Ion exchange inhlaka: isicelo. ngempumelelo kangakanani e umshini ohlanza amanzi?

Ion exchange inhlaka - a eliphezulu yamangqamuzana kwakwakhe zingaxazululeki ezingeni, okuyinto kungase kubonise ukusabela nge ukusabela necebo ion. Sinenkosi ijeli ngakuthathu noma isakhiwo macroporous. Zibizwa ngokuthi ama-ion kwabebhange.

zinhlobo

Lezi inhlaka kukhona seka exchange (ihlukaniswe kakhulu esidi wavuma esidi), anion exchange (ngokuqinile eziyisisekelo, wavuma eziyisisekelo, Lesisemkhatsini isisekelo okuxubile) kanye okuguquguqukayo. compounds kakhulu esidi - a seka okuyinto Ungashintshanisa cations kungakhathaliseki pH. Kodwa wavuma acid usebenze kunani hhayi ezingengaphansi kweziyisikhombisa. Kakhulu anion eziyisisekelo exchange bavame anions e isixazululo ngasiphi degree of dissociation ngasiphi amanani pH. Lokhu, zibancishe anion wavuma eziyisisekelo kwabebhange. Kulesi simo, i-pH kufanele kube 1-6. Ngamanye amazwi, resin Ungashintshanisa ion emanzini cwilisa wedwa, kodwa kunalokho ukunikeza iyilabo abaye ngaphambilini yafakwa. Futhi njengoba kuba H ₂ O - isakhiwo multicomponent, kubalulekile ukulungiselela ilungelo layo ukuze ukhethe ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali.

izakhiwo

Ion exchange inhlaka - polyelectrolytes. Abanaso chaza. Phindaphinda icala ion lapho esephumule, ngoba isisindo yamangqamuzana okusezingeni eliphezulu. It yakha umzimba ngesisekelo elihlobene ne izingxenye ezincane ezithathekayo okuyizinto sophawu obuhlukile, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, Ungashintshanisa nabo isixazululo.

ukukhiqizwa

Uma i-polymer iqina esinomthwalo izakhiwo i umzimba ion, iphathwa amakhemikhali, ngaleso sikhathi kuyoba khona izinguquko - ukukhishwa ion exchange inhlaka. Lena ngempela inqubo ebalulekile. Nge kugucuka polymer-fanekiso, futhi polycondensation okwengeziwe futhi polymerization ukunikeza ion kwabebhange. Kukhona usawoti kanye ifomu okuxubile-usawoti. Eyokuqala ihilela sodium ne chloride, kanti eyesibili - sodium-i-hydrogen, uhlobo hydroxyl-chloride. Ezimweni ezinjengalezi inhlaka etholakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-inqubo basuke elihunyushwe ifomu zokusebenza, okungukuthi i-hydrogen, hydroxyl nokunye. D. Lezi izinto ezisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ezifana imithi futhi abekho embonini yokwenziwa kwemithi, imboni yezokudla, enuzi izitshalo amandla ukuze bayothola ukwelashwa condensate. Futhi ion efanelekayo exchange resin elixutshwe embhedeni zokuhlunga.

isicelo

Ezisetshenzisiwe ion exchange resin ngoba ukuthambisa amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sithako kungenzeka desalinated futhi uketshezi. Kule ndaba, ion exchange inhlaka avame ukusetshenziswa amandla. Ngo hydrometallurgy ukuzisebenzisela izinsimbi non-ayoni futhi ezingavamile, basuke bahlanza futhi ekhungethe izakhi ezihlukahlukene embonini zamakhemikhali. Ion kwabebhange Ungase futhi nihlanze amanzi iyakuchithwa, abasibekela zamagama organic - kulethe. Ngakho, kungenzeka ion exchange inhlaka esetshenziswa kulezo zimboni.

yokuhlanza zezimboni

On ukushisa ukudluliselwa evele zingavela ukugqwala, futhi uma ifinyelela 1 kuphela mm, ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela kuzokhulisa ngo-10%. Kuba namanje ukulahlekelwa esindayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini othwala aphume ngokushesha. Ukuvimbela lokhu, udinga ukuhlela kahle ukwelashwa amanzi. Ngenxa yale njongo, isihlungi nge resin ion exchange. Kuyinto ketshezi ukuhlanzwa kungaba asuswe esikalini. Izindlela zihlukile, kodwa okwandisa izinga lokushisa ukuhluka yalo iba ezincane.

Icubungula H ₂ O

Kunezindlela eziningana okuhlanza amanzi. Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ukwelashwa kazibuthe kanye ultrasonic, futhi kungenzeka ukuba kabusha chelators, kompleksonatov, IOMC-1. Kodwa kukho kuthandwa kubhekwa gqwa nge ion exchange. Lokhu kuzokwenza emanzini ukushintsha indlela yokwakheka izakhi. Lapho le ndlela isetshenziswa, H ₂ O cishe ngokuphelele ukungcoliswa desalted zinyamalale. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwelashwa okunjalo nzima ukufeza ngezinye izindlela. ukwelashwa amanzi nge ion exchange inhlaka zithandwa kakhulu hhayi kuphela e-Russia kodwa futhi kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu yokuhlanza kunezinzuzo eziningi futhi kuphumelela kangcono ukwedlula ezinye izindlela. Labo izakhi, okuyinto ziyasuswa, angisoze inzika ezansi futhi basabalalise reagents akudingekile njalo. Yenza le nqubo elula kakhulu - umklamo ukuhlunga efanayo. Ungafuna ukusizakala ezishintshayo. Ngemva uhlanzekile izakhiwo zizogcinwa ngasiphi nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa.

I ion exchange resin kuyinto Purolite A520E. incazelo

Ukuncela nitrate ion emanzini, resin macroporous yadalwa. Isetshenziselwa ukuqothula H ₂ O ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ikakhulukazi le uvele ion exchange resin Purolite A520E. It kuyasiza ukuqeda nitrate, ngisho esiningi sulfate. Lokhu kusho ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye kwabebhange ion, resin siphumelela ngokwengeziwe futhi has a ukusebenza okungcono.

umthamo Ukusebenza

Purolite A520E has selectivity eliphezulu. Kuyasiza, kungakhathaliseki inani sulfate, nitrate ukususa qualitatively. Lezi imisebenzi abakwazi ukuqhosha omunye inhlaka ion exchange. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uma okuqukethwe sulfate e H ₂ O izakhi exchange incipha. Kodwa sibonga selectivity ngoba Purolite A520E lokhu ukunciphisa akunandaba ngempela. Nakuba lesi sithako iphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye exchange egcwele uketshezi izinto eziningi ngokwanele enkulu nahlanza kahle. Kulokhu, uma sulfate ngeke ngokwanele ukuba ubhekane nezingcindezi ukwelashwa amanzi nokuqedwa nitrate anion kuzohluka - kokubili ijeli kanye macroporous.

amalungiselelo

Ukuze resin Purolite A520E wayesebenza esikhumulweni 100%, kumele kahle alungele umsebenzi zokuhlanjululwa kanye nokulungisa H ₂ O ngenxa yokudla. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphambi kokuqala kwakwakhe esetshenziswa ziphathwe 6% isixazululo of NaCl. Uma le isetshenziswa kabili inani kuqhathaniswa nenani resin uqobo. Ngemva kwalokho, ukudla kwakwakhe ngamanzi (H ₂ O lemali kufanele kube 4 izikhathi mkhulu). Kuphela ngemuva kokuchitha ukwelashwa okunjalo kungenziwa eyamukelwayo ukuhlanzwa.

isiphetho

Ngenxa izakhiwo possessed resin ion-exchange, angasetshenziswa embonini yezokudla hhayi kuphela amanzi, kodwa futhi ekwelapheni imikhiqizo, iziphuzo ahlukahlukene kanye nabanye. Ngokubukeka anion - kukhona amabhola amancane. Unamathela nalokho calcium ne-magnesium ion, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, ukunikeza athomu sodium emanzini. Ngo ziwashwa, lezi elimbudumbudu zikhishwa izakhi adherent. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ingcindezi lingase lehle ngo resin ion exchange. Lokhu kuzothinta impahla yayo ewusizo. Ukuze labo noma ezinye izinguquko kuthinte izici zangaphandle: lokushisa, ikholomu ukuphakama futhi ubukhulu kuyizinhlayiyana, isivinini sabo. Ngakho-ke, uma ukucutshungulwa kufanele silondoloze isimo kahle imvelo. Anion kwabebhange avame ukusetshenziswa ukwelashwa amanzi aquarium - bathuthukisa kumiswa izimo ezinhle ephilayo izinhlanzi kanye nezitshalo. Ngakho, inhlaka ion exchange bayadingeka kwimisebenzi ehlukile, ngisho ekhaya, ngoba can amanzi qualitatively ahlanzekile ukusetshenziswa eminye.