Generation kukhompyutha: itafula, izici kanye nomlando. Asho ukuthini igama elithi "i-computer sizukulwane '?

Ukuvela amakhompyutha zanamuhla, okuyinto thina zijwayele, kwandulelwe lonke kwemvelo ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe computer. Ngokusho theory adumile, ukuthuthukiswa imboni ikhompyutha wadabula ezizukulwane eziningana abahlukene.

ochwepheshe Modern bavame ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi eziyisithupha yabo. Ezinhlanu kuzo sewutitsetse ndawo, elinye - endleleni. Yini kahle hle igama elithi 'isizukulwane lwamakhompyutha "ukuqonda IT-ongoti? Yiziphi umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi nezikhathi ngabanye yentuthuko yobuchwepheshe khompyutha?

Isendlalelo ukuvela computer

Umlando ikhompuyutha 5 izizukulwane, ukuthuthukiswa ezithakazelisayo futhi kujabulise. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sihambe wuhlole, kuyoba usizo ukwazi amaqiniso amaningi ahlobana lokho kwandulelwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe izixazululo amakhompyutha.

Abantu njalo kwakudingeka afune ukuthi ukuthuthukisa izinqubo ezihlobene izibalo, izibalo. Izazi-mlando wathola ukuthi amathuluzi ukusebenza ngezinombolo, kokuba imvelo mechanical, yasungulwa eGibhithe lasendulo nezinye uthi endala. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, abaqambi European ngabe ukuklama izindlela ngawo, ngokukhethekile, singabalwa PERIODICITY ka kwenyanga namagagasi.

I-prototype ye amakhompyutha zanamuhla, abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa yasungulwa ngasekuqaleni 19 umshini ekhulwini Babbage, has a imisebenzi Computing izinhlelo. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-19 futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakukhona amadivayisi electronics yayisetshenziswa. Basuke ikakhulukazi ukubandakanyeka embonini, ucingo kanye nomsakazo.

Ngo-1915 wathuthela US basemazweni okufika German Herman Hollerith wasungula inkampani IBM, kamuva owaba ngomunye umkhiqizo liyabonakala kakhulu IT-mboni. Phakathi ezisunguliwe ukuthusa kakhulu Herman Hollerith steel Punch amakhadi, kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka njengoba primary Imininingwane yenethiwekhi uma usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bama-computer. Ngu ekupheleni 30s kwakukhona ubuchwepheshe ukuthi bavunyelwe ukukhuluma ekuqaleni kwenkathi ikhompyutha ekuthuthukiseni impucuko womuntu. uvele amakhompyutha lokuqala, kamuva elaba oluthathwa uphila "isizukulwane sokuqala".

izimpawu ikhompyutha

Ukhiye umbandela okuyisidingo ekulinganisweni idivayisi Computing ukucinga amakhompyutha, noma ochwepheshe computer ukubiza programmability. Lokhu elihambisana uhlobo umshini, ngokukhethekile, zihluke yokubala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banamandla kangakanani noma babe eledlule. Ngisho uma kuziwa izinhlelo ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, uma usebenzisa "abathandekayo futhi amaqanda" - umbandela force. Ngakho, ngokushesha nje lapho imishini yasungulwa, mhlawumbe, ngokubonakala yabo kakhulu efana wokubala, kodwa ezingase lusahleleka - bebizelwa amakhompyutha.

Igama elithi "ikhompyutha isizukulwane" kusho, ngokuvamile ikhompyutha lenye kumiswa ethize zobuchwepheshe. Lokho, umuntu based hardware izixazululo, ngokusekelwe lapho ikhompyutha iyasebenza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, esekelwe nenqubo ehlongozwayo ngu ochwepheshe IT-division by isizukulwane lwamakhompyutha ikude ezivamile (nakuba Yiqiniso, kunezinhlobo zesikhashana amakhompyutha, okuyinto okunzima ukuba nangokunembile isibaluli iyiphi inhlobo ethile).

Emva kokuqeda i-akanhlanhlatsi theory, singaqala ukuhlola amakhompyutha isizukulwane. Ithebula, ngezansi, kuyosisiza uzulazule kuwo wonke periodization.

Okulandelayo sizobheka izici kwezobuchwepheshe amakhompyutha esigabeni ngasinye. Thina isici izizukulwane amakhompyutha izonqunywa. Ithebula ukuthi sesifike manje, uzobe eyayihambisana abanye okuzokwenziwa ezihlobene isigaba ezifanele futhi inqubo nemingcele.

Siphawula caveat ezibalulekile - ngokucacile elandelayo ezihlobene ngokuyinhloko ukuvela amakhompyutha, okuyinto manje ngokuvamile okukhulunywe siqu. Kukhona amakilasi ohluke ngokuphelele amakhompyutha - lempi, ezimbonini. Kukhona okuthiwa "anamandla". ukuvela yabo kanye neluhlaka lwentfutfuko - udaba ehlukile.

Amakhompyutha lokuqala

Ngo-1938, unjiniyela German Konrad Tsuze lolwakha idivayisi ngokuthi lo Z1, futhi lama-42 kudedela version yayo ethuthukile - Z2. Ngo-1943, umshini kubalwa owasungula le English futhi bakubize ngokuthi "Colossus". Abanye ochwepheshe bathambekele bakholwe umshini ikhompyutha aseBrithani nawaseJalimane kuqala. Ngo-1944, ngokusekelwe intelligence esuka eJalimane ukudala umshini Computing njengoba baseMelika. Developed computer US ngokuthi "Mark mina".

Ngo-1946, onjiniyela American eniyenzayo revolution encane ekuklanyweni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, ukudala kukhompyutha ENIAC cleaner tube, izikhathi 1,000 ikhiqize kuka "sokumaka mina". Enye intuthuko eyaba khona waseMelika odumile phathelana esungulwe ngo-1951 yikhompyutha, okuthiwa Uniake. Sici Its main wukuthi kwaba computer yokuqala yayisetshenziswa njengesikhungo mkhiqizo wokuthengisa.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ngasendleleni, ikhompyutha yakho isivele usungula onjiniyela Soviet ukusebenza ngesikhathi Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. ukuthuthukiswa wethu ngokuthi SECM. ukusebenza kwalo, ngokusho kongoti, kwaba aphakeme phakathi amakhompyutha ababebuthene e-Europe.

izici kwezobuchwepheshe amakhompyutha isizukulwane sokuqala

Empeleni, ngesisekelo salokho nenqubo enqunywe isizukulwane sokuqala amakhompyutha? Okunjalo IT-ongoti cabanga, okokuqala kunakho konke, base ingxenye ngesimo cleaner amashubhu. imishini isizukulwane sokuqala futhi ifa inombolo yezici isici yangaphandle - usayizi omkhulu, elikhulu kakhulu amandla ukusetshenziswa.

Anamandla wekhompyutha futhi kuye kwaba kuqhathaniswa nesizotha, kwaba izinkulungwane eziningana hertz. Nokho, isizukulwane sokuqala ama-computer anama izinto eziningi amakhompyutha zanamuhla. Ikakhulukazi, lolu hlelo lomthetho wokuziphatha umshini ehlelweni imiyalo kanye nedatha ukuqopha kumemori (usebenzisa amakhadi Punch kanye amashubhu electrostatic).

isizukulwane sokuqala amakhompyutha adinge ikhono kunazo zonke ezingenziwa umuntu, ukuzisebenzisa. Kuyadingeka hhayi kuphela efeni amakhono akhethekile (obonakaliswe ukusebenza Punch amakhadi, ulwazi ikhodi umshini, njll), kodwa, njengoba umthetho, futhi ukwakha ulwazi emkhakheni electronics.

Isizukulwane sokuqala amakhompyutha, njengoba sishilo, kwaba kakade RAM. Nokho, umthamo yayo Wayenesizotha kakhulu, walifaka ezazisebenza zazingamakhulu kakhulu - ezinkulungwaneni amabhayithi. Eyokuqala inkumbulo amamojuli amakhompyutha kwakungelula labizwa ngokuthi i ingxenye electronic. Bagcwaliswa iziqukathi mercury ngesimo amashubhu. inkumbulo zinhlayiya ayethe njó eendaweni, futhi ngaleyo ndlela idatha babanjiwe. Nokho, ngokushesha impela ngemva kokusungulwa amakhompyutha uqala ukuvela okuthuthukile inkumbulo-based ferrite cores.

Isizukulwane lwamakhompyutha yesibili

Uyini ukuqhubeka umlando khompyutha? amakhompyutha Generation basungula ku. I 60s badlulela amakhompyutha usebenzisa cleaner amashubhu hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi Semiconductors. Okuphawulekayo anda iwashi imvamisa chips - kubhekwa inkomba evamile ayizinkulungwane 100 kuya kwangu nangaphezulu .. Yafika kudiski lokuqala kazibuthe esikhundleni amakhadi ngesibhakela. Ngo-1964-IBM inkampani ukhiphe godu umkhiqizo esiyingqayizivele - ehlukile ikhompyutha qapha nge ehloniphekile izici ngokwanele --12 intshi idayagonali, isinqumo 1024 by 1024 Amaphikseli kanye nesilinganiso Ukuvuselela 40 Hz.

inombolo Generation ezintathu

I emangalisayo isizukulwane sesithathu amakhompyutha? Okokuqala, wafaka kukhompyutha yakho ngezibani futhi Semiconductors ihlanganiswe izifunda, okuyinto, ngaphandle kusuka kumakhompyutha, ziye zasetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene amanye amadivayisi ayi- elekhthroniki.

Ngokokuqala ngqá kungenzeka izifunda okuhlangene ezaboniswa emhlabeni ngemizamo unjiniyela Jack Kilby kanye nenkampani Texas Instruments ngo-1959. Jack wadala isakhiwo esincane kwakheka kwi ipuleti germanium metal, okuthiwa esikhundleni eziyinkimbinkimbi Semiconductor imiklamo. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, Texas Instruments inkampani wadala ikhompyutha behlangene ngesisekelo lawa marekhodi. ephawuleka kakhulu, kwaba kancane izikhathi 150 ngaphandle efanayo ukusebenza Semiconductor ikhompyutha. okuhlangene wesifunda ubuchwepheshe iye yabizwa kuqhutshekwe athuthukile. indima ebalulekile lokhu kwafeza ingxenye cwaningo Roberta Noysa.

Lezi zingxenye hardware avunyelwe, okokuqala kunakho konke, ukuze kakhulu ukunqinda amakhompyutha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba khona ukwanda okuphawulekayo ikhompyutha ukusebenza. Esesithathu amakhompyutha isizukulwane libhekene ukukhululwa kwe-computer nge imvamisa iwashi, uzwakalise kakade megahertz. Encishisiwe amandla ukusetshenziswa futhi amakhompyutha.

Siye ngcono idatha ukuqoshwa ubuchwepheshe kanye sicubungula nabo RAM amamojuli. Kepha RAM, izakhi ferrite babe capacious ngaphezulu, yempucuko. Kube Prototypes kuqala, bese kuqala inguqulo diskettes sisetshenziswe njengesigungu sokufaka isitoreji medium yangaphandle. Umklamo we-PC uvele isilondolozi pamyat.Standartnoy imvelo ukuxhumana umsebenzisi nekhompyutha kwaba isibonisi window.

Senzeka okwengeziwe izingxenye software ngcono. Ayemaningi yesistimu yokusebenza agcwele yasungulwa onhlobonhlobo isofthiwe isicelo, thina kwangena umqondo eziningi emsebenzini computer. Amakhompyutha oyisizukulwane sesithathu avele izinhlelo ezifana nokuphathwa semininingwane izinhlelo, kanye ne-software ye ezishintshayo umsebenzi design. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu izilimi izinhlelo nezindawo ngaphakathi okuyinto ukudalwa isofthiwe.

izici oyisizukulwane sesine

Kwesizukulwane sesine amakhompyutha libhekene ukuvela izifunda okuhlangene okuqondene ekilasini ezinkulu, kanye nalokho okuthiwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Umklamo we-PC uvele chip ehola - processor. Ezamakhompiyutha e ukucushwa sesiseduze abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Ukusebenzisa kwabo okuye kwafezwa ne ubuncane ukuqeqeshwa ziqu, ngenkathi usebenza nge izizukulwane ikhompyutha ngaphambili kudingeka amakhono. RAM amamojuli zavezwa hhayi ngesisekelo izakhi ferrite, futhi ngesisekelo CMOS-chip. Ngu kwesizukulwane sesine zekhompyutha samukelwa ku computer yokuqala Apple, eqoqwe 1976 ngo-Steve Imisebenzi Stefanom Voznyakom. Abaningi IT-ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi Apple - computer yokuqala siqu emhlabeni.

amakhompyutha kwesizukulwane sesine futhi kwaqondana popularization kwe-inthanethi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakunengozi eyaziwa best brand namuhla isofthiwe umkhakha - Microsoft. Ukuba inguqulo yokuqala yesistimu yokusebenza esiwaziyo namuhla - Windows, MacOS. Ezamakhompiyutha babé ezisakazwa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke.

isizukulwane lesihlanu

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla kwesizukulwane sesine amakhompyutha - 80s maphakathi no-sekwephuzile. Kodwa ngo-90 zokuqala ku inqubo emakethe IT-ubuchwepheshe waqala ukuthatha indawo, esangenza ukuthoma ukubala isizukulwane esisha amakhompyutha. Sikhuluma izinyathelo ezibalulekile phambili, ikakhulukazi kwezobunjiniyela kanye lobuchwepheshe impumelelo, kuhambisana wokugaya. chip izakhiwo uvele ezibangelwa uhlobo Vector ngokulinganisa.

Isizukulwane wesihlanu amakhompyutha - kungcono Amazing umshini ijubane umkhiqizo ukukhula unyaka nonyaka. Uma ekuqaleni 90 sika isivinini iwashi microprocessors e emashumini ambalwa megahertz elalibhekwa njengelinye liyisibonelo esihle, njengoba kuqale unyaka ka kowezi-2000, kodwa akubanga namunye gigahertz bamangale. Ezamakhompiyutha esiwasebenzisa namuhla, kukholakala IT-ochwepheshe - liphinde isizukulwane wesihlanu amakhompyutha. Okungukuthi, isisekelo zobuchwepheshe 90 kweva esasebenza.

PC okuqondene isizukulwane lesihlanu, babé hhayi amakhompyutha nje, futhi ephezulu grade amathuluzi tekuchumana. Kubo kwakunokwenzeka ukukhweza amafilimu, ukusebenza ngemifanekiso, irekhodi kanye nekucinisa umsindo futhi ukudala amaphrojekthi ubunjiniyela ukusebenzisa enengqondo 3D-imidlalo.

Izici isizukulwane lesithupha

Esikhathini esizayo, ngokuvumelana abahlaziyi, singalindela ukuthi izovela 6 isizukulwane lwamakhompyutha. Kuzobakhuthaza libhekene ukusetshenziswa izakhi yezinzwa nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu chips usebenzisa izilimi e inethiwekhi basakaza.

amakhompyutha Ukusebenza esizukulwaneni esilandelayo uzobe, mhlawumbe Akasekho gigahertz kulinganiswa, kodwa uhlobo bahluke amayunithi ukubala.

ukuqhathanisa Isici

Siye safunda amakhompyutha isizukulwane. Ithebula elingezansi kuyosisiza uzulazule ukuhlanganisa lwamakhompyutha okuqondene isigaba esisodwa noma kwenye, futhi base zobuchwepheshe lapho ukusebenza kwabo kusekelwe. Kuye lokhu okulandelayo:

Ingase futhi kube ngeso ewusizo ukuhlanganisa ukusebenza kanye isizukulwane ethize amakhompyutha. Ithebula, esiphila kuso manje ukudweba, futhi lokhu bakubonise iphethini. Sithatha njengesisekelo ipharamitha ngokuthi iwashi imvamisa.

Ngakho, thina ibukeke timphawu letibalulekile zobuchwepheshe izizukulwane lwamakhompyutha ngamunye. Ithebula oluthunyelwe noma ubani kithi, kuyosisiza ukuba correlate nemingcele abafanele futhi isigaba othize lwamakhompyutha ngokuphathelene isigaba esithile ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe computer.