Benito uMussolini: Biography, ezombusazwe, umndeni. izinsuku ezisemqoka futhi izenzakalo zokuphila kwakhe

Umholi wamaFascist Benito uMussolini iminyaka engu-21 ezazibusa e-Italy njengoba uNdunankulu wobushiqela. Ukuba ingane kunzima kusukela zisencane, futhi waqhubeka ekhula ehlala abangalawuleki nangobudlova. Bucha, ngokuthi ngakho uMussolini wenza umsebenzi wakhe e-Italian Socialist Party. Yena kamuva owaxoshwa inhlangano ukusekelwa kweMpi Yezwe II. Wabe kwakhiwa iQembu LamaNazi ukuze kabusha Italy amandla eqinile European.

Ngemva Mashi iRoma ngo-Okthoba 1922, Benito iba uNdunankulu futhi kancane kancane wena ochitha wonke kwabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Kwaqinisa isikhundla salo ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge imithetho futhi waphenduka Italy kusimo iqembu elilodwa. Lizogqunywa amandla kuze kube ngo-1943, kwaze kwaba yilapho ugumbuqelwe. Kamuva waba umholi we-Italian Social Republic, lapho sasifanele engxenyeni esenyakatho ye isimo ukuthi uHitler sasekelwa ngenhliziyo yonke. Iposi bekatsatsa kuya ku-1945.

Ake sifunde okwengeziwe ngale ndoda ongaqondakali futhi ome njengeqanda, uMussolini, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako ngempela ezithakazelisayo.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Benito Amilcare Andrea uMussolini wazalwa ngo-1883 edolobhaneni Varano Di Kosta (esifundazweni Forlì-Chizena, Italy). Ogama lakhe behlonipha uMongameli Mexican Benito Juarez, futhi igama lesibili negama phakathi banikwa kuye ngekuvuma Socialists Italy Andrea Costa futhi Amilcare Tsipriani. Uyise u-Alessandro, kwaba wensimbi kanye sezenhlalo abanothando, owanikela kakhulu inqubomgomo yakhe isikhathi, futhi ngithola imali esichithwa intombi eseceleni. Unina, uRosa, kwaba wamaKatolika ashisekayo futhi uthisha.

Benito - indodana ngingowokuqala ezinganeni ezintathu, njengesifiso somndeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi yayizoba eyiqaphuqaphu omkhulu kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, waqala ukukhuluma sekudlule isikhathi eside. Lapho esemusha, wamshaya eziningi abantu amandla abo engqondo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wathukuthela wagan abavukelayo Moody. Uyise bagxilisa kuye uthando kwezombusazwe sezenhlalo kanye ukungalaleli igunya. UMussolini izikhathi eziningana zixoshwe ezikoleni, indiva izidingo kwesiyalo futhi oda. Omunye wagwaza indodana endala, uMussolini (Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ayizange nje ezibonisa udlame kubantu). Nokho, wakwazi ukuthola izincwadi isitifiketi sokufundisa ngo-1901, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wachitha isikhathi esithile ukusebenza okukhethekile yabo.

Passion socialism uMussolini. Biography nokuphila

Ngo-1902, Benito wathuthela eSwitzerland, ukuthuthukisa ukunyakaza sezenhlalo. Yasheshe yaba nedumela njengoba mpendulo emangalisayo. Ngafunda isiNgisi nesiJalimane. iqhaza lakhe emibhikishweni yezombangazwe yabakhanga neziphathimandla Swiss, yingakho, futhi zixoshwa ezweni.

Ngo-1904, Benito ebuyele e-Italy, lapho aqhubeka khona ukukhuthaza Socialist Party. Ukuze kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, ubelokhu Ugwetshiwe bekuthola ngubani imibono kukaMussolini. Lapho esededelwe, waba wephephandaba Avanti (okusho "phambili"). Lesi sikhundla wamvumela ukwandisa ithonya lakhe umphakathi Italy. Ngo-1915, washada Rashel Gaydi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wabeletha izingane ezinhlanu Benito.

Break-ndawonye

UMussolini walahla Italy e-kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kodwa ngokushesha ngabona ukuthi lokhu kwaba ithuba elikhulu kangakanani lokwenza izwe lakhe ukuba abe namandla amakhulu. Kwemibono baye kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise Benito ukuxabana nezinye Socialists, futhi ngokushesha wayesebika axoshwe enhlanganweni.

Ngo-1915 waba yingxenye yempi Italian walwa emigceni phambi. Elisezingeni ukhoporali yaxoshwa ibutho.

Ngemva kwempi, uMussolini uqalisiwe imisebenzi yakhe yezombusazwe, ubukela i-Government of Italy lobuthakathaka ngesikhathi ukusayinwa iSivumelwano SaseVersailles. He qamba iphephandaba sakhe siqu ngokungcweliswa Milan - Il Popolo d'Italia. Futhi ngo-1919, kwakhiwa iQembu LamaNazi, yayihloselwe ekulweni nokubandlulula isigaba sezenhlalo kanye ekusekeleni inhliziyo ubuzwe. Inhloso Its main - ukunqoba ukuqiniseka balelo butho nezinye amakhosi ohlanga. Ngakho, wayethemba ukukhulisa Italy ezingeni yomlando wayo omkhulu wamaRoma.

I eza emandleni uMussolini

Phakathi ukukhungatheka ngokuhlanganyela ngemuva izisulu engenamsebenzi lweMpi Enkulu ukuliveza lingamanga ephalamende ngokumelene isizinda obumbi bomnotho nezingxabano okusezingeni eliphezulu kwezenhlalo, uMussolini wahlela Bloc wezempi, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "amahembe abamnyama" ngubani wamesabisa betembusave kanye basiza ekwandiseni ithonya undlovukayiphikiswa. Ngo-1922, yena shí nezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe Italy. UMussolini wathi kwakuyoba ukwazi ukubuyisela oda kuleli zwe, uma wanikwa amandla.

Inkosi Victor Emmanuel III ebuzwa Benito lokwakha uhulumeni. Futhi ngo-October 1922, waba umahluleli omncane kunabo bonke undunankulu emlandweni isimo Italy. Kancane kancane adiliza zonke izikhungo zentando yeningi. Futhi ngo-1925, wazenzela umashiqela, uMussolini ukuthatha isihloko, okusho "umholi".

Inqubomgomo za

Wafeza uhlelo olubanzi wezemiSebenzi yoMphakathi ukunciphisa abangasebenzi. Ngakho-ke uMussolini kwekuhlela kabusha leyo micimbi yaba yimpumelelo enkulu. Wabuye washintsha kombuso wakulelo zwe zezombusazwe ukuba wobushiqela, amandla okwakukhona Grand Council kobuFasi, ngokusekelwa ukulondeka kwezwe.

Ngemva kokususa iPhalamende Benito wasungula Chamber of Fasci futhi Corporations nge ukwelulekwa lula. Njengengxenye isimo yenkampani, abaqashi nabasebenzi kwahlelwa amaqembu elawulwa ezimele imikhakha ehlukene emnothweni. Ezenhlalakahle ikhule kakhulu, kodwa uyekwa ilungelo lokuteleka.

UMussolini umbuso kunciphisa umthelela emajaji, uvalwe ilawula cindezela khulula, ebopha betembusave. Ngemva uchungechunge imizamo ngokuphila kwakhe (ngo-1925 futhi ngo-1926) Benito uvala amaqembu aphikisayo, exosha amalungu angaphezu kuka-100 ephalamende, abuyisele ngayo nesijeziso sokufa ngenxa ubugebengu zezombusazwe, usula ukubamba ukhetho endawo futhi kwandisa ithonya amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi. Ngakho wobushiqela kukaMussolini waqinisa umbuso.

Ngo-1929, yena wasayina Lateran Pact atheleka kanye Vatican, ngemva kwalokho uqede ukungqubuzana phakathi kweSonto noMbuso isimo Italy.

nezigigaba lempi

Ngo-1935, sizimisele ukutjengisa amandla kukahulumeni wakhe, uMussolini yahlasela Ethiopia ephula izincomo iNhlangano Yezizwe. Kahle amaKushe ahlomile akakwazanga ukumelana amathangi yesimanje kanye izindiza e-Italy, futhi inhloko-dolobha i-Addis Ababa yasheshe yanqotshwa. Benito eyasungulwa ngo Ethiopia umbuso omusha wase-Italy.

Ngo-1939, wathumela amabutho eSpain ukusekela Francisco Franco kanye amaFascist wendawo ngesikhathi kulwiwa. Ngakho wayefuna ukwandisa ithonya lawo.

Germany Union

Ehlatshwe umxhwele impumelelo lezempi e-Italy, u-Adolf Hitler (umashiqela German) wafuna ukumisa kobungane nobudlelwane nge uMussolini. Benito, esikhundleni salokho, wayigenca imisebenzi ekhaliphile zezombusazwe uHitler ukunqoba kwakhe kwakamuva zezombusazwe. Ngo-1939, amazwe amabili ngemvume ubuhlobo lempi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pact atheleka of Steel.

UMussolini futhi uHitler okuhlanzekile e-Italy, ngenze izahlulelo kuzo zonke amaJuda. Futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwempi yezwe yesibili, ngo-1940, amasosha Italian yahlasela Greece. Khona-ke wajoyina amaJalimane division of Yugoslavia, ayehlasela iSoviet Union sempi ku Melika.

AmaNtaliyane Abaningi Asisekeli umfelandawonye eJalimane. Kodwa entry kaHitler afika ePoland futhi ezingqubuzana iBrithani neFrance kwaholela Italy ukuthatha ingxenye ezingxabanweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela ubonise bonke amaphutha yebutho lakhe. Greece naseNyakatho Afrika ngokushesha kwawona Italy. Ukungenela German ngo-1941 azigcina uMussolini ngu umbuso wezempi.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-Italy futhi uMussolini ziwohloka

Ngo-1942, engqungqutheleni Casablanca , uWinston Churchill kanye Franklin D. Roosevelt iqhinga ukuletha Italy aphume impi kanye ukuphoqa eJalimane ukuhambisa nebutho lakhe ku Eastern Front, yalahla iRussia. Amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo kuvikelwe isizinda eSicily futhi waqala ukuya phezulu nhlonhlo.

ingcindezi Growing ophoqelelwe uMussolini sokwesula. Ngemva kwalokho, eboshwa, kodwa ngokushesha amabutho akhethekile German Spas Benito. Yena wabe esedlulela enyakatho ye-Italy, okuyinto wayesalokhu ilawulwa amaJalimane, enesifiso sokubuyisela amandla ubudala.

I babulawelwe kuzo phambi komphakathi

Juni 4, 1944, Rome akhululwa amabutho ukuthi wathatha amandla okulawula yonke indawo isimo. UMussolini futhi indlovukazi yakhe, Clara Petacci, wazama ukubaleka eSwitzerland, kodwa bathunjwa Apreli 27, 1945. Bona babulawa ngosuku olulandelayo ngasedolobheni Dongo. Izidumbu zabo elenga isikwele eMilan. umphakathi Italy akazange azwakalise iyiphi yokuzisola kokufa Benito. Phela, wathembisa abantu "inkazimulo lamaRoma ', kodwa megalomania yakhe enqobe ingqondo, okwaholela isimo ukuze impi nendlala.

Ekuqaleni uMussolini wangcwatshwa emathuneni Musocco eMilan. Kodwa ngo-August 1957, yakhethwa wangcwatshwa Crypt eduze Varano Di Kosta.

Ukholo nokuzilibazisa

Ngenxa abasha, uMussolini limenyezelwe akakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, ngisho wazama izikhathi eziningana ukwethusa izethameli, obiza kuNkulunkulu ukumbulala kweso. Walahla Socialist, ngubani babeqonda wenkolo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi isayensi ikufakazele ukuthi akekho uNkulunkulu, futhi inkolo - isifo engqondweni, futhi babekwa icala lokuphula ubuKristu kunokukhohlisa wobugwala. Imibono kukaMussolini ikakhulu sasihlanganisa elahla eSontweni LamaKatolika.

Benito kwaba fan of Fridriha Nitsshe. Denis Mack Smith wawuthi kuwo akafumananga ezizwakalayo "impi" yakhe ngokumelene izimfanelo ezinhle zobuKristu sa nomusa. Yena kuyancomeka umqondo wakhe we superman. Ngosuku lokuzalwa kwakhe 60, wathola isipho esivela Hitler - iqoqo eliphelele imisebenzi Nietzsche.

ukuphila Siqu

Ngokokuqala ngqá Benito washada Ida Dalser e Trento ngo-1914. Ngemva konyaka, lo mbhangqwana kwadingeka indodana, owayebizwa ngokuthi Benito Albino uMussolini. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umshado wakhe wokuqala, lonke ulwazi libhujisiwe umkakhe nendodana kwakuthengwa bahlukunyezwa sina.

Ngo-December 1915, washada Rashel Gaydi, owayekade indlovukazi yakhe kusukela ngo-1910. Emshadweni, base namadodakazi akhe amabili amadodana amathathu, Ed (1910-1995 GG.) Futhi Anna Maria (1929-1968 GG.), Vittorio (1916-1997 GG.), Bruno (1918-1941 GG.) Futhi Romano (1927-2006 GG.).

UMussolini kwaba intombi eseceleni ezimbalwa, phakathi kwawo - wang Sarfatti nesithandwa sakhe zakamuva - Clara Petacci.

ifa

Indodana yesithathu uMussolini, uBruno, washona engozini yendiza ngesikhathi indiza phezu webhomu R.108 yokuhlola umsebenzi Agasti 7, 1941.

Indodana yakhe endala ngemva ukuxhashazwa enobudlova wabulawa August 26, 1942.

UDade Sofi Loren, u-Anna Maria Skikolone, ashade Romano uMussolini. Umzukulu wakhe, Alessandra uMussolini, wayeyilungu European Parliament, futhi manje ukhonza Chamber of amaphini njengoba ilungu Abantu Yenkululeko.

UMussolini iNational wamaFascist Party wavinjelwa uMthethosisekelo kwempi Italy. Noma kunjalo, kwakukhona eziningana izinhlangano yobuNazi banamuhla, ukuze uqhubeke umsebenzi Benito. Enamandla kakhulu kubo - Italian Social Movement, eyathatha kuze 1995. Kodwa ngokushesha washintsha igama layo ku-National Alliance futhi ihluka kakhulu ahlukaniswa wobushiqela.

Ngakho, singasho ukuthi: eqinile, sifisa ukuthi anqobe, crazy oshiseka kwaba Benito uMussolini. Umlando wakhe is abatelekile ups shiny nezimbi waphakamisela. WayeyiZwi inhloko uhulumeni wase-Italy kusukela ngo-1922 kuya 1943. Waba nguyise wobushiqela e-Italy. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe wobushiqela is isandla isetshenziswa izakhamuzi zezwe labo. Wayehola isizwe ezimpini ezintathu, phakathi nale minyaka elithize abengumsunguli liketulwa.

Kususelwa manje wonke umuntu uyokwazi ukufunda ulwazi olungenhla, yini imibono kukaMussolini nokuthi wayengumuntu.