Uyini herbarium nokuthi ungayenza kanjani kuso?

Kusukela azalwa, sizungezwe izitshalo. Okokuqala, thina bayamangala futhi kuhle emehlweni abo. Khona-ke konke kuba umkhuba. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, bayaqhubeka kusimangaze.

Kuyini herbarium

Herbarium - iqoqo izitshalo ezimangalisayo kanye namakhambi. Leli gama livela egameni lesi Latin Herba - isitshalo noma utshani. Herbarium futhi ngokuthi inhlangano, equkethe lezi amakhambi efanayo futhi izitshalo.

Lezi zitshalo eqoqwe ngokukhethekile ke zasushivat.

Izitshalo zivame eqoqwe ihlobo noma ekwindla, lapho izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu izimila ezehlukene.

wabahloli kancane

Izingane ezincane nge zasenkulisa ukuchaza ukuthi herbarium. Othisha wona ngokuqondile epaki, ingadi yomphakathi, lapho ungakwazi ukuqoqa amahlamvu imithi emihle ezahlukene nezihlahla.

Akumangazi ukuthi izingane uthanda ukuqoqa herbarium izandla zami siqu. Ngemva ajwayelane esiqiwini nemvelo inhliziyo nemizwelo iyiphi wengane omuhle. Bona ukuqoqa hhayi kuphela amaqabunga, kodwa futhi izimbali ezinhle ezimibalabala.

Eqaphela ukuthi herbarium, izingane bayofunda okuyinto otshalayo elibazungezile babukeka kanjani, ukuhogela. Bazi usayizi lokho, umbala kanye nephunga.

Ucwaningo izitshalo kakhulu ukuba uqale nge ukuqoqwa eyaziwa ucishe ingane esikhungweni enganeni, ukhova, chamomile, dandelion, amahlamvu Rowan nezigaxa zezithelo clover, oki leaf, Maple nokunye.

Abanakekeli kufanele uchaze zemvelo kancane ukuthi isitshalo esisodwa, kuba efiselekayo ingamthinti ke: mhlawumbe kuba zezinyoni ezingavamile, futhi uma rip, ungenza kube ukulimala okukhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundisi sibethula kanjani ukwenza herbarium yomiswa kahle, izitshalo isikhathi eside sokujabulisa iso, qinani umbala wabo futhi musa sidilike.

Ukuqoqa herbarium nabafundi. Noma yimuphi umfundi zingatholakala encwadini leaf mountain ash noma Maple, noma i-oak, nokunye. Osukwini nobusika, ezibakhumbuza a ehlobo kanye ekwindla segolide, enikeza efudumele futhi ukujabulisa iso.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ngokusho idatha zomlando, iqoqo lokuqala izitshalo Kwamiswa ngesikhathi Renaissance. ERussia, kulokhu kancane sekwephuzile - ekhulwini weshumi nesishiyagalombili.

Kuleli qophelo emhlabeni-cishe anamakhulu mahlanu ngobukhulu herbaria izikhungo. Babuthela futhi ome abangaphezu kwamakhulu ayizinkulungwane ezintathu zama-amakhambi izitshalo.

Ezinye zezinto eziningi kakhulu basesimweni herbarium yensimu British Botanical. Itholakala emzini Kew. Kukhona amashidi abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha, phakathi lapho isitshalo omisiwe. Esikhulu Russian Botanical Institute, Itholakala edolobheni Petersburg, kuyinto amashidi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu.

Esikhathini (idolobha Saint-Petersburg) Imperial Botanical Garden kukhona herbaria emhlabeni wonke, kodwa iningi lazo izitshalo Russian. Ngokuvamile, i-herbarium iqukethe mayelana eziyikhulu zezitshalo, Russian - zinhlobo ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili eqoqwe kulo lonke elaseRussia. Minyaka yonke iqoqo is ahlanganiswe izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo.

Isikhova i-great Swedish usosayensi Karl Linney kusukela ebusheni bakhe kuqhubeke uyakuthanda yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Wenzé amaqoqo eziningi zezitshalo, okuyinto okwamanje Museum yaseLondon. Abangane Onomusa ithengiswe iqoqo eya eNgilandi, lapho kwakungekho nkosi yaseSweden. Inkosi wazama nokubuyisela herbarium eyigugu, kodwa engakwazi: imikhumbi British sahamba.

Collection Bunge (herbarium Russian) liyadayisa France.

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu ukuhlukanisa phakathi izakhiwo okuzuzisayo nokulimazayo zezitshalo eziningi, kodwa kubutsela amaqoqo zabo noyedwa. Esokuqala kwaba gerbarievedom Luca Ghini - Pisa futhi Bologna uchwepheshe izitshalo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo waqala ukuqoqa herbarium Kaspar Rattsenberg. iqoqo lakhe lilondolozwe eRoyal Museum ekhatsi Kassel futhi kubhekwa omdala. Iqukethe 746 zinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo.

izinga eyisisekelo

isitshalo herbarium ubenawo kulezi zimfanelo:

1. Isitshalo kumele omisiwe ebhanoyini ngqo phakathi amashidi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi ethile. Asikwazi ukuvumela yome endaweni evulekile, ngaphandle kwalokho emaphethelweni kanye emithanjeni amaqabunga notshani pripodnimut, ukwakha uhlevane ubuthe eyodwa yinhlama, okuyoholela the kuzamazamisa okusheshayo simila.
2. Ngaphansi isitshalo kumelwe nakanjani babe igama layo - kokubili isayensi ethandwa. Kuyadingeka ukuba bazi ukuthi lesi sitshalo omisiwe elilodwa noma elinye ishidi.
3. Kuphoqelekile ukuthi ucacise isikhathi ukuqoqwa noma zezimbali isitshalo. Kuyadingeka ukuba wazi kahle hle lapho wenza iqoqo.
4. Indawo esihlalweni ukuqoqwa nalo libalulekile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele icacise igama ndawo, kodwa futhi sibonisa ukuthi kuba edlelweni, ihlathi, ixhaphozi noma amatshe, asemaqeleni noma plain, nokunye.
5. Phawula nokudlanga izitshalo kudingeka ukuze ukwazi ukuthi akuvamile noma ezikhulayo yonke indawo, ezikhulayo wedwa noma njengeqembu.
6. Ingabe kunqunywa inhlabathi lapho isitshalo uyaphela ihlaziye: loam, ubumba, mhlabathi omnyama, inhlabathi ebomvu, isihlabathi noma nezinye.

Zonke lezi idatha ezidingekayo ukuze bazi ukuthi hlobo luni isitshalo, njengoba omisiwe futhi agcinwe esikhathini esizayo.

omiswe

Iphele izitshalo, amakhambi, amaqabunga, izimbali kudingeka ezingeni lokushisa ethile, phakathi amashidi ngokusebenzisa kokucindezelwa. Njengoba cindezela Ungasebenzisa izincwadi eziningi ezikhuluma noma iyiphi amaphilisi. Ngesinye ishidi ungakwazi unamathisele izitshalo ambalwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kufanele zigxile ishidi sendikimba noma zephepha.

Proper omiswe isitshalo ebavumela ukuba ligcinwe isikhathi eside. Kodwa kumele bavikelwe ukulimala izinambuzane ezehlukene: izimbungulu, izimvemvane, nokunye, kanye namagundane. Lapho ekutholeni lezi izinambuzane kufanele kulahliwe. Qiniseka ukuthi aphathe izitshalo carbon disulfide ngazimbili, sublimate isixazululo noma mothballs abavamile.

Ukuqoqa herbarium ezifiselekayo ukuze ome sezulu, ngaphandle kwalokho amahlamvu nezimbali kuyoba nzima ezomile kanye nokugcina. Kumele uqoqe, izitshalo isigamu omisiwe kwamaqhawe, nokuphela musa athathe nakuwo umuthi.

On omiswe isitshalo kuvame ukuthatha izinsuku 10-14. Ukuze le nqubo kwaba ngokushesha, ungakwazi ukushintsha amashidi, lapho utshani omisiwe, ukuze ome kaningi.

Ngosizo yensimbi ephepheni zingenza omiswe herbarium. Kodwa qiniseka ukuthi acabangele lokushisa ayina: kufanele kube omncane. Ngeshwa, le ndlela omiswe zingashintsha umbala impahla.

Abanye abalandeli ukusebenzisa herbarium kanye microwave. Kodwa le ndlela kungaholela amahlamvu engalingani.

Ukuze omiswe ingasetshenziswa kanye glycerin ezivamile: esitsheni ngamanzi ashisayo futhi glycerine bacwilisa izitshalo. Kube banayo ukuchitha kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Khona-ke isuswe wafaka ukuze ome. Nale ndlela basuke omisiwe ngokushesha, kodwa iba nsundu.

omiswe Proper ivumela isitshalo ukuba flat hhayi goba.

yezandla abathandwayo ezitshalweni omile kanye nezimbali

Ukuze uthole amahle engavamile izimbali, ungasebenzisa amahlamvu hhayi kuphela ejwayelekile futhi izimbali, kodwa futhi ezinkulu efihlekile, umoba, amacembe tabobunjwa, imbewu kanye nucleoli, pistils nokunye. Ukusebenzisa ukuma okufanayo nombala amaqabunga, izimbali kudala elimangalisayo Ukwakheka izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana.

Ukuze uqinise izimbali namaqabunga isetshenziswa PVA glue exutshwe namanzi.

Ukusebenzisa izingoma omisiwe ungakha panel engavamile zokuhlobisa, iphethini eliyingqayizivele. Kubo ungenza amabhukhimakhi izincwadi, ama-albhamu wesithombe.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenza iphaneli, kudingeka alungiselele isisekelo: ngendwangu, Indwangu nokuningi. Siqukethe omisiwe izimbali isithombe okutshela fantasy. Basuke ethe njo base. Optionally, ungakwazi uyipende yimuphi umbala noma ushiye zemvelo. Ngemva kokuphela kunqubo, iphaneli ufakwa uzimele.

Ukuze wenze ibhukumaka phezu emapheshana amakhadibhodi ethe njo ku abeke izimbali, izindlebe nokunye. Top sokuqanjwa ongaqhoshisa umfanekiso esobala, emaphethelweni awashintsheki.

Ngenxa zonke izinhlobo izingoma ezimibalabala etholwe izinto esiyingqayizivele ezokwenza ukuhlobisa noma iliphi igumbi ekhaya noma ifulethi.

Omisiwe izimbali, amakhambi, amaqabunga ungenza izinto zokuqala ukuthi akekho omunye umuntu okwazi. Abakwazi silengiswe odongeni, wagqoka eshalofini, kodwa ungakwazi ukunikeza abangane nomndeni. Ngokungangabazeki, abantu abaningi ngeke ukuthola ikhadi lesipho eyenziwe ngezandla zakho. Lesi sipho esiyokhunjulwa for a lifetime futhi nanela.

albhamu okwesikhathi herbarium

I-albhamu ekhaya kungase kwenze ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, kubalulekile ukuthatha i-albhamu ku-amashidi yakhe ibekwe izinto collectible. Glue emapheshana iphepha, ungakwazi noma thunga ngentambo. Eminye imikhiqizo kungenziwa agibele amahhashi kanye impande amakhaza, kwathi ngakusasa esikhwameni ibekwe mbewu nezitshalo nucleoli. Ezansi kulotshiwe igama kanye nesikhathi iqoqo. Thola herbarium emangalisayo. izitshalo Photo kungenziwa agibele amahhashi side by side. Eminyakeni Ukwakheka wabeka isikhumba iphepha. Wonke amashidi ziqoqwa kwifolda noma athungwe at emaphethelweni.

Imidlalo nezingane usebenzisa herbarium

kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ingane ukwenza okuthile ngezandla zabo. Futhi ukwenza kanjalo, kufanele asize abazali. Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo lokuqoqa kanye namakhambi angaba abanothando oluqinile futhi sibe nokuziqhenya ngobuzwe umntwana.

Nge amaqoqo izitshalo, ungakha imidlalo ezahlukene izingane ezincane. Umntwana unikezwa umsebenzi ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni licembe, imbali, imbewu kanye lapho ikhula. Kungaba hhayi kuphela amakhambi, kodwa futhi currant amahlamvu, ikhukhamba, utamatisi, cherry, izaqathe, beet nokunye. Lokho kuyinto ozungezayo ingane engadini kanye engadini.

Kwehlukanisa ukuqoqwa kwezinhlobo inganikelwa umsebenzi: yini izitshalo - izithelo, okuyinto - yemifino, okuyinto - ngamagumbi, okuyinto - okubabayo, okuyinto - ukhula, futhi ngokuvamile zikhule ehlathini.

Ingase futhi zihlukaniswe umbala, isayizi, olubushelelezi.

Uma ziya kwelinye izwe kumele uze amaqabunga, izimbali kanye imbewu izitshalo ezingavamile. Bavumela ingane ukuze ufunde ukuthi amakhambi ukhule endaweni ethile.

Sifana nabantwana ukudweba ne amaqabunga. Ngokwesibonelo, upende sisetshenziswa ngaphambili ishidi, nganeno icindezelwa ngokumelene ishidi ephepheni. It is washaya emaphethelweni leaf nangawo wonke ngemithambo. Ingane ifunda, libukeka ishidi, ukufunda ukudweba isivele isebenzisa amapensela nopende.

Kungaba ukudonselwa ngendlela hhayi kuphela amaqabunga eyodwa, kodwa ngisho wonke amaqiniso. Ukusebenzisa amahlamvu anemibala ehlukene, ungathola storylines ezithakazelisayo. Ungafaka futhi amahlamvu ephepheni, upende splash phezulu. Khona-ke ukususa amahlamvu. Sithola Silhouettes nge speckles.

Lotto - umdlalo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ezinganeni. Amakhadi ngoba kungenziwa nge ngamahlamvu omisiwe nezihloko laminated.

Herbarium e ngenalithi

Ezinye needlewoman ukudala imihlobiso engavamile usebenzisa herbarium. Izithombe lezi zinto kusimangaze futhi obathandayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimbali ezinhle akhiwa isikhunta abicah, zazo zigcwele epoxy resin. Konke kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela ukuze kungabi ukuhlala emoyeni. Ngemva kwesikhathi ethile, resin Uqinisa. Workpiece okuholela ingasetshenziswa ukwakha namacici engavamile, amasongo, imigexo kanye nokunye.

Abanye abaculi ukusebenzisa herbarium ukuze kwenziwe imiklamo yabo. Thola ezihlukahlukene izilwane ezincane, izinyoni nokuningi.

Ungasebenzisa futhi izimbali obomile kule ndlela yokushumayela ngenalithi njengoba Decoupage.

Indlela yokwenza herbarium

Ngombuzo olula, kodwa kudinga kwenziwe ucwaningo olunzulu ezimileni. Esikoleni, othisha bafundisa izingane indlela yokwenza herbarium. Ukuze wenze lokhu, abafundi kudingeka baqonde ukuthi kungani udinga lokhu noma lokhuya isitshalo. It ingahlukaniswa ngendaba zonke ajwayelekile utshani, izimbali, izihlahla kanye izihlahla. Ngokwesibonelo:

• ukhula;
• izimbali ezikhula embhedeni;
• non-ezidliwayo berry ezihlabayo, amakhambi kanye nabanye abaningi.

Ngaphandle izici jikelele, kungaba selihlukene laba ukudla herbarium, ubunjiniyela, kanye nabanye. Ngokwesibonelo, e-herbarium izitshalo zokwelapha zingase zihlanganise wort iSt John sika, marjoram, umama-futhi-nosingamama, Yarrow, celandine, nabanye.

umgomo oyinhloko

Bajwayelane Iqiniso lokuthi herbarium enjalo, abaningi ngeke baqonde ukuthi injongo eyinhloko lesi senzo - ukuthola ukwaziswa okunembile zonke izitshalo ababengenakuzifinyelela futhi wanyamalala, ezikhona namuhla. Abantu kufanele bazi ukuthi izitshalo - abangane bethu, kumele avikelwe bona.

design kahle herbarium, isitoreji yakhe unamakhono kuzovumela umusa obakhathalelayo emhlabeni.