ndawo. By the way, protocol uqobo ikuvumela ukudlulisa idatha ezinjalo software kanye hardware abathintekayo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izindlela yokwakheka nokulandelana ukuguqulwa yezifiso yangempela

Ngoba ukuqonda olula ukuthi isebenza kanjani, isibonelo, izinga-IEC 61850-9-2, kufanele kusho ukuthi alikho kula wire yensimbi abakwazi zilawule indlela idatha ngocansi. Okungukuthi Udinga repeater ezifanele uyakwazi okuxhunyanwa idatha isimo uhlelo, futhi abethelwe.

Thola isiginali, njengoba kuvela ukuthi ulula. Kodwa manje ukuthi liye ukufunda ukukhishwa ngu owamukelayo, kuyodingeka ujuluke. Kodwa empeleni, ukuqopha isignali engenayo, isibonelo, ngesisekelo-IEC 61850-2 ngesikhathi eyinhloko izinga isidingo ukusebenzisa nemishini ezifana SCADA kanye P3A.

Kodwa esekelwe lokuthi lolu uhlelo olusebenzisa indawo wire zokuxhumana, Izivumelwano eziyisisekelo ezibhekwa Goose ne-MMS (akumelwe kudidaniswe imiyalezo mobile). Lokhu ukuguqulwa ukhiqiza standard-IEC 61850-8 usebenzisa ngokulandelana MMS kuqala, bese Goose okwagcina ivumela ukubonisa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe P3A.

Izinhlobo ezinkulu substation ukucushwa

Noma yimuphi substation osebenzisa lesi olandelwayo kumele okungenani isethi sakugcina namathuluzi ukudluliswa kwedatha. Okokuqala, kumayelana amadivaysi ngokomzimba kakhulu ixhunywe kwinethiwekhi. Okwesibili, ngamunye iyunithi okunjalo kumelwe ube eyodwa noma ngaphezulu logic amamojuli.

Kulokhu, idivayisi ngokwayo ongenza umsebenzi isikhungo, esangweni, noma ngisho uhlobo yokulamula nokwaziswa transmission. Ngokwabo njengoba ISIZINDA okunengqondo nento emincane futhi luhlukaniswe amakilasi alandelayo:

• "A" - othomathikhi izinhlelo zokulawula;
• "M" - uhlelo nokukala;
• "C" - control telemetry;
• «G» - amamojuli imisebenzi evamile futhi izilungiselelo;
• «I» - ukusungula izindlela zokuxhumana kanye nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo idatha archive;
• «L» - logic amamojuli kanye izingxenye uhlelo;
• «P» - Ukuvikelwa;
• «R» - ezihlobene izingxenye zokuzivikela;
• «S» - izinzwa;
• «T» - Transformers, amamitha;
• «X» - block-pole switchgear;
• «Y» - uhlobo amandla transformers;
• «Z» - konke okunye akufakwanga izigaba ezingaphezulu.

Kukholakala ukuthi umthetho olandelwayo we-IEC 61850-8-1, isibonelo, liyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kancane sezintambo noma izintambo, okuyinto Yiqiniso, kuphela babe nethonya elihle kalula ukucushwa kwe-imishini. Kodwa inkinga eyinhloko, njengoba kuvela, ukuthi akubona bonke abaphathi bayakwazi ukucubungula ukwaziswa okutholakala ngisho khona ezifanele amaphasela software. Kwethenjwa ukuthi lokhu kuyinkinga yesikhashana.

isofthiwe isicelo

Noma kunjalo, ngisho esimweni yokungaqondi izimiso ngokomzimba yalolu hlobo isinyathelo izinhlelo ukulingisa-IEC 61850 kungenziwa kwenziwe yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza (ngisho mobile).

Kukholakala ukuthi izisebenzi ezisebenza noma integrators bachitha isikhathi esincane on ukusebenza kwedatha ivela substation. Umklamo izicelo ezifana enembile, esibonakalayo ilula, njengoba bonke ukucutshungulwa kuphela ukwethulwa idatha yenziwe yaba yasendaweni nge okwalandela ukulethwa ngokuzenzekelayo imiphumela.

Ububi izinhlelo ezifana akunakubangelwa mhlawumbe ukuthi imishini overbilling P3A (izinhlelo sekhompiyutha-based). Yingakho ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento isicelo yayo mass.

ngokoqobo

Ngaphambi kwalokhu, zonke osekushiwo maqondana-IEC 61850 olandelwayo ukhathazekile Imininingwane theory kuphela. Isebenza kanjani emsebenzini?

Ake sithi ube isimiso sokutshuza (substation) ngamandla ezintathu okhombisa ukunikezela nokokufaka ezimbili wokulinganisa. Ekunqumeni ejwayelekile iyunithi okunengqondo wasebenzisa igama MMXU. Ukuze i-IEC 61850 kungaba ezimbili: MMXU1 futhi MMXU2. Ngamunye node ezifana ukuhlonza lula ingaqukatha futhi kwesiqalo ezengeziwe.

Njengoba isibonelo, abalingisa ngesisekelo XCBR engeyokuqala. Yena uchazwa nokusetshenziswa ezinye imisebenzi emikhulu:

• Loc - ekutholeni indawo wendawo noma esikude;
• OpCnt - counting indlela okwenziwa (ababulawa) imisebenzi;
• Pos - opharetha ophethe indawo kanye nemingcele afana Loc;
• BlkOpn - ukukhiya kokuvula umyalo inkinobho;
• BlkCls - inkinobho yokuvala;
• CBOpCap - ukusebenza imodi yokukhetha inkinobho.

ngezigaba okunjalo ngoba echaza amakilasi idatha CDC ikakhulukazi isicelo izinhlelo 7-3 ukuguqulwa. Nokho, ngisho Kulokhu, ukucushwa esekelwe ukusetshenziswa izici eziningana (FC - ukulinganiselwa obusebenzayo, SPS - okuseshwa isimo iyunithi, SV futhi ST - izakhiwo permutation izinhlelo, DC futhi EX - incazelo futhi enwetshiwe definition nemingcele).

Ngokuphathelene definition nencazelo SPS ekilasini logic uchungechunge kuhlanganisa izakhiwo stVal, izinga - q, kanye nemingcele isikhathi samanje - t.

Ngakho ushintsho wenziwa phezu uxhumano-Ethernet idatha ubuchwepheshe kanye olandelwayo TCP / IP ngqo into MMS variable, okuyinto kamuva ehlonzwe enegama wasabela eliphumela value kwanoma iyiphi abathintekayo ngalesi sikhathi Inkomba kweqiniso.

Ngaphandle kwalokho, umthetho olandelwayo we-IEC 61850 nje generalized ngisho imodeli abstract. Kodwa esekelwe kwenza incazelo isakhiwo kunoma iyiphi ingxenye uhlelo amandla, okuvumela sekhompiyutha chips ncamashi ukukhomba idivayisi ngamunye abathintekayo kule ndawo, kuhlanganise nalezo ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe energy esisindisa.

Ngekucabanga olandelwayo format kungaba uzoguqulelwa yiluphi uhlobo idatha, esekelwe-MMS kanye namazinga ISO 9506. Kodwa umphathi kungani-ke, wakhethwa-IEC 61850 ejwayelekile?

It is ezihambisana kuphela nokwethenjelwa nemingcele futhi inqubo lula umsebenzi wokuba amagama eziyinkimbinkimbi noma amaphethini inkonzo.

inqubo enjalo ngaphandle olandelwayo kokungenela MMS odinga izisebenzi eziningi, ngisho kumiswa izicelo ezinjalo "kokufunda-bhala-isitatimende". Cha, yebo ungenza ukuguqulwa yalolu hlobo, ngisho UCA izakhiwo. Kodwa, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, kuba isicelo we-IEC 61850 ikuvumela ukuba wenze lokhu ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu izindleko isikhathi.

Imibuzo iqinisekiswa idatha

Nokho, lesi simiso akugcini kwethulwa. Eqinisweni, esishunyekiwe sekhompiyutha izinhlelo Ungashintshanisa idatha hhayi kuphela eziteshini futhi central control izinhlelo. Abakwazi ukuphatha idatha kanye imishini ezifanele.

ISIBONELO elula: chip electronic ithumela amperage noma voltage in wemboni wemfanelo. Ngakho, iyiphi enye sub-uhlelo ngesisekelo yokwehla kwamandla Ungakwazi vumela noma vimbela ezengeziwe ugesi uhlelo. Nokho, Konke lokhu kusekelwe imithetho esezingeni yemvelo noma kwezobunjiniyela kagesi, incike wamanje. Ngokwesibonelo, siba voltage esezingeni 220 V EYurophu - 230 V

Uma ubheka nenqubo zokuhluka, e ezwe elaliyi-USSR kuyinto +/- 15%, kanti emazweni athuthukile-European, akusiyo ezingaphezu kuka-5%. Akumangazi ukuthi Western imishini uphawu nje ehluleka kuphela ngenxa yamandla yokwanda kwama.

Futhi cishe Akubalulekile ukuthi abaningi bethu buka isakhiwo egcekeni ngesimo isiteshi transformer, ezakhiwe ezinsukwini zeSoviet Union. Ucabanga kukhona kungaba iqoqo ikhompyutha chip noma ukuxhuma izintambo ukuthola ulwazi mayelana nesimo se-transformer? Nakhu akusiyo!

I izinhlelo ezintsha esekelwe-IEC 61850 imvume indinganiso usuphethe zonke imingcele, kodwa kusobala ukuthi abakwazi ukuqaliswa okwandile izinkonzo ezifanele okucasulayo efana "amandla yokuthengisa" e imigomo ukubandakanyeka yezifiso ungqimba.

Akukho lutho isimanga kuleli. Izinkampani ukuthi ukusabalalisa ugesi phakathi abathengi bangase bamane nje ulahlekelwe inzuzo noma izinzuzo emakethe.

esikhundleni umphumela

Ngokuvamile, umthetho olandelwayo ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyinto elula, kodwa ngakolunye - kunzima kakhulu. Inkinga akuyona ngisho yokuthi kuze kube manje, cha isofthiwe ezifanele, nokuthi sonke kagesi ukulawula amandla uhlelo ngofuzo eSoviet Union, le nto emzamweni awakulungele lokhu. Futhi uma acabangele ziqu ongaphakeme abasebenzi ke umbuzo akukwazi ukuthi umuntu uyakwazi ukulawula noma ukuqeda le nkinga ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi. Sithole kokubili wenza? Inkinga? De-anika komakhelwane. Yilokho.

Kodwa isicelo sale ejwayelekile ukugwema lolu hlobo simo, ingasaphathwa zonke izinhlobo ugesi wawuphela kweqa.

Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba kuphela ukudweba esiphethweni esisodwa. Lokho umsebenzisi sokuphela ukusetshenziswa-IEC 61850? Ngomqondo elula - kuyinto ungaphazanyiswa ugesi yokungabi ukwehluleka amandla. Qaphela ukuthi uma computer noma laptop singanikezwanga ukusetshenziswa i uninterruptible ugesi noma voltage Regulator, ukulahla noma ugxuma kungaba isistimu ngokushesha ukuvala shaqa. Kulungile, uma udinga ukubuyisela ezingeni isofthiwe. Futhi uma uyozishisa RAM emapheshana noma drive kanzima ehluleka ke yini okufanele uyenze?

Yiqiniso, isihloko ehlukile cwaningo, kodwa amazinga ngokwabo, manje elisetshenziswa iziteshi amandla ohambelana 'nensimbi' nokuhlola isofthiwe bayakwazi ukulawula zonke kwemigomo amanethiwekhi, ekuvimbeleni isimo nge obhekwe ukwehluleka ezibucayi ezingase zibe umphumela hhayi kuphela e ukulimala zasendlini kodwa ukwehluleka lonke wiring yasendlini (yaziwa, yakhelwe hhayi ningi than 2 kW ngesikhathi voltage esezingeni 220 V). Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuhlanganise ifriji, umshini wokuwasha noma amanzi kubhayela Ukushisa amanzi, cabanga kayikhulu kakhulu ngendlela kuthethelelwe.

Uma inguqulo idatha olandelwayo abathintekayo, izilungiselelo subsystem izosetshenziswa nge-othomathikhi. Futhi ngezinga enkulu Kumayelana nokucupha okufanayo 16-ampere fuse, lapho izakhamuzi 9 storey izindlu ngezinye izikhathi ukumisa okwabo siqu, ngokudlula isevisi, uyena owenza lokhu. Kodwa intengo udaba, njengoba kuvela, iphezulu kakhulu, ngoba ivumela ukundlula ezinye ukulinganiselwa ezihambisana ngokungaphezulu ejwayelekile okukhulunywe neziqondiso ehambisana.