Rudiment - kuwubufakazi ekuthuthukiseni zomlando zomhlaba organic

Rudiment - iyona umzimba, ukubaluleka eyinhloko eye elahlekile in inqubo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo umzimba. Ngaphansi lo mqondo liphinde ngaphakathi isakhiwo, kanye namathuba encishisiwe mancane uma ziqhathaniswa izakhiwo okuhambisanayo ezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kukholakala ukuthi izitho vestigial kukhona alunamsebenzi, noma kunjalo iningi labo manje ukwenza eminye imisebenzi abangelutho noma elula usebenzisa izakhiwo, cishe senzelwe ngaphezulu imigomo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

izipho Strange kwemvelo

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-anatomy ngokuqhathanisa XIX leminyaka, eyaziwa nangokuthi morphology ukuqhathanisa, kwakhiwa njengenhlangano isiyalo ezimele begazi okhuluma imithetho jikelele ekuthuthukisweni kanye nokwakheka kwezitho ngokuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izidalwa emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela embryogenesis. Sekuvele ngesisekelo ubufakazi zasezindaweni womuntu kusukela nabanye abameleli jikelele silwane. Anatomy yembula izitho ofanayo eziphilayo ezahlukene ukuthi kuhluke isayizi shape. ukungabi oluphelele ezinye zazo noma kuqhathaniswa kabi athuthukile, uma kulinganiswa nokwenu izitho efanayo nakwezinye izinhlobo zawo ziye nezimagqabhagqabha. izitho ampofu sabizwa ngokuthi esingesihle (kusukela rudimentum Latin -. "Isigaba sokuqala, lo rudiment"). Babebonakala engenamsebenzi futhi endleleni yokuqothulwa.

Rudiment - umzimba ukuthi sabekwa ngokuhamba ukuthuthukiswa embryonic, kodwa zafa zaphela ziphenduke. Ngendlela omdala esikhathini esizayo, wahlala isimo ampofu. emizimbeni okunjalo noma izingxenye zazo zingatholakala cishe kuwo wonke uhlobo izilwane nezitshalo ngokunganaki. Kuqhathaniswa homologous (ezifanayo) izakhiwo eziphilayo ezifanayo noma ampofu noma bantula ebalulekile.

Ikhona nemizimba ezifanayo futhi emzimbeni wethu. Ngokwesibonelo, namazinyo ukuhlakanipha - rudiment yomuntu. lokhu futhi anjenge ijwabu leso yesithathu, noma epicanthus, tailbone, isithasiselo cecum, imisipha indlebe, okubangela ukuhamba kwabo, izinwele esiqwini, emikhawulweni. Sekukonke, umzimba womuntu zingase zibalwe ezingaphezu kuka-100 Ziyakwazi izinsalela walemizimba eziye elihambisana amafomu yokhokho waba ukubukeka agcwele.

Ubufakazi ekuthuthukiseni zomlando zomhlaba organic

izitho Vestigial ngenxa yanoma iluphi ushintsho imvelo ezungeze ngesimo uhlobo oluthile ekuphileni ilahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo sokusinda futhi kancane kancane ayeka ukuba umsebenzi. Akufanele ukhohlwe ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo njalo okwenzeka ukuthi eyabangela ukuncipha okukhulu ubukhulu kwemitimba yabohulumende, buthaka imisebenzi yabo. Esimeni okumqoka sokusinda eziphilayo ibhekane ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zakhishwa.

Isakhiwo, elisetendeni inqubo ukuqedwa, ezihlobana welithi "iminonjana". lokhu eyinqaba inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ogxile ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, izinguquko lezinceku kwabanye abantu. Ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo nge ukuthuthukiswa okuncane kwalesi simiso ubudlelwane obuncane zokulawula (ubudlelwano) Kwenziwa izingxenye kancane coadaptation. Kuthatha indawo oda kwemvelo ebaluleke kakhulu, ubudlelwane obunobunye. Kuyinto yemvelo mutual lithathelwe obusebenzayo ekuguqulweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yimiphi imizimba okungafanele komuntu oyedwa noma iqembu, kanye nokuphila nezidalwa ezihlukahlukene biocenosis.

Ngokufanayo, isibonelo esingesihle izakhiwo womuntu ungakwazi ukukhonza isithasiselo (esithasiselweni). Lokhu caecum zinsalela, ukusebenza komzimba kanye makhulu ku wokugaya ukudla uhlelo ezidla uhlaza. imisebenzi yayo isobala ngokwanele. fibre High ukudla ukugaya zabo kudinga isikhathi eside, a yayifanekisela nomxhantela izimpumputhe limelela indawo lapho ezihilela yokuhlala microflora therein sihamba kancane kancane inqubo isitshalo eziswini cellulose. Ngokuhamba kwemvelo, okhokho bethu badla fat kancane futhi inyama ngaphezulu, okwaholela ukwehla kancane kancane esikhathini caecum. Kwaba rudiment, kodwa hhayi engenamsebenzi. yendima yayo ekuqhubeleni nokugcina omzimba omuntu kuyaphawuleka ngokwanele. Isithasiselo unawo flora okuqala eNhlangano ikholoni, njengenhlangano incubator ka E. coli. Abantu ne appendectomy ngemva izifo ezithathelwanayo kunzima kakhulu kangakanani ukubuyela microflora evamile emathunjini. Yingakho isithasiselo uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo ipulazi ezifanelekayo ukufuya nezilwanyana ezincane ewusizo. Kukhona izinsolo ukuthi ukususwa isithasiselo kwandisa ingozi izimila imvelo ebulalayo.

Iziqalo kwezilwane

Ngamanye izidalwa eziphilayo nayo kuchazwe izikhulu abaningi abaye bafa umsebenzi wabo ngaphakathi imithetho izenzakalo ezingokomlando eziphilayo futhi kukhona endleleni yokuqothulwa. Lokhu, isibonelo, ise-ukushuba amathambo nemisipha besisu e nenhlwatsi nemikhomo, okuyizinto nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula nasemilenzeni indluzelekazi. izitho Vestigial ezilwaneni ezihlala ebumnyameni, amehlo. Mina izinyoni ukundiza kuyinto esingesihle iphiko ithambo. imizimba eminingi ukuthi baye balahlekelwa incazelo yawo yangempela, futhi izitshalo. Ngakho, kwi rhizomes lily esigodini, ukolo utshani, Fern atholakele izikali, okuyizinto iziqalo amahlamvu. I inflorescences umngcele Asteraceae ngaphansi khulu kungenziwa kalula ukubonwa stamens zikhipha isisu. Ngo staminate izimbali ikhukhamba okusele pestle, ayatholakala maphakathi tubercle - njengendlela rudiment. Laba yibo bonke ubufakazi obuzwakalayo ukuthuthukiswa zomlando zomhlaba eziphilayo.

atavism

Ososayensi baye baphawula ukubonakaliswa kuzici ezithile ezikhethekile okwakukhona eyinqaba oyise elikude, kodwa noma ngingekho abameleli eliseduze. ukubonakaliswa maKristu abizwa atavism. Izibonelo ejwayelekile kakhulu yalo - a neseleko caudal, fistula emphinjeni futhi uphinyiswa sezinwele, khona ngazimbili ezingeziwe nezindlala mammary, nabanye. Lezizibonakaliso nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada ngokuhamba kwemvelo, wathola njengendlela ngaphandle ezingavamile.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakhululwa ezifundisweni zokucathula atavism futhi - akuyona imiqondo ezifanayo. Iziqalo zikhona zonke abantu kohlobo, bahlanganyela ezicini ezithile. Atavism zitholakala kuphela amanye amalungu futhi ningathwali yimuphi umsebenzi. Bona, ngenhlanhla akufanele kudidaniswe kwezinso zentuthuko, babe yinto ehlukile, ezifana izimbambo branched, lip emfantwini, lo mkhuba abanye abayisithupha Umbala futhi.

Zonke bathole iziqalo kanye atavism - uphawu, elihambisana isigaba ethile yentuthuko kwesihlahla kwemvelo. A ubufakazi obucacile lokhu ukuthi izidumbu abaye baba engenamsebenzi ngoba umzimba zigcinwe isikhathi eside, thina banciphise ngokuqhubekayo zidilika okwengeziwe ngenxa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.

Ngo biology yesimanje manje focus ekuhloleni ufuzo nezidalwa eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu. Idatha ngomsuka izitho esingesihle kuzosiza ukubhekana omunye wemibuzo ngokucindezela ngalokho izakhi zofuzo avuliwe noma ivinjelwe ku ukuthuthukisa nokwehlisa kwezitho esingesihle.

"Izitho Vestigial" kubuchwepheshe

I iminonjana umqondo ngokomfanekiso njengoba enzeka sokusinda anyamalele asetshenziswe art. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe kwentuthuko, kukhona Isifaniso cacisa kwemvelo. Kukhona omuhle ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi iziqalo etindlela, imishini, noma amanye amadivayisi ukuthi baye balahlekelwa incazelo yabo esigabeni samanje yentuthuko uhlelo oluthile, kodwa uyaqhubeka ukulondoloza ukuhambelana namazinga ngaphambili. Izibonelo iziqalo e ubuchwepheshe bama-computer ukunikeza imodemu, a yeflophidiski. Ngo ubunjiniyela yezimoto "isitho vestigial" iyona Ilokhi ukuthungela, e izindiza zibonelo okuzenzakalelayo isiqondiso othole.